NAVAL BASE SECONDARY SCHOOL

MATHEMATICS DEPARTMENT
Sec 1 G3 Mathematics
Chapter 11 : Polygons and Geometrical Constructions
Notes (Teacher)

Name: ______________________________ ( ) Class: _________ Date: ________

Objectives: At the end of this chapter, you should be able to

• define polygons (including triangles and special quadrilaterals) and state their properties
(including angle and symmetric properties),
• construct triangles and quadrilaterals using mathematical instruments,
• solve problems involving the properties of polygons,
• know why polygons have useful applications in real life.

11.1 Triangles

No. Do I know? To tick (if yes)

1. How to classify triangles based on their sides and angles?
2. How to use the properties of sides and angles of a triangle to
calculate the unknown value?

11.2 Quadrilaterals

No. Do I know? To tick (if yes)

1. How to identify different types of quadrilaterals?
2. How to use the properties of quadrilaterals to calculate the
unknown value?

11.3 Geometrical constructions of triangles and quadrilaterals

No. Do I know? To tick (if yes)

1. How to construct triangles and quadrilaterals using mathematical
instruments?

11.4 Polygons

No. Do I know? To tick (if yes)

1. How to identify polygons and state their properties including
symmetric properties?
2. How to solve problems involving the properties of polygons?
3. Why polygons have useful applications in real life?

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11.1 Triangles

Objectives: At the end of the lesson, students should be able to

• classify triangles based on their sides and angles,
• use the properties of sides and angles of a triangle to calculate the unknown value.

Classification of Triangles

Types of Triangles

Side-Named Triangles

Angle-Named Triangles
Name Definition Figure Range of  , a letter
in the Greek
alphabet. It is often
used to denote
unknown angle

____________ -angled A triangle with 3

triangle acute angles
____ <  < ____

____________-angled A triangle with a

triangle right angle

 = ______

2
 ____________-angled A triangle with an
triangle obtuse angle
_____ <  < _____

Table 11.2

Properties of Triangles

1) In a triangle, where is the longest side?

_______________________________________________________________________
Conclusion: in any triangle, the longest side is ________________________________
2) Can you form a triangle with sides of length 1 cm, 2 cm and 5 cm? Why or why not?
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
Conclusion: in any triangle, the sum of two sides is ___________ than the third side.

Activity 1:

Given a ABC , with three interior angles, a, b and c. Draw a line PQ parallel to BC and
passing through A. What do you notice?
A

b c
B C

Property 1:
a + b + c = 180
The angle sum of interior angles of a triangle is ___________.

(Abbreviation: ________________________________)

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 Activity 2:

In the diagram below, x and  y are exterior angles of ABC . Note:

• Interior angles of a
triangle lie inside the
triangle.
y A
• Exterior angles of a
a triangle lie outside the
c x triangle.
B b
C
D

(a) What is the sum of a, b and c ? Give your reason.

_____________________________________________________________________
(b) What is the sum of c and x ? Give your reason.
_____________________________________________________________________
(c) Based on the two results obtained above, derive the relationship between a, b and
x . Explain your answer.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
(d) Similarly, what is the sum of a and  y ? Derive the relationship between b, c
and  y .
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

Property 2:

An ________________angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of its two interior opposite angles.
(Abbreviation: __________________________________)

A
Property 3:

Base angles of an isosceles triangle are ______________.

(Abbreviation: _________________________________)

B C

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 A

Property 4:
60o
Each angle of an equilateral triangle is _________.
(Abbreviation: ____________________________)

60o 60o
B C

Property 5:
In any triangle, the longest side is opposite the __________________ angle.
(Abbreviation: _____________________________________________)

Example 1:
ABC is an isosceles triangle in which AB = BC,
BAD = 42° and ADB = 57°. ADC is a straight
line.
Calculate
(a) ABC,

(b) CBD.

Example 2:
Find the unknown angles marked in the following figures:

(a) (b)

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Example 3:

In the diagram, RST is a straight line,

QS = RS and PQ is parallel to RT.
It is given that SQT = 37° and STQ = 81°.
Find the values of
(a) a, (b) b, (c) c.

Practice 1:
In the diagram, ABC and CDE are straight lines.
BF is parallel to CE, ABF = 98°, BFC = 22° and
CGD = 107°. Calculate
(a) DCF ,
(b) BCF ,
(c) GDE.

HOMEWORK: WORKSHEET 1

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11.2 Quadrilaterals

Objectives: At the end of the lesson, students should be able to

• identify different types of quadrilaterals,
• use the properties of quadrilaterals to calculate the unknown value.

A B
A quadrilateral is a four-sided plane figure with _________ vertices.
The point A, B, C and D are called the _______________ of the quadrilateral.
Each quadrilateral has 4 interior angles and their sum is ____________.
D C

Some Important Terms:

Diagonal: It is a line segment joining two opposite vertices such as line segments AC and
BD. Each quadrilateral has _______ diagonals.

A B
Bisect: To divide into two equal parts.
x x
The line segment AB is bisected.

Learning Experience 1:
Explore the properties of the following quadrilaterals. You may use any mathematical
instruments to help you with the explorations

Refer to textbook Investigation on page 107 and 108.

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8
The properties of the six types of quadrilateral are summarised as follows:

Rectangle • is a parallelogram with 4 equal

angles, each measuring 90,
• has 2 pairs of equal parallel sides,
• opposite sides are equal in length,
• the diagonals are equal and bisect
each other.

Square • is a parallelogram with 4 equal sides,

• has 4 right angles,
• the opposite sides are parallel,
• the diagonals are equal, bisect each
other and perpendicular to each other,
• the diagonals bisect the interior
angles, the angle between each
diagonal and a side is 45o.
Parallelogram • has two pairs of equal parallel sides,
• the opposite angles are equal,
• the diagonals bisect each other.

Rhombus • is a parallelogram with 4 sides equal,

• the opposite angles are equal,
• the diagonals bisect each other and
are perpendicular to each other,
• the diagonals bisect the interior angles

Kite • has two pairs of equal adjacent sides,

• the diagonals are perpendicular to
each other,
• the diagonals only bisect the vertex
angles,
• only one pair of opposite angles are
equal,
• only one diagonal is bisected.

Trapezium • has at least one pair of parallel sides.

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Complete the 3 charts below by putting the six quadrilaterals, square, rectangle, rhombus,
trapezium, kite, parallelogram, in the correct category.

Chart 1
Side Properties

No sides are parallel. Both pairs of opposite sides are Only one pair of
parallel. opposite sides are
parallel.
Square
Rectangle Kite

All sides are of equal length.

Both opposite sides are of
equal length.
Rectangel
Square

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Chart 2

Angle Properties

Both pairs of opposite

No angles are angles are equal.
Only one pair of
equal. opposite angles are
equal.

All angles are equal

(90˚).

Chart 3
Diagonals are not of equal
length.

Diagonals are equal Diagonals intersect at right

length. angles.

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Example 4:
Angles in rectangle
ABCD is a rectangle in which  BPC = 60˚ and  PCD = 20˚.
Calculate
(a)  CPD,
(b)  ABP.

Practice 2:
Angles in square
EFGH is a square in which the diagonals intersect at M. Q is a point on EH such that
HQ = HM. Calculate
(a)  HQM,
(b)  EMQ.

Example 5:
Angles in parallelogram
Calculate the unknown angles marked x and y in the parallelogram given below.

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Practice 3:
Angles in trapezium
Calculate the unknown angles marked x and y in the trapezium given below.

Example 6:
Angles in rhombus

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Example 7:
Angles in kite

Think Tank!
Discuss if the following statements are true.
1. A rectangle is a parallelogram.
_______________________________________________________________________
2. A parallelogram is a rectangle.
_______________________________________________________________________
3. A rhombus is a square.
_______________________________________________________________________
4. A square is a rhombus.
_______________________________________________________________________

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Quadrilateral Family Tree

HOMEWORK: WORKSHEET 2

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11.3 Construction of Triangles and Quadrilaterals

Objectives: At the end of the lesson, students should be able to

• construct triangles and quadrilaterals using mathematical instruments.

Tools for construction:

1. Ruler

2. Set square

3. Protractor

4. Compasses

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A pair of compasses is a mathematical instrument consisting of two moveable arms attached
together by a hinge. It is used to draw a circle or an arc of a circle, and to mark off a specific
length.

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Useful tips for geometrical constructions

• When constructing a polygon, always start by drawing one of its sides using a ruler.
After that, all remaining sides are to be drawn using a pair of compasses, while all
remaining angles are to be drawn using a protractor.
• When constructing a special quadrilateral such as rhombus, use the properties of the
special quadrilateral to find out extra information about the lengths or angles.

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Construction of Triangles
Example 8: (Given 1 side and 2 angles)
Construct XYZ such that XY = 9 cm, XYZ = 38 and YXZ = 67 .
Measure and write down the length of the shortest side.
Construction steps:

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Example 9: (Given 3 sides)
Construct PQR such that PQ = 10.5 cm, PR = 8.5 cm and QR = 9.5 cm.
Measure and write down the size of the angle facing the longest side.
Construction steps:

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Example 10: (Given 2 sides and 1 angle)
Construct ABC such that AB = 7.5 cm, BC = 5 cm and BAC = 30 .
Measure and write down the possible lengths of AC.
Construction Steps:

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Construction of Quadrilaterals
Example 11: (Constructing parallelogram)
Construct a parallelogram ABCD such that AB = 8.5 cm, BC = 6.5 cm, ABC = 45°.
Measure and write down the length of the diagonal AC.
Construction Steps:

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Example 12: (Constructing quadrilateral)
Construct a quadrilateral PORS such that PQ = 6.5 cm, QR = 4.8 cm, RS = 8.5 cm,
PQR = 75° and QRS = 98°.
(i) Measure and write down the length PS.
(ii) Measure and write down the size of PSR.

HOMEWORK: WORKSHEET 3

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11.4 Polygons
Objectives: At the end of the lesson, students should be able to
• identify polygons and state their properties including symmetric properties,
• solve problems involving the properties of polygons,
• recognise why polygons have useful applications in real life.

Types of Polygons
A polygon is an enclosed figure with straight edges. It is named according to the number of
sides it has.
A regular polygon has equal sides and equal angles.

An irregular polygon has unequal sides and unequal angles.

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Sum of Interior Angles of a Polygon
Learning Experience 2: (Refer to textbook Investigation on pages 124 and 125)

Objectives: (i) To determine sum of interior angles of a polygon.

(ii) To determine size of each interior angle of a regular polygon.
Hint: For figures with 4 or more sides, draw line segment(s) joining the vertices to create
triangles
No. of Sum of
Polygon Number of
triangle(s) interior
Regular Irregular side(s)
form angles
Triangle
1×180 =
3 1
(3 – 2)×180

Quadrilateral
2×180 =
4 2
(4 – 2)×180

Pentagon

___×180 =
(__ – 2)×180

Hexagon

___×180 =
(__ – 2)×180

Heptagon

___×180 =
(__ – 2)×180

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 No. of
Polygon Number of Sum of
triangle(s)
Regular Irregular side(s) interior angles
form
Octagon

___×180 =
(__ – 2)×180

Nonagon

___×180 =
(__ – 2)×180

Decagon

___×180 =
(__ – 2)×180
,

n-gon (__ – 2)×180

What is the relationship that you observed between the sum of interior angles and the number
of sides for each polygon?

The sum of interior angles of n-sided regular polygon =

To find each interior angle of a regular polygon, we use the formula:

Size of each interior angle of n-sided regular polygon =

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Something to ponder….

Can we divide sum of interior angles by the number of sides, n, to find each
interior angle of an irregular polygon? Why?

Summary of properties of regular and irregular polygons

Regular Polygon Irregular Polygon

All sides are _________ in length Sides may ______ equal in length
All interior angles are __________ Interior angles _________ not be equal
Sum of interior angles = ______________ Sum of interior angles = ______________
Size of each interior angle of n-sided

Calculate the interior angles individually

regular polygon =

Example 13:
Find the sum of the interior angles of a dodecagon (12-gon).

Practice 4:
Calculate the size of an interior angle of a regular octagon.

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Example 14:
ABCDEF is a hexagon. The interior angles A, B, C, D, E and F are 5xo, 2xo, 4xo, 100o, 140o
and 150o respectively.
(a) Find the sum of the interior angles of a hexagon.
(b) Hence, find the value of x.

Practice 5:
Four of the interior angles of a pentagon are each 110o. Calculate the fifth angle.

Example 15:
In the diagram, ABCDE is a regular pentagon.
Find the values of the unknown angles a and b.

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Sum of Exterior Angles of a Polygon
Learning Experience 3: (Refer to textbook Thinking Time on page 128)
Complete the table below to find out the sum of exterior angles of a polygon.
5-sided polygon 6-sided polygon

a, b, c, d , e : exterior s a, b, c, d , e, f : exterior s

p, q, r , s, t : interiors p, q, r , s, t , u : interiors

a+p

b+q

c+r

d+s

e+t

f+u

Sum of all angles

(interior &
exterior)
shown above
Sum of interior
angles
( n – 2 )  180°
Sum of exterior
angles

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Using a similar proof as above, we can show that:

Sum of exterior angles of a n-sided polygon =

Interior angle + its exterior angle =

To find each exterior angle of a regular polygon,

Size of each exterior angle of a n-sided regular polygon =

Example 16:
Calculate the number of sides of a regular polygon is
(a) Each exterior angle of the polygon is 24°,
(b) Each interior angle of the polygon is 162.

Example 17:
A regular polygon has t number of sides. The size of each interior angle is 8 times the size of
each exterior angle. Calculate
(a) the size of each exterior angle,
(b) t, the number of sides the polygon has.

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Example 18:

Think Tank!
Question: If each interior angle of a regular polygon is 120o, find the size of each exterior
angle.
John calculated the exterior angle as such:
Is John’s working correct or incorrect?
Exterior angle of polygon = 360o – 120o
If incorrect, write the correct working below.
= 240o

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Polygon Summary

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Line symmetry and rotational symmetry
Line symmetry:

The dotted line shows The dotted line show

the ____ line of symmetry the ___ line of symmetry
Rotational symmetry:

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 HOMEWORK: WORKSHEET 4

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Chapter 11 Worksheet 1
Complete the following questions in foolscap papers, showing all working clearly.

Section A:
Exercise 11A (Textbook 1B pages 104 – 105)
Questions: 1(b), 1(f), 2, 5, 6 and 10.

Section B:
1.

[N15/I/11]
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Chapter 11 Worksheet 2
Complete the following questions in foolscap papers, showing all working clearly.

Section A:
Exercise 11B (Textbook 1B pages 112 – 113)
Questions: 2, 5(a), 7, 8, 10 and 11.

Section B:
1.

[N13/I/2]
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Chapter 11 Worksheet 3
Complete the following questions in foolscap papers, showing all working clearly.
Exercise 11C (Textbook 1B page 121)
Questions: 2, 4, 6 and 8.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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Chapter 11 Worksheet 4
Complete the following questions in foolscap papers, showing all working clearly.

Section A:
Exercise 11D (Textbook 1B page 135)
Questions: 2(a), 2(c), 4(a) and 5(a).

Section B:
1.

2.

3.

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