1/23/25, 7:54 PM Computer Organization and Architecture Tutorial - GeeksforGeeks

Computer Organization and Architecture Tutorial

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In this Computer Organization and Architecture Tutorial, you’ll learn all

the basic to advanced concepts like pipelining, microprogrammed
control, computer architecture, instruction design, and format. Computer
Organization and Architecture is used to design computer systems.

Computer architecture is about designing a computer system to

balance performance, efficiency, cost, and reliability. It describes how
a system is built from its components. This can be a high-level
overview or a detailed explanation, including the instruction set
architecture, microarchitecture, logic design, and implementation.

Computer Organization is about how the components of a computer

system, like the CPU, memory, and input/output devices, are
connected and work together to execute programs. It focuses on the
operational aspects and how hardware components are implemented
to support the architecture.

Introduction and Basics

1. A simple understanding of Computer

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2. Issues in Computer Design

3. Computer System Level Hierarchy
4. Assembly language and High level language
5. Von Neumann architecture
6. Harvard Architecture
7. Computer Architecture and Computer Organization

Computer Instructions Set and Addressing Modes

1. Basic Computer Instructions
2. Representing Instructions in Computer
3. Simplified Instructional Computer (SIC)
4. Instruction Set used in simplified instructional Computer (SIC)
5. Instruction Set used in SIC/XE
6. Essential Registers for Instruction Execution
7. Addressing Modes
8. Single Accumulator based CPU organization
9. Stack based CPU Organization
10. General Register based CPU Organization
11. Memory based Vs Register based addressing modes
12. RISC and CISC
13. RISC and CISC | Set 2
14. Data Manipulation Instructions
15. Machine Control Instruction
16. Data Transfer instructions in AVR microcontroller
17. Arithmetic instructions in AVR microcontroller
18. Conditional Branch Instructions in AVR Microcontroller
19. CALL Instructions and Stack in AVR Microcontroller
20. Branch Instructions in AVR Microcontroller
21. Logical Instructions in AVR Microcontroller

Instruction Design and Format

1. Different Instruction Cycles
2. Machine Instructions
3. Instruction Formats (Zero, One, Two and Three Address Instruction)
4. 2-address instruction and 1-address instructions

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5. 3-address instruction and 0-address instruction

6. 3-address instruction and 2-address instructions
7. Register content and Flag status after Instructions
8. Debugging a machine level program
9. Vector Instruction Format
10. Vector instruction types
11. Instruction Word Size

>> Problem Solving on Instruction Format

Computer Arithmetic
1. Computer Arithmetic | ALU and Data Path
2. Computer Arithmetic | Set 1
3. Computer Arithmetic | Set 2
4. Difference between 1’s complement and 2’s complement
5. Restoring Division Algorithm For Unsigned Integer
6. Non-Restoring Division For Unsigned Integer
7. Booth’s Algorithm
8. Overflow in Arithmetic Addition
9. How the negative numbers are stored in memory?

Microprogrammed Control
1. Micro-Operation
2. Microarchitecture and Instruction Set Architecture
3. Types of Program Control Instructions
4. Difference between CALL and JUMP instructions
5. Hardwired v/s Micro-programmed Control Unit
6. Implementation of Micro Instructions Sequencer
7. Performance of Computer
8. Control Unit and design
9. Horizontal micro-programmed Vs Vertical micro-programmed control
unit
10. Comparison between Hardwired Vs Micro-programmed Control unit
11. Computer Organization | Subprogram and its characteristics

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Memory Organization
1. Introduction to memory and memory units
2. Memory Hierarchy Design and its Characteristics
3. Read and Write operations in memory
4. Difference between Byte Addressable Memory and Word
Addressable Memory
5. Difference between Simultaneous and Hierarchical Access Memory
Organizations
6. Register Allocation
7. Cache Memory
8. Cache Organization | Set 1 (Introduction)
9. Write Through and Write Back Cache
10. Multilevel Cache Organization
11. Locality and Cache friendly code
12. Locality of Reference and Cache Operation
13. What’s difference between CPU Cache and TLB?
14. Types of Cache Miss
15. Amdahl’s law and its proof
16. Subroutine, Subroutine nesting and Stack memory
17. Types of computer memory (RAM and ROM)
18. RAM vs ROM
19. Different Types of RAM
20. Secondary memory – Hard disk drive
21. Introduction to solid-state drive (SSD)

Input and Output Systems

1. Introduction to I/O Interface
2. I/O Interface (Interrupt and DMA Mode)
3. Interrupts
4. Memory mapped I/O and Isolated I/O
5. DMA
6. Modes of DMA Transfer
7. Priority Interrupts | (S/W Polling and Daisy Chaining)
8. Direct memory access with DMA controller 8257/8237
9. Asynchronous input output synchronization

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10. Programmable peripheral interface 8255

11. Interface 8255 with 8085 microprocessor for 1’s and 2’s complement
of a number
12. 8255 (programmable peripheral interface)
13. Microcomputer system
14. Working of 8085-based Single board microcomputer
15. Interface 8254 PIT with 8085 microprocessor
16. Synchronous Data Transfer
17. Input-Output Processor
18. MPU Communication
19. BUS Arbitration

Pipelining
1. Instruction Level Parallelism
2. Execution, Stages and Throughput
3. Very Long Instruction Word (VLIW) Architecture
4. Types and Stalling
5. Dependencies and Data Hazard
6. Branch Prediction in Pentium

Number System and IEEE Number Standards

1. Fixed Point Representation
2. Introduction to Floating Point Representation
3. IEEE Standard 754 Floating Point Numbers
4. Number System and Base Conversions

>> Quiz on Number Representation

Miscellaneous
1. Microprocessor
2. Microprocessor | Externally Initiated Operations
3. Bus organization of 8085 microprocessor
4. Timing diagram of MOV Instruction in Microprocessor
5. Interaction of a Program with Hardware
6. Generations of computer

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7. Intel x86 evolution and main features

8. Memory Banking
9. Introduction to quantum computing
10. Conventional Computing vs Quantum Computing
11. Vector processor classification
12. Rethinking binary with Quantum computers
13. Flynn’s taxonomy
14. Clusters In Computer Organisation
15. Parallel processing – systolic arrays
16. 8259 PIC Microprocessor
17. Block Diagram of 8259 Microprocessor
18. Microprocessor | 8251 USART
19. Evolution of Microprocessors
20. Human – Computer interaction through the ages
21. Computer Ports
22. Introduction to Parallel Computing
23. Hardware architecture (parallel computing)
24. Computer Architecture | Multiprocessor and Multicomputer
25. Timing diagram of INR M
26. 2D and 2.5D Memory organization

Programs
1. Program for Binary To Decimal Conversion
2. Program for Decimal to Binary Conversion
3. Program for decimal to octal conversion
4. Program for octal to decimal conversion
5. Program for hexadecimal to decimal

Quick Links
‘Quizzes’ on Computer Organization and Architecture !
‘Practice Problems’ on Computer Organization and Architecture !

Conclusion
This Computer Organization and Architecture Tutorial has covered the
fundamental concepts essential for understanding how computer

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systems function. From the basic building blocks like registers and ALUs
to complex concepts such as pipelining and memory hierarchies, you
now have a solid foundation.

Computer Organization and Architecture Tutorial -

FAQs

What is computer organization?

Computer organization refers to the operational units and their

interconnections that realize the architectural specifications of a
computer. It involves the structural relations and the manner in
which the components of the computer system are connected and
work together.

What is computer architecture?

Computer architecture is the conceptual design and fundamental

operational structure of a computer system. It encompasses the
layout of the hardware, the design of the instruction set, and the
techniques for data handling and processing. The objective is to
outline a blueprint that ensures optimal performance and
efficiency.

What is the difference between computer organization and

architecture?

While computer architecture is concerned with the conceptual

design and functional specification of a computer system,
computer organization deals with the detailed operational
implementation of the system. Essentially, architecture provides
the macro-level blueprint, while organization focuses on the
micro-level realization.

Why is understanding computer organization and architecture

important?

Understanding computer organization and architecture is crucial

for designing efficient computer systems, improving existing ones,
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and making informed decisions about hardware resources. It also

helps in optimizing software to make full use of the underlying
hardware and enhance overall system performance.

What are the key components of computer organization?

The key components of computer organization include the central

processing unit (CPU), memory hierarchy (registers, cache, RAM,
and secondary storage), input/output devices, and the
interconnection system (buses and communication channels) that
allows these components to interact effectively.

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