EDC/CECD Lab Manual

Experiment No.:1

Aim:-a) Familiarization with the electronic instruments like Function Generator, C.R.O., D.S.O., DC
power supply.

b) Use of multimeter as Voltmeter, Ammeter, Ohmmeter, Continuity meter.

c) Measurement of voltage and frequency with C.R.O. and D.S.O., saving and accessing
waveform on D.S.O.
Apparatus/ Equipment:- 1) C.R.O.
2) Function Generator
3) D.C. power supply
4) Multimeter
5) D.S.O.

Theory:- Function Generator:

Function Generator as the name suggests is an electronic equipment that allows us to generate
waveforms corresponding to different functions and also gives us the control over the properties of
this function generated by it. By properties, we mean that once a functional waveform has been
generated, we can control how much is its amplitude, what is the frequency after which it repeats .
Depending on the trigger given the signal generated can be repetitive or not. Function Generator is
known to be versatile because of its ability to produce various waveforms with wide frequency range.
This is the formal definition of Function Generator.

Types of Function Generators

We categorize the Function Generators depending on the kind of waveform they generate are:
• Analog function generators
• Digital function generators
• Arbitrary waveform generators

Application Of Function Generators

Function Generator are really useful in real-life. Let us understand this with some
applications:
• Function Generators are used in laboratories for training and testing purposes
due to their ability of generating signals which can be used for testing circuits.
DC power supply and even measure the delay margin.
• Function Generators are also used for research and development purposes. One
primary example to understand this is their use in R&D labs for research
purpose.
• Sometimes they help in optimization of certain devices like they are widely used
in automotive units where they perform the task of optimizing different control
units especially engines.
• In electronics engineering, function generators are used for repairing and
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troubleshooting devices this includes PCB . Troubleshooting means figuring out

the errors and working on them.
• Function Generators are also included in medical domain for calculating the
frequency response of BP machines and for measuring pulse figures. It is often
used for troubleshooting devices like ultrasound devices, pacemakers and
medical equipment.

Figure 1 Function Generator

C.R.O. (Cathode Ray Oscilloscope):

The cathode ray oscilloscope is an electronic test instrument, it is utilized to get waveforms when the
different information signals are given. The oscilloscope notices the progressions in the electrical
signs over the long run, subsequently the voltage and time portray a shape and it is persistently
graphed close to a scale. By seeing the waveform, we can break down certain properties like
amplitude, frequency, rise time, time interval, distortion, etc.

Construction of Cathode Ray Oscilloscope

The construction of cathode ray consists of the following components:
• Cathode Ray Tube
• Electronic Gun
• Deflecting Plate
• Fluorescent Screen For CRT
• Glass Envelope

Working of Cathode Ray Oscilloscope

The CRO working principle relies upon the electron ray movement as a result of the electrostatic
force. When an electron ray hits a phosphor face, then, at that point, it makes a splendid spot on it. A
Cathode ray Oscilloscope applies the electrostatic energy on the electron beam from two vertical
ways. The spot on the phosphor screen goes because of the impact of these two electrostatic forces
which are opposite together. It moves to make the important waveform of the input signal.

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Figure 2 Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO)

D.S.O. (Digital Storage Oscilloscope):

A digital storage oscilloscope is a special kind of storage oscilloscope that stores the input signal for
years and displays it on a CRT screen when desired. Digital storage oscilloscope (DSO) is totally
reversed to the working of analog storage oscilloscope. In DSO the signals are stored in digital form
rather than in analog form. The conversion of analog signals into digital/binary form can be achieved
through Analog to digital conversion(ADC) technique. The converted signal is then stored in
memory which acts as a storage unit in DSO.

Working of DSO
When an analog signal is given as an input it passes through an attenuator circuit where the unwanted
noise signals are attenuated and this clean signal is applied to a vertical amplifier which performs the
sampling and converts the input into digital. The digitally converted analog signal is stored in
memory, which we can use as many times as we want to display on CRT. And coming to control logic
it controls the ADC(Analog to Digital converter) conversion and deflection amplifiers. Both vertical
and horizontal deflection amplifiers are
connected to a DAC(Digital to Analog converter) which deflects the beam of electrons and so the
trace on the CRT screen. This is the working of DSO.

Advantages of DSO
• DSO is very easy to use and also allows for automation.
• we can store more than one input signal at a time which we can’t do in ASO.
• DSO can display much better-quality images.
• DSO is comparably cheaper than ASO.
Applications of DSO
• DSO can be used in the visual representation of radar targets.
• DSO can be used to measure AC and DC voltages and currents.
• DSO can be used in telecommunications.
• DSO is used as a monitoring device
• In the nuclear field, scientists use DSO to study environmental changes in absence
of terrestrial/cellular signals.

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Functions of DSO
DSO is an instrument used to display and analyze electronic signals.It draws waveforms or a graph of
an instantaneous signal voltage against time.

Figure 3 Digital Storage Oscilloscope (DSO)

DC Power Supply:
A DC power supply converts AC power from a standard outlet into a stable DC power source. This
regulated direct current is then used to power a device, module or component. DC power supplies
come in varying levels of input and output voltage, output current and power rating. You can
generally choose between a Constant Voltage (CV) model or a Constant Current (CC) model. In CV
models, you set the output voltage you need from the power supply, and it remains constant at that
level even if changes occur in the load. In CC models, you set them to maintain a constant output
current. Some DC power supplies offer both these options as alternative CV or CC modes of
operation.
Input voltages are more commonly standardised over an available range, although it is also possible
to specify just one power level. Output voltages are commonly offered for specific DC values of 5,
12, 24, or 48 volts. While you can get a DC power supply outside this output voltage set, this will
limit your options. You have a much wider range of standard supplies to choose from if you can
match your system loads with one of the commonly used voltages. If you cant make your system
work with the standard output voltage range, you have three possible options:

• Source a standard DC power supply offering the output voltage you need
• Find a vendor who will customise a DC power supply to provide your output
voltage
• Create the necessary DC voltage using a DC-DC converter.

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Multimeter:
A digital multimeter, DMM is a test instrument used to measure electrical values including voltage,
current and resistance, although modern DMMs often make many more measurements. A digital
multimeter or DMM is one of the most widely used pieces of test equipment today - they are almost
invaluable in any electronics laboratory, for the home, hobbyist and professional electronics
engineer.

Typical DMM controls and connections

1. Display The display on a DMM is normally easy to see and read. Most have
four digits, the first of which can often only be either a 0 or 1, and there will
normally be
a + / - indication as well. There may also be a few other smaller indicators such as AC /
DC etc dependent upon the model of DMM
2. Main connections There will be some main connections for the probes to
connect to. Although only two are needed at any one time, there may be three or
four.Typically these may be:

1. Common - for use with all measurements and this will take the
negative or black lead and probe
2. Volts, ohms, frequency - this connection is used for most
measurements and will take the positive or red lead and probe.
3. Amps and milliamps - this connection is used for the current
measurements and will again take the red lead and probe.
4. High current - there is often a separate connection for high current
measurements. Care must be taken to use this rather than the low
current connection if high levels of current are anticipated
These are typical connections for a multimeter and each model of multimeter may have
its own requirements and connections.
3. Main switch There will usually be a single main rotary switch to select the type
of measurement to be made and the range that is needed.
4. Additional connections There may be additional connections for other
measurements such as temperature where a thermocouple will need its own
connections. Some meters are also able to measure the gain of transistors, and
these will require separate connections on the meter.
5. Additional buttons and switches There will be a few additional buttons and
switches. The main one will obviously be the on/off button. Other functions
including items such as peak hold may also be available
The switches and controls are normally set out with the main range switch occupying the central
position within the multimeter panel. The display typically occupies a position at the top of the
instrument so that it is easy to see and it is free from being obscured by leads and also it can still be
seen if the switch is being operated.

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Any additional switches are typically located around the main switch where they can be reached
very easily.

Result: -
The use of Function Generator, CRO, DSO, DC Power Supply and Multimeter has been studied.
Calculation on CRO: Amplitude=110V, Frequency=1KHz
Calculation on DSO: Amplitude=103V, Frequency=1.04KHz

Viva Question:
1 What is cathode ray oscilloscope (CRO)?
2 Name main components of a cathode ray tube (CRT)
3 What is the main advantage of using a digital storage oscilloscope?
4 What is an oscillator?

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Experiment No.:2
AIM: 1. To Plot the Volt Ampere Characteristics of PN Junction Diode under
Forward and Reverse Bias Conditions.
2. To find the Cut-in voltage, Static Resistance, Dynamic Resistance for Forward Bias
& Reverse Bias

APPARATUS:

S.No Name Range / Value Quantity

1 DC Regulated Power Supply 0 – 30 volts 1

2 Diode 1N 4001 1
3 Resistor 1K 1
4 D.C Ammeters 0–100mA, 0–500 A Each 1
5 D.C Volt meters 0–2V, 0–20V Each 1
6 Bread Board and connecting wires - 1 Set

CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:

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PROCEDURE:
FORWARD BIAS CHARACTERISTICS:

1. Connect the Circuit as per the Circuit Diagram on the bread board.
2. Switch on the Regulated Power Supply and slowly increase the source voltage.
Increase the Diode Current in steps of 2mA and note down the corresponding
voltage across the PN junction Diode under forward Bias condition as per table
given below.
3. Take the readings until a Diode Current of 30mA.
4. Repeat the same by using Ge Diode instead of Si Diode.
5. Plot the graph VF versus IF on the graph Sheet in the 1st quadrant as in Fig.
6. From the graph find out the Static & Dynamic forward Bias resistance of the
diode
VF VF
R = , rac = .
IF IF
7. Observe and note down the cut in Voltage of the diode.

REVERSE BIAS CHARACTERISTICS:

1. Connect the Circuit as per the Circuit Diagram on the bread board.
2. Switch on the Regulated Power Supply and slowly increase the source voltage.
Increase the Diode voltage in steps of 2.0 volts and note down the corresponding
Current against the Voltage under Reverse Bias condition as per table given
below.
3. Take readings until a Diode Voltage reaches 30.0V.
4. Repeat the same by using Ge Diode instead of Si Diode.
5. Plot the graph VR versus IR on the graph Sheet in the 3rd quadrant as in Fig.
6. From the graph find out the Dynamic Reverse Bias resistance of the diode.
VR VR
R = , r ac = .
IR IR
7. Observe and note down the break down Voltage of the diode

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TABULAR FORMS:
FORWARD BIAS: REVERSE BIAS:
Voltmeter Reading Ammeter Reading Voltmeter Reading Ammeter Reading
S.No
VF(Volts) IF (mA) VR (Volts) IR (A)
1 0.0 0
2 0.2 2
3 0.6 4
4 2 6
5 4 8
6 6 10
7 8 12
8 10 14
9 14 16
10 18 18
11 20 20

RESULT:
The V-I Characteristics of the PN Junction Diode are plotted for the both Forward and
Reverse Bias conditions and Calculated the Cut in Voltage, Dynamic Forward and Reverse
Bias resistance.

Specifications Si Ge
Cut in Voltage
F. Bias
Static Resistance
R. Bias
F. Bias
Dynamic Resistance
R. Bias

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Check the wires for continuity before use.
2. Keep the power supply at Zero volts before Start.
3. All the contacts must be intact.

VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. Draw the circuit symbol of the Diode?
2.. What are the materials used for Anode and Cathode?
3. Draw ideal Diode Volt Ampere Characteristics?
4. What is Cut in Voltage?
5. What are Static and Dynamic Resistances?
6. Explain the working of a Diode as a switch
7. What is space charge?
8. What is Diffusion Capacitance?
9. What are Minority and Majority carriers in P type and in N type materials?
10. What are the specifications of a Diode?
11. What is PIV?
12. Why leakage current is more for Ge Diode?
13. What is work function?

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MODEL GRAPH:

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Experiment No.:3
AIM: i) T o Obtain the Forward Bias and Reverse Bias characteristics of a Zener diode.
ii) Find out the Zener Break down Voltage from the Characteristics.
iii) To Obtain the Load Regulation Characteristics.
OR
(Virtual Laboratory)

APPARATUS:
S.No Name Range / Value Quantity
1 DC Regulated Power Supply 0 – 30 volts 1
2 Diode ECZ 5.1 1
3 Resistor 1K , 560 Each 1
4 D.C Ammeters 0–200mA 1
5 D.C Volt meters 0–2V, 0–20V Each 1
6 Decade Resistance Box - 1
7 Bread Board and connecting wires - 1 Set

CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:

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VOLTAGE REGULATION:

PROCEDURE:
FORWARD BIAS CHARACTERISTICS:
1. Connect the Circuit as per the Circuit Diagram on the bread board.
2. Switch on the Regulated Power Supply and slowly increase the source voltage.
Increase the Diode Current in steps of 2mA and note down the corresponding
voltage across the Zener Diode under forward Bias condition as per table given
below.
3. Take the readings until a Diode Current of 20mA.
4. Plot the graph VF versus IF on the graph Sheet in the 1st quadrant as in Fig.
5. From the graph find out the Static & Dynamic forward Bias resistance of the
diode
VF VF
R = , rac = .
IF IF
REVERSE BIAS CHARACTERISTICS:
1. Connect the Circuit as per the Circuit Diagram on the bread board.
2. Switch on the Regulated Power Supply and slowly increase the source voltage.
Increase the Diode Current in steps of 2mA and note down the corresponding
voltage across the Zener Diode under Reverse Bias condition as per table given
below.
3. Take the readings until a Diode Current of 20mA.
4. Plot the graph VR versus IR on the graph Sheet in the 3rd quadrant as in Fig.
5. From the graph find out the Dynamic Reverse Bias resistance of the diode.
VR VR
R = , r ac = .
IR IR
7. Observe and note down the break down Voltage of the diode.

LOAD REGULATION CHARACTERISTICS:

1. Connect the Circuit as per the Circuit Diagram on the bread board.
2. By changing the load Resistance, kept constant I/P Voltage at 5V, 10 V, 15 V as
per table given below. Take the readings of O/P Voltmeter (Vo=Vz).
3. Now by changing the I/P Voltage, kept constant load Resistance at 1K, 2K, 3K as
per table given below. Take the readings of O/P Voltmeter (Vo=Vz).

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TABULAR FORMS:

FORWARD BIAS: REVERSE BIAS:

Voltmeter Reading Ammeter Reading Voltmeter Reading Ammeter Reading

S.No
VF(Volts) IF (mA) VR (Volts) IR (mA)
1 0.0 0.0
2 0.2 0.2
3 0.4 0.4
4 0.6 0.6
5 0.8 0.8
6 2 2
7 4 4
8 6 6
9 8 8
10 10 10
11 12 12
12 16 16
13 18 18
14 20 20

LOAD REGULATION:

Vi1= 5V Vi2= 10V Vi3=15V RL1=1K RL2=2K RL3=3K

S.No RL () Vi (V)
VO (V) VO (V) VO (V) VO (V) VO (V) VO (V)
1 100 0
2 300 1
3 500 3
4 700 5
5 900
7
6 1K
7 3K 9
8 5K 11
9 7K 13
10 10K 15
20

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ZENER BREAKDOWN VOLTAGE:

Draw a tangent on the reverse Bias Characteristic of the Zener Diode starting from the
Knee and touching most of the points of the curve. The point where the tangent intersects the
X-axis is the Zener Breakdown Voltage.

RESULT:
The Characteristics of the Forward and Reverse biased Zener Diode and the Zener
Break Down Voltage from the Characteristics are Observed.
Zener Breakdown Voltage = Volts.
Forward Bias Resistance = Ohms
Reverse Bias Resistance = Ohms

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Check the wires for continuity before use.
2. Keep the power supply at Zero volts before Start
3. All the contacts must be intact

VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. Draw the circuit symbol of the Zener Diode
2. What is meant by Zener break down?
3. What are the different types of break downs?
4. What is the difference between Avalanche Zener break down?
5. In a lightly doped and heavily doped diode which type of break down occurs?
6. Why Zener break down and Avalanche BD voltage increase with temperature?
7. What are the applications of Zener diode?
8. Explain operation of Zener diode as Voltage Regulator?
9. What is the difference between normal PN Jn diode and Zener diode?
10 What is a Regulation?

***

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MODEL GRAPHS:

ZENER DIODE CHARACTERISTICS:

LOAD REGULATION CHARACTERISTICS:

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Experiment No.:4
AIM: To determine the operating voltages of different colors of LEDs and measure
minimum current and forward bias voltages across them.

APPARATUS:

S.No Name Range / Value Quantity

1 DC Regulated Power Supply 0 – 30 volts 1

2 Different color Led 1N 4001 4
3 Resistor 1K 1
4 D.C Ammeters 0–100mA, 0–500 A Each 1
5 D.C Volt meters 0–2V, 0–20V Each 1
6 Bread Board and connecting wires - 1 Set

Circuit diagram:

Procedure:
1. Connect the Circuit as per the Circuit Diagram on the bread board.
2. Switch on the Regulated Power Supply and slowly increase the source voltage.
Increase the Diode Current in steps of 2mA and note down the corresponding
voltage across the LED under forward Bias condition as per table given below.
3. Take the readings until a LED will glow.
4. Measure the voltage across the LED
5. Repeat the same by using different color LED.
6. Plot the graph VF versus IF on the graph Sheet in the 1st quadrant as in Fig.

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Tabular Form:

Color of the Voltmeter Reading

S.No LED VF(Volts) at
glowing point
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

RESULT: Operating Voltage of different color LED are studied

Operating Voltage:
Color of LED:

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Check the wires for continuity before use.
2. Keep the power supply at Zero volts before Start.
3. All the contacts must be intact.

VIVA QUESTIONS:
1 List various types of LEDs.
2 Why is laser light said to be coherent?
3 What determines the colour of a LED?
4 List five applications of LEDs.

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Experiment No.:5
AIM: To Rectify the AC signal and then to find out Ripple factor and percentage of
Regulation in Half wave rectifier with and without Capacitor filter.

APPARATUS:

S.No Name Range / Value Quantity

1 Transformer 230V / 0 - 9V 1
2 Diode 1N4001 1
3 Capacitors 1000 F/16V, 470 f/25V 1
4 Decade Resistance Box - 1
5 Multimeter - 1
6 Bread Board and connecting wires - 1 Set
7 Dual Trace CRO 20MHz 1

CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:
WITHOUT CAPACITOR FILTER AND WITH CAPACITOR FILTER:

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PROCEDURE:

WITHOUT FILTER:

1. Connecting the circuit on bread board as per the circuit diagram

2. Connect the primary of the transformer to main supply i.e. 230V, 50Hz
3. Connect the decade resistance box and set the RL value to 100Ω
4. Connect the Multimeter at output terminals and vary the load resistance (DRB)
from 100Ω to 1KΩ and note down the Vac and Vdc as per given tabular form
5. Disconnect load resistance ( DRB) and note down no load voltage Vdc (V no load)
6. Connect load resistance at 1KΩ and connect Channel – II of CRO at output
terminals and CH – I of CRO at Secondary Input terminals observe and note down
the Input and Output Wave form on Graph Sheet.
Vac
7. Calculate ripple factor
Vdc
Vno load Vfull load
8. Calculate Percentage of Regulation, % 100%
Vno load

WITH CAPACITOR FILTER:

1. Connecting the circuit as per the circuit Diagram and repeat the above procedure
from steps 2 to 8.

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TABULAR FORMS:

WITHOUT FILTER:
V no load Voltage (Vdc) = V
S.No Load Resistance O/P Voltage (Vo) Ripple factor % of Regulation

RL (Ω) Vac (V) Vdc (V)

1 100
2 200
3 300
4 400
5 500
6 600
7 700
8 800
9 900
10 1K

WITH CAPACITOR FILTER:

V no load Voltage (Vdc) = V
S.No Load Resistance O/P Voltage (Vo) Ripple factor % of Regulation

RL (Ω) Vac (V) Vdc (V)

1 100
2 200
3 300
4 400
5 500
6 600
7 700
8 800
9 900
10 1K

MODEL GRAPHS:

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RESULT: Observe Input and Output Wave forms and Calculate ripple factor and
percentage of regulation in Half wave rectifier with and without filter.

Without Filter:
Ripple Factor :
Regulation :

With Capacitor Filter:

Ripple Factor :
Regulation :

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Check the wires for continuity before use.
2. Keep the power supply at Zero volts before Start.
3. All the contacts must be intact.

VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is a rectifier?
2. How Diode acts as a rectifier?
3. What is the significance of PIV? What is the condition imposed on PIV?
4. Draw the o/p wave form without filter?
5. Draw the o/p wave form with filter?
6. What is meant by ripple factor? For a good filter whether ripple factor should be
high or low?
7. What is meant by regulation?
6. What is meant by time constant?
8. What happens to the o/p wave form if we increase the capacitor value?
9. What happens if we increase the capacitor value?

***

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WAVE SHAPES:

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Experiment No.:6
AIM: To Rectify the AC signal and then to find out Ripple factor and percentage of
Regulation in Full-wave rectifier center tapped circuit with and without Capacitor
filter.

APPARATUS:

S.No Name Range / Value Quantity

1 Transformer 230V / 9-0-9V 1
2 Diode 1N4001 2
3 Capacitors 1000 F/16V, 470 f/25V 1
4 Decade Resistance Box - 1
5 Multimeter - 1
6 Bread Board and connecting wires - 1
7 Dual Trace CRO 20MHz 1

CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:
WITHOUT FILTER AND WITH FILTER:

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PROCEDURE:

WITHOUT FILTER:

1. Connecting the circuit on bread board as per the circuit diagram.

2. Connect the primary of the transformer to main supply i.e. 230V, 50Hz
3. Connect the decade resistance box and set the RL value to 100Ω
4. Connect the Multimeter at output terminals and vary the load resistance (DRB)
from 100Ω to 1KΩ and note down the Vac and Vdc as per given tabular form
5. Disconnect load resistance ( DRB) and note down no load voltage Vdc (V no load)
6. Connect load resistance at 1KΩ and connect Channel – II of CRO at output
terminals and CH – I of CRO at Secondary Input terminals observe and note down
the Input and Output Wave form on Graph Sheet.
Vac
7. Calculate ripple factor
Vdc
Vno load Vfull load
8. Calculate Percentage of Regulation, % 100%
Vno load

WITH CAPACITOR FILTER:

1. Connecting the circuit as per the circuit Diagram and repeat the above procedure
from steps 2 to 8.

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TABULAR FORMS:

WITHOUT FILTER:
V no load Voltage (Vdc) = V
S.No Load Resistance O/P Voltage (Vo) Ripple factor % of Regulation

RL (Ω) Vac (V) Vdc (V)

1 100
2 200
3 300
4 400
5 500
6 600
7 700
8 800
9 900
10 1K

WITH CAPACITOR FILTER:

V no load Voltage (Vdc) = V
S.No Load Resistance O/P Voltage (Vo) Ripple factor % of Regulation

RL (Ω) Vac (V) Vdc (V)

1 100
2 200
3 300
4 400
5 500
6 600
7 700
8 800
9 900
10 1K

MODEL GRAPHS:

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RESULT: Observe Input and Output Wave forms and Calculate ripple factor and
percentage of regulation in Full-wave rectifier with and without filter.

Without Filter:
Ripple Factor :
Regulation :

With Capacitor Filter:

Ripple Factor :
Regulation :

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Check the wires for continuity before use.

2. Keep the power supply at Zero volts before Start.
3. All the contacts must be intact.

VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. What is a full wave rectifier?

2. How Diode acts as a rectifier?
3. What is the significance of PIV requirement of Diode in full-wave rectifier?
4. Compare capacitor filter with an inductor filter?
5. Draw the o/p wave form without filter? Draw the O/P? What is wave form with
filter?
6. What is meant by ripple factor? For a good filter whether ripple factor should be
high or low? What happens to the ripple factor if we insert the filter?
7. What is meant by regulation? Why regulation is poor in the case of inductor filter?
8. What is meant by time constant?
9. What happens to the o/p wave form if we increase the capacitor value? What
happens if we increase the capacitor value?
10. What is the theoretical maximum value of ripple factor for a full wave rectifier?

***

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WAVE SHAPES

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Experiment No.:7
AIM: To Rectify the AC signal and then to find out Ripple factor and percentage of
Regulation in Full-wave Bridge rectifier circuit with and without Capacitor filter.

APPARATUS:

S.No Name Range / Value Quantity

1 Transformer 230V / 0-9V 1
2 Diode 1N4001 4
3 Capacitors 1000 F/16V, 470 f/25V 1
4 Decade Resistance Box - 1
5 Multimeter - 1
6 Bread Board and connecting wires - 1
7 Dual Trace CRO 20MHz 1

PROCEDURE:

WITHOUT FILTER:

1. Connecting the circuit on bread board as per the circuit diagram.

2. Connect the primary of the transformer to main supply i.e. 230V, 50Hz
3. Connect the decade resistance box and set the RL value to 100Ω
4. Connect the Multimeter at output terminals and vary the load resistance (DRB)
from 100Ω to 1KΩ and note down the Vac and Vdc as per given tabular form
5. Disconnect load resistance ( DRB) and note down no load voltage Vdc (V no load)
6. Connect load resistance at 1KΩ and connect Channel – II of CRO at output
terminals and CH – I of CRO at Secondary Input terminals observe and note down
the Input and Output Wave form on Graph Sheet.
Vac
7. Calculate ripple factor
Vdc
Vno load Vfull load
8. Calculate Percentage of Regulation, % 100%
Vno load

WITH CAPACITOR FILTER:

1. Connecting the circuit as per the circuit Diagram and repeat the above procedure
from steps 2 to 8.

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TABULAR FORMS:

WITHOUT FILTER:
V no load Voltage (Vdc) = V
S.No Load Resistance O/P Voltage (Vo) Ripple factor % of Regulation

RL (Ω) Vac (V) Vdc (V)

1 100
2 200
3 300
4 400
5 500
6 600
7 700
8 800
9 900
10 1K

WITH CAPACITOR FILTER:

V no load Voltage (Vdc) = V
S.No Load Resistance O/P Voltage (Vo) Ripple factor % of Regulation

RL (Ω) Vac (V) Vdc (V)

1 100
2 200
3 300
4 400
5 500
6 600
7 700
8 800
9 900
10 1K

MODEL GRAPHS:

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RESULT: Observe Input and Output Wave forms and Calculate ripple factor and
percentage of regulation in Full-wave Bridge rectifier with and without filter.

Without Filter:
Ripple Factor:
Regulation :

With Capacitor Filter:

Ripple Factor:
Regulation :

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Check the wires for continuity before use.
2. Keep the power supply at Zero volts before Start.
3. All the contacts must be intact.

VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What are the advantages of Bridge Rectifier over the center tapped Rectifier?
2. What does Regulation indicate?
3. What is the Theoretical maximum value of Ripple factor of a Full-wave
Rectifier?
4. What is the PIV requirement of a Diode in a Bridge Rectifier?
5. Explain the operation of Bridge Rectifier?

***

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:
WITHOUT FILTER & WITH FILTER

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Experiment No.:8
AIM: To plot the Input and Output characteristics of a transistor connected in Common
Base Configuration and to find the h – parameters from the characteristics.

APPARATUS:

S.No Name Range / Value Quantity

1 Dual Regulated D.C Power supply 0–30 Volts 1

2 Transistor BC107 1
3 Resistors 1K 1
4 DC Ammeters (0-200mA) 2
5 DC Voltmeters (0-2V), (0-20V) Each 1 No
6 Bread Board and connecting wires - 1 Set

PROCEDURE:

TO FIND THE INPUT CHARACTERISTICS:

1. Connect the circuit as in the circuit diagram.
2. Keep VEE and VCC in zero volts before giving the supply
3. Set VCB = 1 volt by varying VCC. and vary the VEE smoothly with fine control
such that emitter current IE varies in steps of 0.2mA from zero upto 20mA, and
note down the corresponding voltage VEB for each step in the tabular form.
4. Repeat the experiment for VCB =2 volts and 3 volts.
5. Draw a graph between VEB Vs IE against VCB = Constant.

TO FIND THE OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS:

1 Start VEE and VCC from zero Volts.
2 Set the IE = 1mA by using VEE such that, VCB changes in steps of 1.0 volts from
zero upto 20 volts, note down the corresponding collector current IC for each step
in the tabular form.
3 Repeat the experiment for IE = 3mA and IE = 5mA, tabulate the readings.
4 Draw a graph between VCB Vs IC against IE = Constant.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS :

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TABULAR FORMS:

INPUT CHARACTERISTICS;

VCB = 0V VCB = 1V VCB = 2V

S.No
VEB (V) IE (mA) VEB (V) IE (mA) VEB (V) IE (mA)
1 0.0 0.0 0.0
2 0.2 0.2 0.2
3 0.4 0.4 0.4
4 0.6 0.6 0.6
5 0.8 0.8 0.8
6 1.0 1.0 1.0
7 4.0 4.0 4.0
8 8.0 8.0 8.0
9 10.0 10.0 10.0
10 14.0 14.0 14.0
11 18.0 18.0 18.0
12 20.0 20.0 20.0

OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS;

IE = 1 mA IE = 3 mA IE = 5 mA
S.No
VCB (V) IC (mA) VCB (V) IC (mA) VCB (V) IC (mA)
1 0.0 0.0 0.0
2 0.2 0.2 0.2
3 0.4 0.4 0.4
4 0.6 0.6 0.6
5 0.8 0.8 0.8
6 1.0 1.0 1.0
7 3.0 3.0 3.0
8 5.0 5.0 5.0
9 7.0 7.0 7.0
10 10.0 10.0 10.0
11 12.0 12.0 12.0
12 15.0 15.0 15.0

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To find the h – parameters:

Calculation of hib:

Mark two points on the Input characteristics for constant VCB. Let the coordinates of
these two points be (VEB1, IE1) and (VEB2, IE2).

VEB2 - VEB1
hib = ;
IE2 - IE1
Calculation of hrb:
Draw a horizontal line at some constant IE value on the input characteristics. Find
VCB2, VCB1, VEB2, VEB1
VEB2 - VEB1
hrb = ;
VCB2 - VCB1

Calculation of hfb:
Draw a vertical line on the Output characteristics at some constant VCB value. Find
Ic2, Ic1 and IE2, IE1 .
IC2 - IC1
hfb = ;
IE2 - IE1

Calculation of hob:
On the Output characteristics for a constant value of IE mark two points with
coordinates (VCB2 , IC2) and (VCB1 , IC1) .

IC2 - IC1
hob = ;
VCB2 - VCB1

RESULTS:

The Input and Output characteristics are drawn on the graphs and the h parameters are
calculated .
hib= --------- ohms. hrb= -----------

hob= -------- mhos. hfb = -----------

***

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MODEL GRAPHS;

1. Plot the Input characteristics by taking IE on y–axis and VEB on x–axis.

2. Plot the Output characteristics by taking IC on y–axis and VCB on x–axis.

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Experiment No.:9
AIM: To plot the Input and Output characteristics of a transistor connected in Common
Emitter Configuration and to find the h – parameters from the characteristics.

APPARATUS:

S.No Name Range / Value Quantity

1 Dual Regulated D.C Power supply 0–30 Volts 1
2 Transistor BC107 1
3 Resistors 120K 1
4 DC Ammeters (0-500 A), (0-200mA) Each 1 No
5 DC Voltmeters (0-2V), (0-20V) Each 1 No
6 Bread Board and connecting wires - 1 Set

PROCEDURE:
TO FIND THE INPUT CHARACTERISTICS:
1. Connect the circuit as in the circuit diagram.
2. Keep VBB and VCC in zero volts before giving the supply
3. Set VCE = 1 volt by varying VCC and vary the VBB smoothly with fine control such
that base current IB varies in steps of 5μA from zero upto 200μA, and note down
the corresponding voltage VBE for each step in the tabular form.
4. Repeat the experiment for VCE =2 volts and 3 volts.
5. Draw a graph between VBE Vs IB against VCE = Constant.

TO FIND THE OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS:

1. Start VEE and VCC from zero Volts.
2. Set the IB = 20μA by using VBB such that, VCE changes in steps of 0.2 volts from
zero upto 10 volts, note down the corresponding collector current IC for each step
in the tabular form.
3. Repeat the experiment for IE = 40μA and IE = 60μA, tabulate the readings.
4. Draw a graph between VCE Vs IC against IB = Constant.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:

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TABULAR FORMS:

INPUT CHARACTERISTICS;

VCE = 0V VCE = 1V VCE = 2V

S.No
VBE (V) IB (μA) VBE (V) IB (μA) VBE (V) IB (μA)
1 0 0 0
2 5 5 5
3 10 10 10
4 20 20 20
5 40 40 40
6 60 60 60
7 80 80 80
8 100 100 100
9 120 120 120
10 140 140 140
11 180 180 180
12 200 200 200

OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS;

IB = 20 μA IB = 40 μA IB = 60 μA
S.No
VCE (V) IC (mA) VCE (V) IC (mA) VCE (V) IC (mA)
1 0.0 0.0 0.0
2 0.2 0.2 0.2
3 0.4 0.4 0.4
4 0.6 0.6 0.6
5 0.8 0.8 0.8
6 1.0 1.0 1.0
7 3.0 3.0 3.0
8 5.0 5.0 5.0
9 7.0 7.0 7.0
10 10.0 10.0 10.0

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To find the h – parameters:

Calculation of hie:

Mark two points on the Input characteristics for constant VCE. Let the coordinates of
these two points be (VBE1, IB1) and (VBE2, IB2).

VBE2 - VBE1
hie = ----------------- ;
IB2 - IB1
Calculation of hre:
Draw a horizontal line at some constant IB value on the Input characteristics. Find
VCE2, VCE1, VBE2, VBE1
VBE2 - VBE1
hrb = ;
VCB2 - VCB1

Calculation of hfe:

Draw a vertical line on the out put characteristics at some constant VCE value. Find
Ic2, Ic1 and IB2, IB1 .
IC2 - IC1
hfe = ------------ ;
IB2 - IB1

Calculation of hoe:

On the Output characteristics for a constant value of IB mark two points with
coordinates (VCE2 , IC2) and (VCE1 , IC1) .

IC2 - IC1
hob = ;
VCE2 - VCE1

RESULTS:

The input and out put characteristics are drawn on the graphs and the h parameters are
calculated .
hie= --------- ohms. hre= -----------

hoe= -------- mhos. hfe = -----------

***

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MODEL GRAPHS:

1. Plot the Input characteristics by taking IB on y-axis and VBE on x-axis.

2. Plot the Output characteristics by taking IC on the y-axis and VCE on x-axis.

INPUT CHARACTERISTICS: OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS:

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Experiment No.:10
AIM:
To conduct an experiment on a given JFET and obtain
1) Drain characteristics
2) Transfer Characteristics.
3) To find rd, gm, and μ from the characteristics.

APPARATUS:

S.No Name Range / Value Quantity

1 Dual Regulated D.C Power supply (0–30 Volts) 1
2 JFET BFW 10 or 11 1
3 D.C Ammeter (0 – 20mA) 1
4 D.C Voltmeters (0 – 2V), (0 – 20V) Each 1
5 Bread Board and connecting wires -- 1 Set

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:

DRAIN CHARACTERISTICS:

1. Connect the circuit as per the Fig. 1 and start with VGG and VDD keeping at zero volts.
2. Keep VGG such that VGS = 0 volts, Now vary VDD such that VDS Varies in steps of 1
volt up to 10 volts. And Note down the corresponding Drain current ID
3. Repeat the above experiment with VGS = -1V and -2V and tabulate the readings.
4. Draw a graph VDS Vs ID against VGS as parameter on graph.
5. From the above graph calculate rd and note down the corresponding diode current
against the voltage in the tabular form.
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6. Draw the graph between voltage across the Diode Vs Current through the diode in the
first quadrant as shown in fig.

TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS:

1. Set VGG and VDD at zero volts .keep VDS = 1Volt.

2. Vary VGG such that VGS varies in steps of 0.5 volts. Note down the corresponding
Drain current ID, until ID = 0mA and Tabulate the readings.
3. Repeat the above experiment for VDS = 3.0 Volts and 5.0 Volts and tabulate the
readings.
4. Draw graph between VGS Vs ID with VDS as parameter.
5. From the graph find gm.
6. Now μ = gm x rd.

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TABULAR FORM:

DRAIN CHARACTERISTICS:

VGS = 0 volts VGS = -1V VGS = -2V

S.No
VDS (V) ID (mA) ID (mA) ID (mA)
1 0.0
2 0.5
3 1.0
4 1.5
5 2.0
6 2.5
7 3.0
8 3.5
9 4.0
10 4.5
11 5.0
12 5.5
13 6.0

TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS:

VDS = 1.0V VDS = 3.0V VDS = 5.0V

S.No
VGS (V) ID (mA) ID (mA) ID (mA)
1 0.0
2 0.5
3 1.0
4 1.5
5 2.0

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CALCULATIONS:

CALCULATION OF rd :

Construct a Triangle on one of the output characteristic for a particular VGS in the
active region and find ΔVDS and ΔID
Now rd = ΔVDS/ ΔID (VGS = constant)

CALCULATION OF gm :

Construct a Triangle on one of the Transfer characteristics for a particular VDS find
ΔVGS and ΔID.
Now gm = ΔID/Δ VGS (VDS = constant).

CALCULATION OF μ :
μ = gm x rd.

RESULT:

PRECAUTIONS:

1. check the wires for continuity before use.

2. keep the power supply at zero volts before starting the experiment.
3. All the contacts must be intact.
4. For a good JFET ID will be ≥ 11.0 mA at VGS = 0.0 volts if not change the JFET.

MODEL GRAPH:

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VIVA QUESTIONS:

7. What are the advantages of JFET over BJT?

8. Why input resistance in FET amplifier is more than the BJT amplifier?
9. What is a uni-polar device?
10. What is pinch off voltage?
11. What are various FETs?
12. What is Enhancement mode and Depletion mode?
13. Draw the Equivalent circuit of JFET for low frequencies?
14. Write the mathematical equation for gm in terms of gmo?
15. Write equation of FET ID in terms of VGS and Vp?

***

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Experiment No.:11

AIM: 1. To observe the action of a Transistor as an electronic switch.

2. To measure the voltage across the transistor when it is ON and when it is OFF.

APPARATUS:

S.No Name Range / Value Quantity

1 Regulated D.C Power supply 0–30 Volts 1

2 Transistor BC – 107 1
3 Resistors 4.7K Ω, 2.2K Ω Each 1
4 LED CQY24 1
5 Bread Board and connecting wires - 1 Set

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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PROCEDURE:

1. Construct the circuit as shown in figure.

2. Connect ‘0’ volts to the input terminals.
3. Measure the voltage across collector to emitter(VCE), collector to base(VCB) and base
to emitter(VBE).
4. Connect ‘5’ volts to the input terminals. Measure the voltage across collector to
emitter(VCE), collector to base(VCB) and base to emitter(VBE).
5. Observe that the LED glows when the input terminals are supplied with ‘0’ volts. and
the LED will not glow when the input is ‘5’ volts.

TABULAR FORM:

Input voltage Mode

VCE (V) VCB (V) VBE (V) Mode of LED
(V) ON/OFF

0V

5V

Result:

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Check the wires for continuity before use.

2. Keep the power supply at zero volts before staring the experiment.
3. All the connections must be intact.

VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. In which region of the characteristics transistor acts as a switch?

2. What is the typical value of the collector current on ON state?
3. How the junctions of Transistor are biased in ON state and OFF state?

***

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:

MODEL GRAPHS:

***
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Experiment No.:12

AIM: To study the concept of phase shift on CRO / DSO and measure phase shift in degree/
radian

APPARATUS:

S.No Name Range / Value Quantity

1 Function Generator 1 KHZ 1

0.1uF
2 Capacitor 3
1.5 KΩ
3 Resistors 3
4 Bread Board and connecting wires 1
5 CRO/ DSO 1

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:
1 Connect the Components as per circuit diagram
2 Connect the resistor and capacitor in series to form a RC circuit
3 Connect the negative terminal of capacitor to function generator supply negative terminal
4 Connect RC networks terminal to channel one or two to DSO using DNC cable
5 Observe the input and output waveform.
6 Note the phase shift between input and output signal.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Sr.No RC Network Phase shift Total Phase Shift

1
2
3

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Result: Hence, we have studied the concept of phase shift on DSO using RC network
successfully.

Viva Questions:
1.What is meant by RC Network?
2.What is meant by Phase shift?
3.What is the purpose of using an RC network in conjunction with a DSO?
4.Can you describe the components of RC network including resistor and capacitor values and
their effect on phase shift?
5.What potential sources of error or inaccuracies should be considered when measuring phase
shift using a DSO and an RC network?

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