Wastewater Flow Rates

• Total wastewater flow can be divided to

two components
– Dry Weather Flow (DWF)/ Sanitary sewage
• Flow through the sewers that would normally be
available during non rainfall periods
• Mainly consists of Domestic sewage and industrial
wastewater
– Wet Weather Flow (WWF)/ Storm water flow
• Additional flow that would occur during the rainy
season
• It consists of runoff available from roofs, streets,
yards, open spaces etc during rain fall
Quantity of Sanitarty Sewage
Sources of sanitary sewage
1. Water supplied by water authority for domestic usage, after desired
use it is discharged in to sewers as sewage.
2. Water supplied to the various industries for various industrial
processes by local authority. Some quantity of this water after use
in different industrial applications is discharged as wastewater.
3. The water supplied to the various public places such as, schools,
cinema theaters, hotels, hospitals, and commercial complexes. Part
of this water after desired use joins the sewers as wastewater.
4. Water drawn from wells by individuals to fulfill domestic demand.
After uses this water is discharged in to sewers.
5. The water drawn for various purposes by industries, from
individual water sources such as, wells, tube wells, lake, river, etc.
Fraction of this water is converted into wastewater in different
industrial processes or used for public utilities within the industry
generating wastewater. This is discharged in to sewers.
6. Infiltration of groundwater into sewers through leaky joints.
7. Entrance of rainwater in sewers during rainy season through
faulty joints or cracks in sewers.
• Rate of water supply :-Expressed as litres/capita/day
– not at a constant rate - depends on fluctuations
• Population :-population increases quantity of sewage
increases
• Type of area served :-
– Residential - amount of water supplied
– industrial - various industrial processes
• Ground water infiltration - height of water table above the
sewers invert, permeability of soil, size and nature of faults or
cracks in the sewer line
– sewer pipes laid below the ground water table - faculty joints
due to bad materials or poor workmanship or damage done by
the tree roots
– sewer pipes laid above the ground water table - permeability
of soil
Population growth
 Variations in per capita water demand and sewage
production with population in India (population
forecasting same as that of EEI)
Sl Population Per capita Per capita
No water demand sewage
in l/day/person production in
l/day/person
1 Less than 20,000 110 90
2 20,000 – 50,000 110 - 150 90 – 120
3 50,000 – 2 lakhs 150 – 180 120 – 150
4 2 lakhs – 5 lakhs 180 – 210 150 – 170
5 5 lakhs – 10 lakhs 210 – 240 170 – 190
6 Over 10 lakhs 240 - 270 190 - 200
• Net quantity of sewage depends upon (Garg)
1. additions due to unaccounted private water supplies
2. Additions due to infiltrations
3. Subtractions due to water losses
4. Subtractions of water not entering to the sewerage
system

Net quantity of sewage = quantity of water supplied

from the water works +additions – subtractions

• Generally, 75 to 80% of accounted water supplied is

considered as quantity of sewage produced.
Design period
• Future period for which provision is made in designing the
capacities of various components of sewerage scheme is
known as design period
• Factors- useful life of components, ease and difficulty in
expansion, fund availability, rate of interest, rate of population
growth
Sl Type and name of the component Design period in
No: structure years

1 Lateral sewers 50
2 Branches and sub mains 30 or more
3 Mains 30 – 50
4 Pumping unit 5 - 15
5 Treatment units 10 - 30
Variations in sewage flow and their effects on the
design of various components of sewerage scheme
• Max daily flow = 2 times average daily flow
• Max hourly flow = 1.5 times max daily = 3 times average
daily
Sewers must be checked for minimum velocity as follows:
• Minimum daily flow = 2/3 Annual average daily flow
• Minimum hourly flow = ½ minimum daily flow
= 1/3 Annual average daily flow
1. A city has a projected population of 60,000 spread over area of 50
hectare. Find the design discharge for the separate sewer line by
assuming rate of water supply of 250 LPCD and out of this total
supply only 75 % reaches in sewer as wastewater. Make necessary
assumption whenever necessary.
 Storm water flow
• Factors Affecting the Quantity of Storm water
– The surface run-off resulting after precipitation contributes to the
storm water. The quantity of storm water reaching to the sewers
or drains is very large as compared with sanitary sewage.

• The factors affecting the quantity of storm water flow are as below:
– i. Area of the catchment
– ii. Slope and shape of the catchment area
– iii. Porosity of the soil
– iv. Obstruction in the flow of water as trees, fields, gardens, etc.
– v. Initial state of catchment area with respect to wetness.
– vi. Intensity and duration of rainfall
– vii. Atmospheric temperature and humidity
– viii. Number and size of ditches present in the area
• Time of Concentration (tc)
– Defined as the longest time, without
unreasonable delay, that will be required for a
drop of water to flow from the farther point of
the drainage area to the point of concentration
(point at which maximum runoff is being
estimated)
– The period after which the entire catchment
area will start contributing to the runoff is
called as the time of concentration.
– Time of concentration consists of two
components
– a) Time of entry / inlet time
– b) Time of flow
Time of entry (te)
• Time taken by the rainfall to run from the most distant point
of the watershed to the inlet of the sewer
• It decreases with increase in slope and imperviousness of
the ground, while it increases with distance and storage
conditions of the ground
• Normally 3-20 min
• Steepest slope – lower value
• Grassy plot - Higher value
• te = [0.885 L3/H]0.385
Where,te = Time of inlet, minute
L = Length of overland flow in Km from critical point to mouth
of drain
H = Total fall of level from the critical point to mouth of drain,
m
Time of flow (tf)
• Time required for the flow of water in the
sewer to the point under consideration
= distance/velocity

• Time of concentration = Inlet time + time of

flow
tc = te + tf
– The rainfall with duration lesser than the time of
concentration will not produce maximum discharge.
– The runoff may not be maximum even when the
duration of the rain is more than the time of
concentration. This is because in such cases the
intensity of rain reduces with the increase in its
duration.
– The runoff will be maximum when the duration of
rainfall is equal to the time of concentration and is
called as critical rainfall duration. The time of
concentration is equal to sum of inlet time and time of
travel.
• Methods for Estimation of Quantity of Storm
Water
– 1. Rational Method
– 2. Empirical formulae method
Rational Method
Methods for Estimation of Quantity of
Storm Water
Runoff Coefficient: The total precipitation falling on any area is
dispersed as percolation, evaporation, storage in ponds or
reservoir and surface runoff.

The runoff coefficient can be defined as a fraction, which is

multiplied with the quantity of total rainfall to determine the quantity
of rain water, which will reach the sewers. The runoff coefficient
depends upon the porosity of soil cover, wetness and ground
cover.
Methods for Estimation of Quantity of
Storm Water
The overall runoff coefficient for the catchment area can be worked
out as follows:

Overall runoff coefficient

Where, A1, A2, ….An are types of area with C1, C2, …Cn as their
coefficient of runoff, respectively.
The typical runoff coefficient for the different ground cover is
provided in the below table

Runoff coefficient for various sources

Sno Type of Surface Value of K

1 Water Tight Roof surface 0.70 - 0.95
2 Asphalt Pavement 0.85 – 0.90
3 Stone, brick, wood-block pavement 0.75 - 0.85
with cemented joints
4 Stone, brick, wood-block pavement 0.50 - 0.70
with uncemented joints
5 Water bond Macadam roads 0.25 - 0.60
6 Gravel road and walks 0.15 – 0.30
7 Unpaved streets and vacant lands 0.10 – 0.30
8 Parks, Lawns, gardens, meadows 0.05 – 0.25
etc.,
9 Wooden lands 0.01 – 0.20
Empirical formulae for rainfall intensities

The relationships between rainfall intensity and duration are

developed based on long experience in field. Under Indian
conditions, intensity of rainfall in design is
usually in the range 12 mm/h to 20 mm/h.

For T varying between 5 to 20 minutes

For T varying between 20 to 100 minutes

T a b
5 to 20 mins. 75 10
20 to 100 mins. 100 20
(2) EMPIRICAL FORMULA METHOD

(1) Burkli Ziegler formula

Storm water quantity

Q = Quantity of storm water, m3/sec

= Coefficient of runoff

p = intensity of rainfall (cm/hour) for the duration equal to

time of concentration

A = Drainage area in hectares

S0= The slope of the ground surface in metres per thousand

metres
(2) Dicken’s formula
Peak Discharge in
cumecs

QP = Peak Discharge in
cumecs

M = Catchment area in
Km2

C = a constant depending
upon all those fifteen to
twenty factors which affect
the runoff (C=11.5)
(3) Ryve’s formula

QP = Peak Discharge in cumecs

M = Catchment area in Km2

C = a constant depending upon all those fifteen to twenty factors

which affect the runoff (C=6.8)

Location of Catchment Value of C1

Areas within 24Km from the coast 6.8
Areas within 24Km – 16Km from the 8.8
coast
Limited areas near hills 10.1
(4) Inglis formula

QP = Peak Discharge in cumecs

M = Catchment area in Km2

(5) NAWAB JUNG BAHADUR FORMULA

QP = Peak Discharge in cumecs

M = Catchment area in Km2

C2 = 48 to 60
(5) Dredge or Burge’s formula
Storm water quantity

Qp = Quantity of storm water, m3/sec

L = Length of the drainage basin in Kilometres

M = Catchment area in Km2

❖ Refuse:- rejected or left as worthless - five categories
❖ Garbage : dry refuse - decayed fruits, grass, leaves, paper pieces,
sweepings, vegetables etc
❖ Sewage : liquid waste from the community - sullage, discharge
from latrines, urinals, industrial waste and storm water.
a. crude or raw sewage
b. dilute or weak sewage
c. sanitary or domestic sewage
d. combined sewage
e. dry weather flow
f. wet weather flow
g. fresh sewage
h. septic sewage
i. industrial sewage
❖ Storm water:- rainwater of the locality
❖Subsoil water:- ground water enters into sewers through leaks
❖Sullage:- waste water from bathrooms, kitchens etc
❖ Sewers:- underground conduits or drains through which sewage is
conveyed - different categories
a) sanitary sewer - carry sanitary or domestic sewage
b)common sewer - all inhabitants have equal legal rights
c)combined sewer - carries domestic sewage and storm water
d)lateral sewer - obtain discharge directly from buildings - first
stage of sewage collection
e)branch or submain sewer - obtains discharge from a few laterals
and delivers to main sewer
f) Main sewer or trunk sewer - obtains discharge from few
branches or submains
g)depressed sewer - sewer constructed lower than the adjacent
sections to overcome the obstruction
h)intercepting sewer - intercepts the discharge from a number of
main or outfall sewers
i) outfall sewer - A sewer that receives wastewater from a collection
system or from a wastewater treatment plant and carries it to a
point of ultimate or final discharge in the environment
j) relief or overflow serwer - carry excess discharge from an
existing sewer
Methods of Collection refuse
The sanitation of town or city is done by two
methods:
•Conservancy System
•Water-Carriage System
Conservancy System
•Sometimes this system is also called dry-System.

•Various types of refuse and storm water are collected, conveyed

and disposed of separately by different methods in this system,
therefore, it is called conservancy system.

•Garbage or refuse – collected – pans or buckets

•Night soil – buried in ground

•Storm water and sullage – collected and conveyed in channels

separately – discharged to streams

•it is out of date system

• Garbage or dry refuse of a town is collected in dust
bins placed along the roads and streets, from where it
is conveyed by trucks or covered carts once or twice
in a day to the point of disposal.
• All the non-combustible portions of the garbage such
as sand, dust, clay ashes etc., are used for filling the
low level areas to reclaim land for further
development of the town.
• The combustible portion of garbage such as dry
leaves, waste paper, broken furniture etc. are burnt.
• The decaying fruit and vegetables, grass and other
things are first dried and then disposed of by burning
or in the manufacturing of Manure.
• Human Excreta or Night Soil is collected by
labour in carts, trucks etc. The night soil is
buried in trenches.
• The Sullage and Storm waters are also
carried out separately in open drains, upto the
point of disposal, where they are allowed to
mix with stream, rivers or sea without any
treatment.
Demerits
•Cost: seems to be cheap in the beginning. But maintenance
and establishment cost is very high
•Transportation aspect: transportation of night soil takes
place in open cart s through streets and other crowed localities
–highly undesirable
•Design of building: Buildings cannot be designed as compact
unit, because latrines are to be designed away from the living
rooms due to foul smell, which are also inconvenient.
•Aesthetic appearance: In the presence of conservancy
system, the aesthetic appearance of the city cannot be
increased.
•Labour aspect: This system completely depends on the
mercy of sweepers.
• Condition of drains: Insanitation may be there due to the
carriage of sullage through open drains laid in the streets
• Insanitary condition: Decomposition starts about 4 to 5
hours after its production and removal of sewage will take
place only once in 24 hrs. It also results in fly nuisance.
• Land disposal: Considerable amount of land is required for
the disposal of sewage particularly night soil.
• Pollution of water: chances are there to pollute ground water
• Risk of epidemics: if sewage is not properly disposed off,
there are chances for the outbreak of epidemics which may
result in serious disaster.
Water Carriage System
•Water is used as medium for the collection and
conveyance of sewage. Therefore it is called
Water-Carriage System.
•In this system the excremental matters are
mixed up in large quantity of water and are
disposed off after necessary treatment in a
satisfactory manner.
Merits & Demerits of Water Carriage System
Merits
❖It is hygienic method, because all the excremental matters are
collected and conveyed by water only and no human agency is
employed for it.
❖There is no nuisance in the street of the town due to offensive
matters, because all the sewage goes in closed sewers under the
ground. The risk of epidemic is reduced.
❖As only one sewer is laid, therefore it occupies less space in
crowded lane.
❖Due to more quantity of sewage, self-cleansing velocity can be
obtained even at less gradients.
❖Buildings can be designed as compact one unit.
❖The land required for the disposal work is less as compared with
conservancy system in which more area is required.
❖The usual water supply is sufficient and no additional water is
required in water carriage system.
❖This system does not depend on the manual labours
❖Sewage after proper treatment can be used for various purposes.
Demerits
The following are the demerits of water carriage
System
•This system is very costly in initial cost.
•During monsoon large volume of sewage is to
be treated whereas very small volume is to be
treated in the remaining period of the year.
Comparison between conservancy and water carriage system
No: Conservancy System Water carriage system
Does not permit compact Permit compact design of
1
design of structures structures
laid above ground- visible laid below ground - not visible
2
and non hygenic and hygenic
requires small amount of requires large qunatity of water
3 water to the extent of about 30 to the extent of about 100 to
to 40 litres per capita per day 120 litres per capita per day
4 exists putrefaction no chances for putrefaction
5 labour force required is more only few labourers are required
6 presence of segregation absence of segregation
cheap in initial cost, but expensive in initial cost and
7
expensive in maintanance cost maintenance costs are low.
 comparision contd.....
normally considered as come up basically as urban
8
system for rural conditions system
chances for the outbreak of
9 risk of epidemics is reduced
epidemics
requires the help of skilled or
does not require the help of technical personnels for laying,
10
skilled or technical personnels maintenance and running of
treatment units.
city remains dirty and foul
11 city appears neat and clean
smelling
underground sources of water no risk of pollution of
12
may be polluted underground sources of water
The Sewerage System are classified as follows:
• Combined System - one set of sewer is laid, carrying both the
sanitary sewage and storm water
• Separate System - two sets of sewer is laid, carrying both the
sanitary sewage and storm water
• Partially Separate System - a portion of storm water is allowed to
enter in the sewers carrying sewage and the remaining storm water
flows in separate set of sewers it is called partially separate system.
• The combined system is most suited in areas having small rainfall
which is evenly distributed throughout the area, because at such
places self-cleaning velocity will be available in every season. As
only one sewer is laid in this system, therefore it can also be used in
crowded areas, where it is very difficult to lay two sewers.
• If rainfall is heavy and it is for short time, it is better to provide
separate system, because in combined system self cleaning velocity
will not be available for most of the period of the year
Separate System
Merits and Demerits of Separate System
Followings are the merits of Separate System
❖load on the treatment unit is less

❖size of sewer is small

❖the natural water is not unnecessarily polluted

❖Storm water can be easily discharge into natural streams without

any treatment.

❖During disposal if the sewage is to be pumped, the separate system

is cheaper.
Followings are the demerits of separate System

❖Generally self-cleaning velocity is not easily achieved, due to

small quantity of sewage, therefore flushing is required at various
points.

❖As two sets of sewer are laid, therefore its maintenance cost is
more.

❖In busy lanes laying of two sewers is difficult which also

causes great inconvenience to the traffic during repairs.

❖The cleaning of sewers is difficult as they are of small size.

Merits and Demerits of Combined System

Merits of Combined System

❖There is no need of flushing, because self-cleansing velocity is
easily available at every place due to more quantity of sewage.

❖the maintenace cost are reasonable.

❖Rain water dilutes the sewage, therefore it can be easily and

economically treated.

❖This system requires only one set of sewers and it may thus prove
to be economical.
The following are the demerits of Combined System

❖ Initial cost is high as compared with separate System

❖ Load on treatment plant is high

❖ If the whole sewage is to be disposed off by pumping, it is

uneconomical

❖ During heavy rains, the overflowing of sewers will endanger the

public health.

❖ The sewers are of large in diameter

❖ The storm water is unnecessarily polluted

Following are the merits of Partially Separate System:
❖Economical and reasonable size of sewers are required.

❖The problem of disposing storm water from houses is simplified,

because the rain water from roof, sullage from bath and kitchens etc.
can be taken in the same pipe carrying the discharge from the water
closets.

❖No flushing is required, because the quantity of sewage is

increased as small portion of storm water is allowed to enter in
sanitary sewage.

❖The entry of storm water avoids silting in sewers

Following are demerits of partially Separate System

❖The cost of pumping is increased at disposal plants than

separate system because a portion of storm water is mixed with
sanitary sewage.

❖There are possibilities of overflow, requiring storm overflows.

❖In dry weather, the self cleaning velocities may not develop.
Conditions favorable for separate system (Reference Birdie
and Birdie)
❖Conversion of existing sewer:
❖Flat topography: deep excavations are to be carried out in
combined system
❖Fund :
❖Gradient of sewers:
❖Outlet for storm water:
❖Pumping
❖Soil of laying
❖Steep slopes
❖Time of laying sewers
❖Uneven rainfall
Conditions favorable for combined system
(Reference Birdie and Birdie)

❖Conversion of existing storm water sewer: sanitart

sewage is less.
❖Pumping : for both sanitary and storm water
❖Even rainfall
❖Restricted space: