6. Real Valued Function: Afunction which has either R or one of its subsets as its range is call.

a realvalued function. Further, if its domain is also either R or a subset of R, it is called at

function.
Range of Real Function: If f. A ’ Bthen range off defined is R(f) = f ) |xEA). Clearly R() - D

Some Functionsand their Graph

1. Identity Function: Let Rbe the set of real numbers and f: R ’ R given by fx) =xxe R L
D() = R
Co-domain () = R
R(f) = R
2. Constant Function: Let f: R ’ R defined as f(x) =c, x e R where cis a constant. Then
Domain of f= D) = R
Co-domain off= C(f) = R t5
+4
Range off= R () = {c) -3
-2 fx) =c

t-2
3
4
t-5
Y

3. Polynomial Function: A functionf: R’R is said to be polynomial function if for each x e R,

fx) = 4, t4,x+ a,x*ta, x°+ ta,x",where n is non-negative integer and ag, 4j, az... a, e R
a, #0 e.g.fr) = x, xe R then
D() = R; Co-domain = R;R() = [0, o)

x'< X
0

Y
3
e.g. f(x) = x+2x is not a polynomial as E R
2

4. Rational Function: A function of the type f(x)

gr)' where f(x) and g(x) are polynomial functions o
defined in a domain where g(x) + 0.
e.g.f: R - (0} ’ R given by f(x) =1 x¬ R -{0} then
D() = R - (0}
Co-domain of f = R.
 R() =(-, 0) U(0, o) or R - (0)

ifx<0
Y

5. Modulus Function: The function f: R ’R defined as f(x) = |x\ for each xe Ris called a
function.
modulue
D) =R
Co-domain of f= R xif x> 0
-xif x< 0
Range off= R() =[0, o)

x'< >X

6. Signum Function: Letf: R R defined

1 if x>0
as f(r)= 0 if x=0
|-1 if x<0
2+
iscalled signum function. fx) =1
1+
D() = R X<
-2 -1 0X
Co-domain off= R fr) =-1
-2
Rð)= (-1, 0, 1} 3
It is also represented as
Y
,x0
f(x) = x
,X=0

7. Greatest Integer Function: Letf: R-’ R defined as f(x) =[x], xe R then f assumes the value of
greatest integer, less than or equal tox.

4
3

2
1e

X'
-4 -3 -2 -1 01 2
-2
Properties of greatest integer function:
lfn isan integer and x is a real number betweenn and n+1, then
() -n -n]
(ii) (x +k] =|x]+ kfor any integer k
(i) |-x|--[x|-1
if x Z

|2|x]
+1 if x¢ Z.
(v) [x]--x]= |2[x] if x eZ
(vi) [x]k’r2, whereke Z
(vii) Lx]sk>x<k+ 1, where ke Z
(vii) (x]>k»xzk+ 1, where ke Z
(ix) [x]<k>x<k, where ke Z
(x) [x +yl = [x]+ [y + x- [x|] for any x, ye R
,neN

8. Smallest Integer Function: Letf: R ’ Rsuch that f(x) =[x

For any real number x,we use the symbol [x] to denote the smallest integer greater than or equal
to x.

e.g. 4.7 =5, -7.2 =-7, 5 =5

Properties of smallest integer function
(i) F] =-[], where xe Z
(ii) F= - + 1 for xe R - Z
(iii) [x + i]= +n, where xe R - Z, n e Z
|1 if xEZ
(iv) 1+ Fx]= jo if xeZ
(v) x1--=
[2x]-1 xEZ
2[x,
9. Fractional Part Function: Letf: R ’ R defined by f() = (x) for all xe R is called the fractiona
part function. e.g. (3.45) = 0.45, (- 2.75) = 0.25,
(-0.55) = 0.45
|3) = 0 3+
2
|-7) = 0
f(x) = (x = x-[x], Vxe R

-2
-3
10. Exponential Function: Letf: R ’ R defined byfr) = d where a>0,a # 1is called an exponential
function.
DØ) = R
Co-domain of f is R and range of f is (0, o).
As a > 0 and a 1
Case I: When a > I
fx) =aincreases as xincreases
<1 if x<0
Also f(x) ==1 ifx = 0
>1 ifx>0
Case II: When 0<a<1
fr) = a decreases as x increases
>1 for x<0 (0.1)
for x = 0
Also fix) =a ==1
<1 for x> 0

11. Logarithmic Function:

Let a > 0and a = 1, then the function defined byfx) = log, x, x> 0 is called the logarithmíc function.
.. log, x =yX= A

Case I: When a>1

|<0 for 0<<1 O(1.0)
x)=log, x==0 for X=1
>0 for X>1
Y
Case II: When 0<a<l
[>0 if 0<r<1
In this casefr) = log, x=0 if x=1
ko if X>1
Y

(1, 0)
X

Ax) = log,I

Properties of logarithmic function

) log, 1 =0 where a>0, a +1
(ii) loga=1 where a> 0, a 1
xy >0
(ii) log,(xy) =log, lx|+ log,lylwhere a>0, a =l and
(iv) log =log, Ix|- log,lyl where a>0, a=1,

Relations and Functions 43

 (v) log,(r") =n log, lx\ where a > 0, a # 1, x">0.
m
(vi) log,n" = logia lx l wherea >0, a + 1 and x> 0.

(vii) og, V= ylo8, , where x>0,y>0, a >0, a#1.

(vii) Ifa>1,then f(x) = log, xis an increasing function x <yo loga x<log. y
<0 if 0<x<1
log,x =0 if x=1
|>0 if x>1
(ix) If0 <a<l, thern f(x) = log, xdecreases as x increases i.e. x <y’ log, X> loga y
>0 if 0<x< 1
log, x= =0 if X=1
<0 if x>1
1
(x) logx= for a> 0, a = 1, and x > 0,x#1
log,a
V=r
12. Square Root Function: Letf: R*’R defined byfr) = x is called the x<
Square root function.
Dð) =[0, o)
Codomain = R Y

R(f) = [0, o)
Note: Square root function is an increasingfunction i.e. for x, X,e[0, o)
x<X, ’ Vx <yx,
13. Cube Function: Let f: R ’R defined by f(x) =x is called
the cube function.
Domain off=Df)= R
Co-domain off= R
R() = R
X<
fx) = x is an increasing function. >X

14. Cube Root Function: Let f: R ’ R

such that f(x) =x is called the cube root Y'
D() = R
Y
function.
Co-domain of f= R
R() = R
x<

y'

Operations on Real Functions

1. Addition: Let f: D, ’ R and
g:D, ’ R be two real functions. Then f+ g:
D,oD,’ R such e
(f+ g)(x) =fx) + g(x) for all xeD, n D,.
2. Product: Letf: D, ’ R andg:D,
R be two functions then,
f-g:D,nD’ R such that (f.g) (x) =f(r). g(x) for all xe D, nD,
14 Xam idea Mather