GROUP 1

GABRIEL, MATTHEW E. GALON, JONHEL H. MACINAS, JAY-ANN S.

Materials Science and Engineering
INTRODUCTION HISTORY DEVELOPMENT AND
SIGNIFICANCE OF MATERIALS STRUCTURE PROPERTIES
 OBJECTIVES
TO TO TRACE THE
UNDERSTAND EVOLUTION OF TO EXPLORE TO IDENTIFY
THE MATERIALS AND
AND THEIR THE
FUNDAMENTAL
IMPACT ON THE STRUCTURES CLASSIFY THE
CONCEPTS AND PROGRESS OF PROPERTIES
SCOPE OF HUMAN
OF OF
MATERIALS CIVILIZATION. MATERIALS. MATERIALS.
SCIENCE AND SIGNIFICANCE
ENGINEERING. OF MATERIALS
Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering
What are Materials?
-Substances used to create products, structures, and tools.
examples:

concrete steel glass rubber

examples:

aluminum copper paper plastic

 What is Materials Science?
Focus: Understanding the properties, structure,
and behavior of materials

Key Areas:
Structure: Atomic/crystalline arrangements.
Properties: Mechanical, thermal, electrical,
optical.
Processing: Techniques like casting, forging,
3D printing.
Performance: Behavior under stress,
temperature, corrosion.
 What is Materials Engineering?
Practical application of Materials Science.
Focuses on:
a. Material Selection (e.g., Aluminum for
lightweight needs).
b. Manufacturing (e.g., extrusion, welding).
c. Testing and Quality Control.
d. Developing New Materials (e.g., composites,
nanomaterials).
 Materials Science and Engineering
MSE links the composition, structure, and
processing of materials to their properties and
applications:
• Science: Explores the nature of materials,
explaining how structure relates to properties and
behavior.
• Engineering: Applies this knowledge to design,
modify, and use materials for specific needs.
 Relationship with Other Sciences
MSE integrates physics, chemistry, and
engineering disciplines:
• Chemistry: Material composition and structure.
• Mechanical Engineering: Fracture and stress
analysis.
• Electrical Engineering: Conductivity.
• Physics: Optical and thermal properties.
 Stone Age: Tools from stone and wood.
Paleolithic Era (Old Stone Age):

HISTORICAL
Period: Approximately 3.3 million years ago to around 10,000 BCE.
Mesolithic Era (Middle Stone Age):
Period: Around 10,000 BCE to 5,000 BCE.

DEVELOPMENT Neolithic Era (New Stone Age):

Period: Approximately 5,000 BCE to 2,000 BCE.

OF MATERIALS
Stone Age
Bronze Age
Iron Age
Industrial
Revolution to
Modern Era
 Bronze Age: Use of gold, copper, and bronze.
HISTORICAL Period: Approximately 3000 BCE to 1200 BCE.

DEVELOPMENT
OF MATERIALS
Stone Age
Bronze Age
Iron Age
Industrial
Revolution to
Modern Era
 Iron Age: Advancements in steel production.
HISTORICAL Period: Approximately 1200 BCE to 550 BCE.

DEVELOPMENT
OF MATERIALS
Stone Age
Bronze Age
Iron Age
Industrial
Revolution to
Modern Era
 Middle Ages to Early Modern Era

HISTORICAL Steel Production

Aluminum Discover

DEVELOPMENT Period: 19th century.

OF MATERIALS
Stone Age
Bronze Age
Iron Age
Middle Ages to
Early Modern Era
Modern Era
 Modern era
Polymers: Invention and Applications
HISTORICAL Composites: Superior Properties

DEVELOPMENT Period: 20th century to present.

OF MATERIALS
Stone Age
Bronze Age
Iron Age
Middle Ages to
Early Modern Era
Modern Era
SIGNIFICANCE OF MATERIALS
Innovation
Safety
Sustainability
Medicine
Energy Efficiency
Durability
Economic Impact
 STRUCTURE OF MATERIALS
STRUCTURE
The structure of materials
can be studied at various
levels, offering insight into
their functionality and
behavior. Let's explore the
four key levels of material
structure:
 STRUCTURE OF MATERIALS I. ATOMIC STURCTURE

Nuclei (protons /
neutrons) and
electronic orbitals
determine properties
like conductivity and
bonding.
 STRUCTURE OF MATERIALS II. CRYSTAL STRUCTURE

Crystalline: Atoms
arranged in orderly
patterns (e.g., metals,
ceramics), leading to
strength and
predictability.
 STRUCTURE OF MATERIALS II. CRYSTAL STRUCTURE

Non-Crystalline:
Disordered
structures (e.g.,
polymers) result in
flexibility and
reduced brittleness.
 STRUCTURE OF MATERIALS III. MICROSCOPI CSTRUCTURE

Optical Microscopy:
Reveals grain
boundaries and
surface details.
STRUCTURE OF MATERIALS III. MICROSCOPI CSTRUCTURE

Scanning Electron
Microsphy: Offers
high-resolution
images of atomic
arrangements and
defects.
 STRUCTURE OF MATERIALS IV. MACROSCOPIC CSTRUCTURE

Visible properties
such as texture,
color, and shape can
be directly
observed.
 Properties of Materials
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
-Characteristics that relate to material behavior in
chemical reactions.

Examples:
a. Corrosion resistance: Ability to resist oxidation.
b. Outdoor weatherability: Withstands UV rays, heat, and
pollutants.
c. Composition: Proportion of elements in the material.
d. Crystal structure: Ordered arrangement of
atoms/molecules.
e. Microstructure: Structure seen under magnification.
f. Stereospecificity: 3D molecular arrangement in
polymers.
 Properties of Materials
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
-Observed/measured without changing composition.
Examples:
a. Color: Depends on light wavelengths.
b. Density: Mass per unit volume.
c. Specific Gravity: Density ratio to water.
d. Melting Point: Temperature of liquefaction.
e. Refractive Index: Speed reduction of light in material.
f. Curie Point: Loss of magnetism in ferromagnetic
materials.
 Properties of Materials
THERMAL PROPERTIES -Thermal properties describe a material’s response to heat.
a. Heat Capacity: The amount of energy required to raise a
material’s temperature by one unit.
b. Thermal Conductivity: The ability of a material to transfer
heat.
Metals: Excellent conductors due to free electrons.
Polymers: Poor conductors, making them good insulators
due to lack of free electrons and less crystalline structures.
c. Thermal Resistance: The ability to resist heat transfer.
d. Materials like foamed plastics, textiles, ceramics, and
polymers trap air and serve as effective insulators.
Thermal Expansion: The tendency of a material to expand
when heated.
Ceramics: Have a low thermal expansion compared to other
materials.
 Properties of Materials
ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES -Electrical properties describe how materials respond to an
applied electric field:
a. Electrical Conductivity:
Measures how easily a material conducts electric current.
Metals: Excellent conductors due to free-moving electrons.
Insulators (e.g., rubber, glass): Poor conductors as electrons
are tightly bound to atoms.
Semiconductors (e.g., silicon, germanium): Intermediate
conductivity between metals and insulators.
b. Electrical Resistivity:
The resistance of a material per unit length and cross-sectional
area. It is the inverse of conductivity.
c. Dielectric Strength:
The maximum voltage an insulating material can withstand
without electrical breakdown.
 Properties of Materials
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
-Describe how materials behave under force.

a. Stress: Internal resistance to deformation (tension,

compression, shear).
b. Strain: Relative deformation caused by stress.
c. Strength: Material's ability to resist load without failure (e.g.,
compressive, flexural, ultimate, and yield strength).
d. Toughness: Resistance to fracture under high stress and
deformation.
e. Brittleness: Tendency to shatter with minimal deformation.
f. Hardness: Resistance to abrasion, indentation, or wear
(scratch, indentation, rebound types).
g. Elasticity: Ability to regain original shape after load removal.
h. Plasticity: Ability to undergo permanent deformation without
breaking.
 Properties of Materials
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
i. Resilience: Material's ability to return to its original
shape.
j. Ductility: Ability to be stretched into thin wires.
k. Malleability: Ability to be compressed into thin sheets.
l. Creep: Slow, permanent deformation under constant
stress over time.
m. Modulus of Elasticity (Young’s Modulus): Ratio of stress
to strain in the elastic range; measures rigidity.
n. Percent Elongation: Increase in length after fracture.
o. Percent Reduction in Area: Difference in cross-sectional
area before and after fracture.
p. Hooke’s Law: Deformation is proportional to applied force
within the elastic limit.
 Properties of Materials
DIMENSIONAL PROPERTIES
-Dimensional properties refer to a material’s shape
and surface characteristics, including size, shape,
finish, and tolerance:
a. Roughness: Fine surface irregularities or ridges.
b. Lay: Dominant surface pattern direction from
machining.
c. Camber: Edge straightness deviation.
d. Out of Flat: Surface deviation from a flat plane.
e. Waviness: Larger wave-like surface variations.
 Properties of Materials
MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
-Magnetic properties describe a material’s
response to a magnetic field:

a. Ferromagnetic: Strongly magnetized (e.g., iron,

nickel, cobalt).
b. Diamagnetic: Less permeable than a vacuum
(e.g., copper, silver, bismuth).
c. Paramagnetic: Weakly magnetized, more
permeable than a vacuum (e.g., manganese,
chromium, aluminum).
 Properties of Materials
-Optical properties describe a material’s response to
OPTICAL PROPERTIES electromagnetic radiation, particularly visible light:
a. Refraction: Light slows and changes direction as it passes
through a material due to electron polarization.
b. Refractive Index (n): Indicates how much light slows in a
material compared to a vacuum (e.g., fused quartz: ~1.4585).
c. Reflection: A portion of light is scattered at the material’s
surface, measured as reflectivity (R).
d. Absorption: Light not reflected is absorbed, influenced by
material thickness and structure.
e. Transmission: Light that is neither reflected nor absorbed
passes through, with R + A + T = 1 (reflectivity + absorptivity +
transitivity).