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Grade 10
Module 5. Euclidean Geometry
Index
1. Angle Revision
2. Triangle Revision
3. Quadrilateral Properties and Riders
4. Parallelogram Proofs
5. Rectangles Proofs
6. Rhombus Proofs
7. Square Proofs
8. Kite and Trapezium
9. Mid-point Theorem

1. Angle Revision

Types Angles
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Picture Definitions

A point: A line:

Intersect: Bisect:

Angle: Vertex:

Degrees:
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Labelling Angles

1
2

Adjacent Angles:

The diagram below is an example of angles that are not adjacent:

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Complementary and Supplementary Angles:

Angles on a Straight line:

Angles on a straight line add up to 180°
[angles on str line]

Angles around a point:

Angles abound a point add up to 360°
[revolution]
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Vertically opposite angles:

Vertically opposite angles are equal
[vert opp angles]

Parallel Lines and their angles

Corresponding angles:
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Alternate angles:

Co interior angles:
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2. Triangle Revision
A triangle is a polygon with three sides and three vertices.

c a

A C
b

A Triangle can be classified according to the length of its sides and the sizes of its
angles.

Reference: Career
Power
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There are two important properties that we learnt in Grade 8:

1. The Sum of the angles of a triangle:
The angles of a triangle add up to 180° (angles sum triangle)

Reference: OnLine Math Learning

2. The Exterior angle of a triangle:

The exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of the two opposite interior
angles. (ext angle of triangle)

Reference: OnLine Math Learning

Pythagoras
This Theorem states: The square on the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the
squares on the other two sides. (Pythag)

Reference: Dummies.com
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Congruent Triangles
Congruent triangles are exactly the same in all respects.
The 4 cases for congruency: ▪SSS
▪SAA (or AAS or ASA)
▪SAS (must be the included angle)
▪RHS (right angle, hypotenuse, side)

Example 1. State whether each of the following pairs of triangles are congruent or
not. If congruent, state the case for congruency.

B Q R B Z Y
⚫

A ⚫
C X
C P
A

A
Example 2. Prove: ΔABD  ΔACD

B D C
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Similar Triangles
Two triangles will be similar if:
(1) The three angles of the one triangle are equal to the three angles of
the other triangle.
A P

ΔABC /// PQR [A, A, A]

B C

Q R

OR
(2) The three sides of the triangles are in the same proportion.
A P

2 cm 3 cm 4 cm 6 cm

B C
4 cm

Q 8 cm R
 PQ QR PR 2 
ΔABC ΙΙΙ ΔPQR  AB = BC = AC = 1 
 

Similar triangles will vary in size, but they will have the same shape.
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3. Quadrilateral Properties and Riders

What is a quadrilateral?
It is a polygon with four sides, four angles and four vertices. The sum of the interior
angles of a quadrilateral is 360°.
Properties of the different types of quadrilaterals.

Shape Angles and sides Diagonals

Quadrilateral

Trapezium

Parallelogram
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Rectangle

Rhombus

Square

We are going to use these properties in some examples. We will look at proving
many of these properties in some later lessons. Geometry examples are called
riders.
Example 1. XWZY is a rhombus. Determine the values of f and 5g giving reasons.
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Example 2. WXYZ is a parallelogram. Determine the size of t and the length of s

giving reasons.

Example 3. In the diagram below, SR = 24 units, ST = 7 units and TR = 17 units.

a) What type of quadrilateral is RSPQ? Give a reason.

b) Determine the length of TQ giving reasons.

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̂ = 90°.
Example 4. The following information is given: JK//ML; JM//KL and 𝐾

a) Classify the quadrilateral and give a reason why.

b) Calculate the values of x and y giving reasons.

c) If it is further given that KJ = 8 cm, find the length of JL.

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4. Parallelogram Proofs
A parallelogram is a quadrilateral with both pairs of opposite sides parallel.
We know the properties of a parallelogram; we are now going to prove these
properties by using a formal way of setting out proofs. This is called a Theorem. This
is an important process that you need to get used to as you will need to learn proofs
for your Grade 11 and 12 examinations.

Theorem
The opposite sides and angles of a parallelogram are equal.

A B

C
D

Given:
RTP: (a)
(b)
Construction: Draw a diagonal AC.
Proof:

And you can also prove that the diagonals bisect each other by congruent triangles.
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How do we show that a quadrilateral is a parallelogram?

1.
2.
3.
4.

There is a 5th way of showing that a quadrilateral is a parallelogram:

Given: AB = CD and AB // CD
RTP: ABCD is a parallelogram.
Construction: Join AC
Proof:

Now that all the properties have been proved, you can just use them in examples,
but you must always give a reason. Geometry examples are called riders.
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5. Rectangle Proof
A rectangle is a parallelogram with a 90° angle.

Thus, they have the following properties:

1. Both pairs of opposite sides are parallel.
2. Both pairs of opposite sides are equal.
3. Opposite angles are equal and each are 90°.
4. Diagonals bisect each other.
5.
There is another property that a rectangle has that a parallelogram does not.
We are going to now prove this property:
The diagonals of a rectangle are equal.

A B
Given: Rectangle ABCD
RTP: AC = BD
Proof:

D C
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6. Rhombus Proof
A Rhombus is a parallelogram with two adjacent sides equal.
Note: as two adjacent sides are equal and it is a parallelogram, we say that all four
sides are equal.

Thus, you have the following properties:

1. Both pairs of opposite sides are parallel.
2. Both pairs of opposite sides are equal AND equal to each other.
3. Opposite angles are equal.
4. Diagonals bisect each other.
5.
6.

We are going to look at what other properties a Rhombus has that a Parallelogram
does not. We will do this as a proof:
The diagonals bisect the interior angles and they bisect each other at 90°.

A
B

Given: ABCD is a Rhombus

RTP:
Construct: diagonals AC and BD

C Proof:
D
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7. Square
A square is a rhombus with interior angles equal to 90°.
OR
A square is a rectangle with adjacent sides equal.

Thus, they have the following properties:

1. Both pairs of opposite side parallel.
2. Both pairs of opposite sides equal and all sides are equal.
3. Opposite angles are equal and they equal 90°.
4. Diagonals bisect each other.
5. Diagonals are perpendicular.
6. Diagonals bisect the angles at 45°.
7. Diagonals are equal.

To prove that a parallelogram is a square, we need to prove one of the following:

1. That the parallelogram is a rhombus with interior angles equal to 90°.
2. That the parallelogram is a rectangle with adjacent sides equal.
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8. Kite and Trapezium

A Kite is a quadrilateral with two pairs of adjacent sides equal.

(A square and a rhombus are kites as they have adjacent sides equal but not the
other way around.)
Thus, a kite has the following properties:
1. Diagonal between equal sides bisect the other diagonal.
2. One pair of opposite angles are equal.
3. Diagonal between equal sides bisects the interior angles and is an axis of
symmetry.
4. Diagonals intersect at 90°.

A Trapezium or Trapezoid is a quadrilateral with one pair of opposite sides parallel.

(All parallelograms; rectangles; rhombus and squares are trapeziums but not the
other way around.)
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9. Mid-point Theorem
A Theorem in Mathematics is a statement that is proven to always be true using
Mathematical arguments.
The Mid-point Theorem states:
The line connecting the midpoints of two sides of a triangle is:
1. Parallel to the third side.
2. Equal to half the length of the third side.
A

D E

B C

Given: Triangle ABC with line DE connecting the midpoint of sides AB and AC
respectively.
RTP: 1. DE//BC
2. 2. DE = BC
Construction: Extend DE to F so that DE = EF and join FC.
Proof:
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Example 1. The following rider is taken from you textbook: