Solid State Devices and Circuits (EET-201)

Practical lab file

Session:- 2020-21

Submitted to: Submitted by:

Dr. Suman Kumar Mitra Rajarshi Tiwari
Electronics Engineering Dept. Roll no. 190106033
HBTU, Kanpur Electronics Engineering
 EXPERIMENT NO:2
Source Equipment and Visual Equipment

Objective:
To study source equipment like DC power supply and wave generator
and visual equipment like multimeter, Cathode ray oscilloscope and digital
oscilloscope

Equipment Required:
DC power supply, function generator, multimeter, CRO and DRO

Explanation:

(1) Source Equipment:

Electronic source equipment is used to create

signals. source equipment are the devices which provide energy to the circuit in form
of current or voltage. In electronics we generally use direct current in different
waveforms.

Commonly we you DC power supply and wave generator for experiments:-

(a) DC Power Supply: A DC power supply is one that supplies a constant DC voltage

to its load. Depending on its design, a DC power supply may be powered from a

DC source or from an AC source such as the power mains. DC power supplies are

usually designed to supply energy at a certain voltage and current.

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 Dc Power supply
Schematic of basic AC-to-DC power supply
Controles and sockets:

Power button:- To on/off the dc power supply

Voltage controller: To adjust the value of voltage

Current controller: To adjust the value of current

Sockets: Three sockets for +ve/-ve and GND supply

Display: Shows the value of voltage and current

(b) Wave generator: A function generator is usually a piece of electronic test

equipment used to generate different types of waveforms over a wide range of

frequencies. Some of the most common waveforms produced by the function

generator are the sine wave , square wave, triangular wave and sawtooth

shapes. These waveforms can be either repetitive or single-shot (which

requires an internal or external trigger source). Integrated circuits used to

generate waveforms may also be described as function generator ICs.

Connectors: for connections of USB and channel input or output

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 Wave selection: for selection of correct waveform

Function generators are capable of producing a variety of repetitive

waveforms, generally from the list below:

● Sine wave: This is the standard

waveform that oscillates between two

levels with a standard sinusoidal

shape.

● Square wave: A square wave is normally

relatively easy for a function
generator to produce. It consists of a
signal moving directly between high
and low levels.
● Triangular wave: This form of signal

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 produced by the function generator linearly moves between a high and
low point.
● Sawtooth wave: Again, this is a triangular waveform, but with the rise
edge of the waveform faster or slower than the fall, making a form of
shape similar to a sawtooth.

(2) Measuring Equipment:

The instruments used to

measure any quantity are known as measuring instruments. If the instruments can
measure the basic electrical quantities, such as voltage and current are known as
basic measuring instruments.

Commonly we you Multimeter, CRO and DSO for measurement:-

(a) Multimeter:

A DC power supply is one that supplies a constant

DC voltage to its load. Depending on its design, a DC power supply may

be powered from a DC source or from an AC source such as the power

mains. DC power supplies are usually designed to supply energy at a

certain voltage and current.A multimeter can be a hand-held device

useful for basic fault finding and field service work, or a bench

instrument which can measure to a very high degree of accuracy.

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 Digital Multimeters

Pointer and connectors

Function selector: for selection of scale for components

Connecting Knobs: for connection with circuit or component

Transistor jack: For testing of transistor

Knob jacks: current jack, voltage jack and common jack

Display: Display the results

(b) Cathode ray oscilloscope:

Cathode Ray
Oscilloscope is used to observe the change in signal over time such as
amplitude, frequency, distortion, time interval etc. The basic
oscilloscope is typically divided into four sections: the display,

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 vertical controls, horizontal controls and trigger controls. The display
is usually a CRT or LCD panel which is laid out with both horizontal and
vertical reference lines. most display sections are equipped with three
basic controls: a focus knob, an intensity knob and a beam finder
button.

Cathode ray oscilloscope

Buttons and connectors

ON - OFF: The ON-OFF switch control employed to manage the CRO in

ON-OFF position.
Intensity: intensity knob manages the intensity or brightness of the
light generated by beam spot
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 Focus: This manages the sharp of the spot

Screen: It is some type of plastic screen in front of the cathode

ray tube V. Position: With the assist of this control the pattern
acquired on the screen can be shifted a whole to vertically
downward and upward. H. Position: This is employed to shift the
display like a whole to left or right.
ET - SET - Attenuator: This creates the gain of the vertical amplifier
10 times larger than normal.

SYNC LEVEL: To acquire the standard pattern on the screen.

SWEEP SELECTOR: The horizontal amplifier receives an input from a saw

tooth sweep generator that is triggered by sync. Amplifier.

(c) Digital Storage oscilloscope:

The digital
storage oscilloscope is an

instrument which gives the storage of a digital waveform or the digital

copy of the waveform. It allows us to store the signal or the waveform
in the digital format, and in the digital memory also it allows us to do
the digital signal processing techniques over that signal. The maximum
frequency measured on the digital signal oscilloscope depends upon two
things they are: sampling rate of the scope and the nature of the
converter. The traces in DSO are bright, highly defined, and displayed
within seconds.

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 Digital storage oscilloscope
Block diagram of DSO

Buttons and connectors

Digital storage oscilloscopes have similar controls like Cathode ray

oscilloscope. DSO has six buttons grouped together at the top of the
control section labeled MENUS. You will also notice the presence of
five buttons on the right side of the screen. As different menus are
selected, the function of the five buttons on the right of the screen
changes. There is also a menu button over each of the Channel 1 and 2
volts/div knobs, a horizontal menu button over the sec/div knob, as
well as a trigger menu button under the level knob. These buttons (when
pushed) bring up four additional menus, each related to the menu button
pushed. Each menu appears at the right side of the LCD screen with its
title (the menu has the same title as the menu button pushed). Other
than the menu system, the controls on a digital oscilloscope are
similar to those found on an analog oscilloscope

Result:
Introduction of all electronic equipment is done
successfully.

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Precautions:
1). Don't touch equipment with a wet hand.
2). Don’t move equipment from their position frequently.
3). Be careful while checking that probes don't get

touched together. 4). Switch off the devices after use.