Introduction of Computer Graphics:

Computer Graphics is the creation of pictures with the help of a computer. The end product of
the computer graphics is a picture it may be a business graph, drawing, and engineering.

In today’s digital era, computer graphics technologies have revolutionized how we perceive
and interact with visual information, playing a pivotal role in video games, movies,
architectural design, medical imaging, and more. There are several tools used for the
implementation of Computer Graphics. The basic is the graphics.h header file in Turbo-C,
Unity for advanced, and even OpenGL can be used for its Implementation.

Definition of Computer Graphics:

It is the use of computers to create and manipulate pictures on a display device. It comprises of
software techniques to create, store, modify, represents pictures.

Computer graphics refers to a technology that generates images on a computer screen

Why computer graphics used?

Suppose a shoe manufacturing company want to show the sale of shoes for five years. For this
vast amount of information is to store. So a lot of time and memory will be needed. This method
will be tough to understand by a common man. In this situation graphics is a better alternative.
Graphics tools are charts and graphs. Using graphs, data can be represented in pictorial form. A
picture can be understood easily just with a single look.

Interactive computer graphics work using the concept of two-way communication between
computer users. The computer will receive signals from the input device, and the picture is
modified accordingly. Picture will be changed quickly when we apply command.

Application of Computer Graphics

1. Education and Training: Computer-generated model of the physical, financial and economic
system is often used as educational aids. Model of physical systems, physiological system,
population trends or equipment can help trainees to understand the operation of the system.

For some training applications, particular systems are designed. For example Flight Simulator.

Flight Simulator: It helps in giving training to the pilots of airplanes. These pilots spend much
of their training not in a real aircraft but on the ground at the controls of a Flight Simulator.
Advantages:

1. Fuel Saving
2. Safety
3. Ability to familiarize the training with a large number of the world's airports.

2. Use in Biology: Molecular biologist can display a picture of molecules and gain insight into
their structure with the help of computer graphics.

3. Computer-Generated Maps: Town planners and transportation engineers can use computer-
generated maps which display data useful to them in their planning work.

4. Architect: Architect can explore an alternative solution to design problems at an interactive

graphics terminal. In this way, they can test many more solutions that would not be possible
without the computer.

5. Presentation Graphics: Example of presentation Graphics are bar charts, line graphs, pie
charts and other displays showing relationships between multiple parameters. Presentation
Graphics is commonly used to summarize

o Financial Reports
o Statistical Reports
o Mathematical Reports
o Scientific Reports
o Economic Data for research reports
o Managerial Reports
o Consumer Information Bulletins
o And other types of reports
6. Computer Art: Computer Graphics are also used in the field of commercial arts. It is used to
generate television and advertising commercial.

7. Entertainment: Computer Graphics are now commonly used in making motion pictures,
music videos and television shows.

8. Visualization: It is used for visualization of scientists, engineers, medical personnel, business

analysts for the study of a large amount of information.

9. Educational Software: Computer Graphics is used in the development of educational

software for making computer-aided instruction.

10. Printing Technology: Computer Graphics is used for printing technology and textile design.
Example of Computer Graphics Packages:

1. LOGO
2. COREL DRAW
3. AUTO CAD
4. 3D STUDIO
5. CORE
6. GKS (Graphics Kernel System)
7. PHIGS
8. CAM (Computer Graphics Metafile)
9. CGI (Computer Graphics Interface)

Interactive and Passive Graphics

(a) Non-Interactive or Passive Computer Graphics:
In non-interactive computer graphics, the picture is produced on the monitor, and the user does
not have any controlled over the image, i.e., the user cannot make any change in the rendered
image. One example of its Titles shown on T.V.

Non-interactive Graphics involves only one-way communication between the computer and the
user, User can see the produced image, and he cannot make any change in the image.

(b) Interactive Computer Graphics:

In interactive Computer Graphics user have some controls over the picture, i.e., the user can
make any change in the produced image. One example of it is the ping-pong game.

Interactive Computer Graphics require two-way communication between the computer and the
user. A User can see the image and make any change by sending his command with an input
device.

Advantages:

1. Higher Quality
2. More precise results or products
3. Greater Productivity
4. Lower analysis and design cost
5. Significantly enhances our ability to understand data and to perceive trends.
Working of Interactive Computer Graphics:
The modern graphics display is very simple in construction. It consists of three components:

1. Frame Buffer or Digital Memory

2. A Monitor likes a home T.V. set without the tuning and receiving electronics.
3. Display Controller or Video Controller: It passes the contents of the frame buffer to
the monitor.

Frame Buffer: A digital frame buffer is large, contiguous piece of computer memory used to
hold or map the image displayed on the screen.

o At a minimum, there is 1 memory bit for each pixel in the raster. This amount of memory
is called a bit plane.
o A 1024 x 1024 element requires 2 20 (210=1024;220=1024 x 1024)sq.raster or 1,048,576
memory bits in a single bit plane.

∵ A memory bit has only two states (binary 0 or 1), a single bit plane yields a black and
o The picture is built up in the frame buffer one bit at a time.
o
white (monochrome display).
o As frame buffer is a digital device write raster CRT is an analog device.
Properties of Video Monitor:

1. Persistence: Persistence is the duration of phosphorescence. Different kinds of phosphors are

available for use in CRT. Besides color, a major difference between phosphor in their persistence
how they continue to emit light after the electron beam is removed.

2. Resolution: Use to describe the number of pixels that are used on display image.

3. Aspect Ratio: It is the ratio of width to its height. Its measure is unit in length or number of
pixels.

Aspect Ratio =

It is typically expressed as a ratio, with the width being the first number and the height being the
second. For example, an aspect ratio of 16:9 indicates that for every 16 units of width, there are 9
units of height. Aspect ratio is a fundamental principle in design that should not be overlooked.

What is the difference between screen resolution and aspect ratio?

Screen Resolution: Screen resolution is the number of pixels on a screen, both horizontally and
vertically. So, a screen that has a resolution of 3840 x 2160 (It is also known as 4k UHD), it can
display 2160 pixels vertically, and 3840 pixels horizontally. The Aspect Ratio is the ratio of the
number of X pixels to the number of Y pixels.

Pixel and Resolution in Computer Graphics:

Pixel
Each screen point is referred to as Pixel or Pel. A pixel may be defined as the smallest size
object or colour spot that can be displayed on a monitor. An image displayed on the monitor is
made up of thousands of these small pixels.
The closely spaced pixels divide the image area into a compact and uniform two-dimensional
grid of pixel lines and columns. Each pixel has a particular colour and brightness value. Though
the size of a pixel depends mostly on the size of the electron beam within the CRT, they are too
fine and close to each other to be perceptible by the human eye.
Resolution in Computer Graphics

The number of horizontal and vertical pixels on a display screen is called Resolution.

Types of Resolution

In Computer Graphics, there are two types of resolution exists:

1. Image Resolution
2. Screen Resolution

Image Resolution: It refers to the pixel spacing the distance from one pixel to the next pixel. In
other words, the resolution of an image is the total number of pixels along with the entire height
and width of the image.
Example: A full-screen image with a resolution of 800×600 dpi means that there are 800
columns of dot pixels per inch and each column comprises 600 dot pixels per inch.
A total of 800×600 = 48000 dot pixels in sq. inches image area.
Screen Resolution: Screen resolution is the number of pixels on a screen, both horizontally and
vertically. So, a screen that has a resolution of 3840 x 2160 (It is also known as 4k UHD), it can
display 2160 pixels vertically, and 3840 pixels horizontally.

Aspect Ratio
The Aspect Ratio is the ratio of the number of X pixels to the number of Y pixels. The standard
aspect ratio for PCs is 4:3. Some common resolutions, the respective number of pixels and the
standard aspect ratio are given below:
Resolution Number of Pixels Aspect Ratio
320x240 76800 4:3
640x480 307200 4:3
800x600 480000 4:3
1024x768 786432 4:3
1280x720 921600 16:9
1920x1080 2073600 16:9