International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS)

Vol. 16, No. 1, March 2025, pp. 70~75

ISSN: 2088-8694, DOI: 10.11591/ijpeds.v16.i1.pp70-75  70

Solar tracker using Arduino microcontroller and light

dependent resistor

Kalagotla Chenchireddy1, Gouse Basha Mulla1, Vadthya Jagan2, Waseem Sultana3,

Shabbier Ahmed Sydu4, Eswaraiah Giddalur5
1
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Geethanjali College of Engineering and Technology, Hyderabad, India
2
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Vignana Bharathi Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, India
3
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, AAR Mahaveer Engineering College, Hyderabad, India
4
Department of Engineering, University of Technology and Applied Sciences Al-Musannah, Muladdah, Oman
5
JNTUH University College of Engineering, Science and Technology Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article history: This paper presents a dual-axis solar tracker using Arduino and LDRs. The
aim of the proposed paper is to enhance the competence of solar energy
Received Mar 24, 2024 harvesting by developing an intelligent solar tracking system. This system
Revised Nov 29, 2024 employs light-dependent resistors (LDRs) as sensors to detect ambient light
Accepted Dec 9, 2024 levels, enabling precise adjustments of solar panels along both azimuth and
elevation axes. The Arduino microcontroller serves as the intellect of the
system, orchestrating the synchronized movement of dual-axis servo motors
Keywords: to align solar panels optimally with the sun's point during the day. The core
functionality of the solar tracker involves real-time monitoring of LDR
Arduino UNO readings to calculate the solar azimuth and elevation angles. These angles
Battery are then used to situation the solar panels dynamically, ensuring they are
LDR constantly oriented near the sun for maximum energy absorption. The
Servo motor implementation of the dual-axis solar tracker using Arduino and LDRs offers
Solar panel several advantages, including increased energy output, better system
efficiency, and a reduction in dependency on fixed solar installations. The
low-cost and adaptable nature of the proposed system makes it suitable for
various applications, such as residential solar installations, off-grid power
systems.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Corresponding Author:
Kalagotla Chenchireddy
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Geethanjali College of Engineering and Technology
Hyderabad, India
Email: chenchireddy.kalagotla@gmail.com

1. INTRODUCTION
To sustain life on Earth, we need dynamism for our bodies through food and for machines through
external sources. Since non-renewable energy sources are depleting, there is a shift toward renewable energy,
with the sun being a key source. Solar cells currently harness only a small fraction of solar dynamism due to
their fixed positioning. To enhance energy capture, solar trackers are employed to follow the sun's
movement. Authors focuses on a dual-axis solar tracker using real-time tracking technology, which can boost
solar energy production by up to 45% [1]-[5]. This paper analyzes the performance of three DC/DC converter
topologies predictable, quadratic, and double flowed boost converters used in a solar PV system with a
perturb-and-observe maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controller. While a conventional boost
converter increases solar PV output voltage, it struggles with high step-up ratios, necessitating cascaded
boost converters for higher voltage conversion and efficiency. The P&O technique is employed for its

Journal homepage: http://ijpeds.iaescore.com

Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  71

simplicity and cost-effectiveness to maximize power extraction under varying solar radiation and
temperature. MATLAB/Simulink simulations are conducted to compare the performance of these converter
topologies [6]-[10]. This study introduces a numerical method to evaluate and enhance the maintainability of
a dual-axis planetary tracking system for residential use, aiming to boost energy production. The research has
three main objectives: Development of an independent dual-axis solar tracker using a low-power electronic
schematic with a single motor driver to control azimuth and promotion angles. Key components include an
Arduino Mega2560, TB6560 stepper driver, stepper motors, sensors, and other automation
hardware [11]-[15]. Replacement of the Arduino board with a custom low-cost application-specific PCB
based on the AVR controller. Potential risks like stuck-at-0 and stuck-at-1 defects, along with challenges like
hardware modularity and accessibility, are analyzed for improved serviceability. Introduction of a novel
maintainability index that integrates identified factors to optimize and evaluate the system’s maintainability.
Experimental results show enhanced system repair ability and uptime due to the proposed metrics. This study
proposes a dual-axis solar tracker system designed to optimize energy capture by uninterruptedly adjusting
solar panels to remain perpendicular to sunlight. The system uses light sensors to track the sun's elevation
and azimuth angles, with a microcontroller determining the optimal panel alignment. Motor controllers and
actuators adjust the panels based on the sensor data, while an IoT-enabled monitoring system provides real-
time tracking and parameter updates via a webpage [16]-[20]. The results demonstrate that the dual-axis
tracker significantly outdoes fixed solar panel systems in energy efficiency, particularly in regions with high
solar angles and variable sunlight.

2. SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
Figure 1 shows the lump drawing of a dual-axis solar tracker represents the flow of data and control
signals between its main components. Each block performs a specific function, contributing to the system's
ability to adjust the solar panel's position to maximize energy capture. Below is a detailed explanation of
each block in the system. The light dependent resistors (LDRs) are the primary input sensors in the system.
Four LDRs are positioned in a cross-like arrangement around the solar panel. Each LDR measures the
sunlight intensity in its specific direction. The analog signals from the LDRs indicate the brightness of
sunlight in their area. These signals are fed into the microcontroller’s analog pins, where they are converted
into digital data for further processing. This detection system forms the foundation of the tracker, allowing it
to detect the sun's position accurately. At the core of the system is the microcontroller, such as an Arduino,
which acts as the brain of the tracker. It processes the data from the LDR sensors by comparing the intensity
values between opposite LDR pairs (e.g., left vs right for horizontal tracking and top vs bottom for vertical
tracking). If there is a difference in intensity, the microcontroller calculates how much the solar panel needs
to move to align with the sun. Using this calculation, it generates precise pulse width modulation (PWM)
signals to control the motors [21]-[25]. The microcontroller also ensures that the panel stays within
predefined limits to avoid over-rotation. The motor driver, such as the L298N or L293D H-bridge module, is
an interface between the microcontroller and the motors. It receives the PWM signals from the
microcontroller and translates them into appropriate control signals for the motors. The motor driver ensures
that the motors operate safely by providing sufficient current and controlling their direction (clockwise or
counterclockwise). This block plays a dangerous role in converting the control logic into physical movement.

Figure 1. Dual-axis solar tracker block diagram

Solar tracker using Arduino microcontroller and light dependent resistor (Kalagotla Chenchireddy)
72  ISSN: 2088-8694

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1. Simulation studies
Figure 2 shows the dual-axis solar tracker TinkerCAD diagram. Tinkercad is an excellent platform
to design and simulate a dual-axis solar tracker before building the physical prototype. It allows you to
virtually experiment with circuits, components, and Arduino code to ensure proper functionality. Here's a
description of how to create and simulate a dual-axis solar tracker in Tinkercad. The Tinkercad imitation for
a dual-axis solar tracker involves replicating a system where the solar panel adjusts its position to maximize
sunlight exposure. The system uses light sensors, servo motors, and an Arduino microcontroller to automate
the tracking mechanism.

Figure 2. Dual-axis solar tracker tinkercad diagram

3.2. Practical implication applications in residential and off-grid systems

Figure 3 shows the single-axis solar tracker. A single-axis solar tracker is an innovative and efficient
system planned to maximize the energy output of solar panels. Unlike stationary solar panels, which can only
capture sunlight at fixed angles, single-axis trackers actively follow the sun's effort across the sky from east
to west during the day. This system improves the efficiency of solar energy group by ensuring the solar
panels are always aligned with the sun’s rays, thereby increasing the overall power generation. Single-axis
trackers are widely used in residential, commercial, and industrial solar power installations due to their cost-
effectiveness and simplicity.
Figure 4 shows the single-axis solar tracker control scheme. A single-axis solar tracker consists of
several key components, solar panel: The primary energy-harvesting unit. Light sensors, microcontroller, DC
motor, motor drive, frame, and mounting system. Typically LDRs, used to measure sunlight intensity. The
microcontroller is brain of the system that processes sensor data and controls the motor. A motor that rotates
the solar panel along a single axis. An electronic circuit or module L298N that regulates motor movement
based on microcontroller signals. A mechanical structure is supports the panel and allows it to rotate.
Figure 5 shows the DC Motor linked with solar tracker. These solar trackers are used in a variety of
applications, ranging from small housing systems to large utility-scale solar farmhouses. They are especially
valuable in regions with high solar irradiance, where maximizing energy output is crucial. These systems are
also used in agriculture, where solar panels power irrigation systems, and in off-grid installations to provide
reliable energy in remote areas. Their versatility and efficiency make them an integral component of modern
solar energy solutions.
Figure 6 shows the dual-axis solar tracker. This is a progressive system designed to maximize solar
panel efficiency by adjusting its position to follow the sun in both the horizontal (azimuth) and vertical
(altitude) directions. Using Arduino as the central controller, this system combines sensors, motors, and
mechanical components to ensure optimal solar energy capture throughout the day and year. The system uses
four LDR sensors placed in a cross pattern around the panel. These sensors measure the intensity of sunlight
and provide analog inputs to the Arduino. The Arduino processes the LDR readings and calculates the
difference in sunlight intensity between opposite sensors. If the light intensity differs along the horizontal
axis, the Arduino signals the horizontal motor to adjust the panel’s azimuth angle. If the intensity differs
along the vertical axis, the Arduino signs the vertical motor to adjust the panel’s tilt. The process
continuously adjusts the panel’s position to maintain maximum exposure to sunlight. At night or in the
absence of sunlight, the system parks the panel in a default position to avoid unnecessary movement. Table 1
shows the solar panel parameters.

Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst, Vol. 16, No. 1, March 2025: 70-75
Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  73

Figure 3. Single-axis solar tracker Figure 4. Single-axis solar tracker control scheme

Figure 5. DC motor linked with single-axis solar Figure 6. Dual-axis solar tracker prototype
tracker diagram

Table 1. Solar panel features

S.No Features Rating
1 Output voltage 5V
2 Max power 1W
3 Open circuit voltage 6V
4 Short circuit current 220 mA

4. CONCLUSION
In this research paper, both single-axis and dual-axis solar trailer systems are investigated for their
potential to enhance solar energy production by continuously orienting the panels toward the sun. The single axis
tracker, while simpler and more cost-effective, demonstrated a notable improvement in energy capture compared
to fixed panel systems by adjusting the panel's orientation along one axis. However, the dual-axis solar tracker,
which adjusts the panels along both the azimuth and elevation axes, proved to be far more efficient, maximizing
energy capture throughout the day and across seasons by maintaining the optimal panel angle relative to the sun.
In conclusion, while the dual-axis solar tracker offers larger energy efficiency, the choice amid single-axis and
dual-axis systems depends on factors such as installation cost, complexity, and the specific energy requirements
of the site. Both systems, however, represent promising solutions for enhancing the overall show of solar power
systems and contribute to the ongoing transition toward renewable energy sources.

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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS

Dr. Kalagotla Chenchireddy received his B.Tech. and M.Tech. from JNTU
Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India, in 2011 and 2013 respectively, and completed Ph.D. in Karunya
Institute of Technology and Sciences, Karunyanagar, Coimbatore, TN, India in 2024. He is
working presently as an associate professor in Geethanjali College of Engineering and
Technology, Hyderabad, India. He has presented technical papers in various National and
International Conferences. He published research papers in various Scopus and Web of Science
Index Journals. His area of interest includes power electronics, power quality; and multilevel
inverters. He is a regular reviewer of ISA Transactions, Cybernetics and Systems SCIE journals,
IJPEDS, and IJAPE. He can be contacted at email: chenchireddy.kalagotla@gmail.com.

Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst, Vol. 16, No. 1, March 2025: 70-75
Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  75

Gouse Basha Mulla is received the B.Tech. and M.Tech. from JNTU Hyderabad,
India, in 2012 and 2016 respectively. He is working presently as assistant professor in
Geethanjali College of Engineering and Technology, Hyderabad, India. He has presented
technical papers in various National and International Conferences. His area of interest
includes power electronics, power quality, and multilevel inverters. He can be contacted at
email: m.gousebasha@gmail.com.

Dr. Vadthya Jagan was born in Telangana State, India, in 1985. He received his
B.Tech. degree in Electrical and Electronics Engineering from C.V.R College of Engineering,
Hyderabad, Telangana State, in 2007 and M.Tech. degree in Electric Drives and Power
Electronics from Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India, in 2011. From
August, 2011 to July, 2013, he worked as an assistant professor in Sharda University, Greater
Noida, Uttar Pradesh. Then, he completed Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering Department
from Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India in 2018. He worked as an
associate professor from July, 2018 to August 2023 in Vignana Bharathi Institute of
Technology (VBIT), Hyderabad, Telangana State, India. Presently working as Professor in
EEE Dept., VBIT since September, 2023. Currently, he is working on the RPS project titled
“Analysis, Design and Implementation of an Extreme-Boost Quasi Z-source Inverter
Topologies” sanctioned by AICTE. His current research interests include Power Electronics,
development of novel topologies on Z-source inverters and DC-DC converters, and solar
photovoltaic systems. He can be contacted at email: jagan.iitr@gmail.com.

Waseem Sultana has completed her B.Tech. degree in Electrical and Electronics
Engineering from Shadan Women’s College of Engineering and Technology, JNTU-
Hyderabad, India in the year 2007 and M.Tech. (power engineering and energy systems) from
Mahaveer Institute of Science and Technology, JNTU-Hyderabad, India in the year 2012. She
joined as research scholar in July 2018 in EEE Department of Sathyabama University,
Chennai, Tamil Nadu. She can be contacted at email: waseemsultana4@gmail.com.

Dr. Shabbier Ahmed Sydu distinguished researcher and scholar with a strong
academic background in the field of Electrical and Electronics Engineering. He obtained his
Ph.D. from Sri Satya Sai University of Technology and Medical Sciences, India, where his
research focused on advancing the integration of solar and wind energy into existing power
systems. Prior to his doctoral studies, earned a master of technology degree from JNTU
Kakinada, India, where he furthered his expertise in power electronics and drives. He
completed his Bachelor of Technology degree from Acharya Nagarjuna University, where he
laid the foundation for his career in engineering. He can be contacted at email:
shabbier@act.edu.om.

Eswaraiah Giddalur is received the B.Tech. and M.Tech. from JNTU

Hyderabad, India, in 2011 and 2013 respectively and pursuing Ph.D. in JNTUH University
College of Engineering, Science and Technology Hyderabad India. He has presented technical
papers in various National and International Journals and Conferences. His area of interest
includes power systems, DC protection system, power electronics, power quality, and
multilevel inverters. He can be contacted at email: eshwar219@gmail.com.

Solar tracker using Arduino microcontroller and light dependent resistor (Kalagotla Chenchireddy)