Research Methodology Assignment

Answer 1:

Research:

Research also can be defined as an “art of scientific investigation”. It’s also a scientific design,
compilation analysis, then reporting the findings and solutions for the marketing problems of an
organization. The aim of the research is to seek out the answers to questions through the
appliance of systems and scientific ways. Though there's a selected purpose behind each research
study, the aim, generally, can be

a) Research remotes better deciding.

b) Research is that the basis for innovation.

c) Research identifies the matter areas.

d) Research helps in forecasting, which is extremely important for managers.

e) Research helps within the formulation of policies and calculations.

f) Research helps within the development of latest products or in modifying existing products
and accepting the competitive environment.

g) It helps within the optimal use of research.

h) It helps in identifying marketing opportunities and constraints.

Im) it helps in evaluating promotion policies.

The mixed-method in research

The term “mixed methods” refers to an emergent methodology of research that advances the
systematic integration, or “mixing,” of quantitative and qualitative data within one investigation
or sustained program of inquiry. The quantitative approach involves the gathering of quantitative
data, which are put to rigorous quantitative chemical analysis during a formal and rigid manner.
This approach further includes an experimental approach to research. Meanwhile, the qualitative
approach uses the tactic of subjective assessment of opinions, behavior, and attitudes. Research
during a situation may be a function of the researcher’s impressions and insights. The results
generated by this sort of research are either in non-quantitative form or within the form which
can't be put to rigorous quantitative chemical analysis.

A mixed-methods approach becoming more and more popular in business research. The
attractiveness of this approach is that it allows researchers to mix inductive and deductive
thinking, to use quite one research method to deal with the research problem, and to unravel this
problem using differing types of knowledge. On the opposite hand, a mixed-methods approach
complicates the research design and thus requires a clear presentation to permit the reader to map
out its different components.

Advantages of using mixed methods in research

Strength of quantitative and qualitative data: Under mixed-method research, you'll have the
strengths of both quantitative and qualitative data. For a few situations, quantitative data is
beneficial while in some researches, qualitative data is effective but if you would like to include
both sorts of data, then a mixed-method is going to be appropriate. A mix of both sorts of data
will have tons of advantages and research should be very effective and intimately.

Detailed research: By applying the mixed method of research gives permission to the researcher
to go about a broader and a more complete range of questions for research due to the fact that the
researcher isn't confined within a specific method of research. Additionally, the researchers use
the power to use the advantages of 1 method of research to counter the weaknesses in any other
method also known as the concept of complementarity.

More knowledge and insights: This method of research allows the researcher to feature insights
and methods which may be omitted when only one method is adopted. Similarly, the tactic
allows the researcher to simplify to extend the simplicity of the results. Finally, in the mixed
method the researcher can produce more complete data necessary to tell practice and theory.

Flexibility: Mixed methods are flexible and are adaptable, like randomized trials and
observational studies to get more data than are often obtained in quantitative research. To adapt
to any changes, flexibility is a necessity.

The downside of mixed-method in research

Apart from the above-mentioned advantages, there are some limitations of mixed-method
research also which are mentioned below:

Complexities: once you decide to use a mixed-method for your research, you would like detailed
planning and even then it's tough to conduct the research. They need careful attention to describe
all aspects of research, including the study sample for qualitative and quantitative portions and
timing and therefore the plan for integrating data.

Skill and knowledge required: While using this method, the researcher should be skilled and
knowledgeable enough to find out about multiple methods and approaches and the way to
combine them. Once there's an efficient mixture of varied methods, then only research is going
to be successful.

Expensive and time-consuming: Mixed method research method is dear and time-consuming
also and therefore the reason is duplicity content. And since it's a mix of two relatively different
methods of research, tons of researchers and methodologists have so far to completely compute
problems of interpreting conflicting results, quantitative data, and paradigm mixing.
Required increased sources: Mixed method of research takes time and it's labor-intensive also.
It’ll require greater resources and time than those needed to conduct one method study.

Finally, it is often said that there are various advantages of using the mixed method in your
research but there are some limitations also so you would like to research each side and
eventually plan to use it as per your requirements.
Answer 2:

Dependent variable: the foremost important variable to be studied and analyzed in a research
study is that the effect-dependent variable (DV). The whole research process is involved in either
describing this variable or investigating the probable causes of the observed effect. Thus, this in
essence has got to be a measurable variable. For instance, within the organic food study, the
consumer’s purchase intentions also as sales of organic food products within the domestic market
could function the variable.

In this model, all the variables are hooked into Behavioral intention, in order that is going to be
the variable here.

The hypothesis may be a tentative proposition concerning certain phenomenon, which the
researcher wants to verify when required. We may say that, while a hypothesis is beneficial, it's
not always necessary. Many a time, the researcher is curious about collecting and analyzing the
info indicating the most characteristics without a hypothesis. You furthermore may know-how; a
hypothesis could also be rejected but can never be accepted except tentatively. Further evidence
may prove it wrong. It’s wrong to conclude that since the hypothesis wasn't rejected it is often
accepted as valid.

Hypothesis testing

Hypothesis testing begins with an assumption, called the hypothesis that we make a few
population parameters wherein we assume a particular value for the population parameter. To
check the validity of our assumption, we gather sample data and determine the difference
between the hypothesized value and therefore the actual value of the sample statistic. Then we
judge whether the

Difference is critical. The smaller the difference between, the greater the chance that our
hypothesized value for the parameter is correct. The larger the difference between, the smaller
the chance that our hypothesized value for the parameter is correct. Unfortunately, the difference
between the hypothesized population parameter and therefore the actual statistic is more often;
neither so large that we automatically reject our hypothesis, nor so small that we even as quickly

Accept it. So; in hypothesis testing, as in most vital real-life decisions, clear-cut solutions are the
exception, not the rule.

Assumptions

Although hypothesis testing seems like some formal statistical term and completely unrelated to
business deciding, in fact, managers propose and test hypothesis all the time. For instance, if we
drop the worth of this bike model by Rs.1, 5000, we'll sell 500,000 bikes this year may be a
hypothesis. Now to check this hypothesis, total bikes sales till the top of the year need to be
counted.

The managerial hypothesis is predicated on intuition; the marketplace decides whether the
manager’s intuitions were correct. Hypothesis testing is about making inferences a few
populations from only a little sample. Rock bottom line in hypothesis testing is once we ask
ourselves (and then decide) whether a population, like this one, would be likely to supply a
sample just like the one we are watching.

UTAUT Model

The unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) may be a technology
acceptance model formulated by Venktash et al. in User acceptance: Toward a unified view. The
UTAUT aims to elucidate user intentions to use a data system and subsequent usage behavior.
The idea holds that there are four key constructs: 1) performance expectancy, 2) effort
expectancy, 3) social influence, and 4) facilitating conditions.

Mediating and moderating variables

Mediating variables: Every experiment has a minimum of two sorts of variables: independent
and dependent. The experimental variable is usually thought of as our input variable. Variable
depends on our experimental variable, or what we start with. There are some variables which
connect or link dependent and experimental variable and people variables are called mediating
variables. It also explains the relation between the 2 variables. A mediator is often a possible
mechanism by which an experimental variable can produce changes on a variable. For instance,
if you're checking the relation between the notes taken and performing in an exam, you would
like to see the number of hours studying which are going to be the mediating variable.

Moderating variables: Another sort of the connecting variable is moderating variable which also
features dependent and experimental variable. These variables can change the strength or
direction of an impact between any two variables. In other words, it affects the connection
between the experimental variable or variable and a variable or criterion variable. For instance,
as per the recent study, it's proved that stress has a big impact on men as compared to women.
These variables are often utilized in both sorts of research like quantitative and qualitative
research. These variables can tell a lot about the independent and dependent variables. For
instance, if you've got stress and it can affect your health then social support is going to be the
moderating variable here.

Six hypotheses from the model

H1: Performance expectancy is predicted to possess a positive effect on the behavioral intention

H2: Effort expectancy is predicted to possess a positive effect on the behavioral intention

H3: Social influence is predicted to possess a positive effect on the behavioral intention

H4: Facilitating conditions have an influence on the behavioral intention

H5: Business Expectations even have an influence on the behavioral intention

H6: Use behavior have an influence on the behavioral intention

Two mediating variables

Performance expectancy: The degree that an organization believes that using the system will
assist them to achieve goals in job performance. Performance expectancy has been hypothesized
to just moderate the overall influence on the behavioral intention.

Effort expectancy: The degree of easiness is related to the use of the system. Effort expectancy
hypothesized to moderate the influence on behavioral intention.
Answer – 3A:

Research methodology refers to the procedures utilized in making systematic observations or

When to use a field experiment

There are two sorts of experiments that are utilized in any research i.e. Field experiment and lab
experiment. Because the name suggests, a field experiment is completed on any field which may
be a natural place in a real-world situation. Under this experiment, the researcher will get more
details about the research and knowledge is basically good. Here the control of extraneous
factors isn't possible because it may be a natural setting and there are no thanks to controlling
any factor so absolutely together does within the laboratory experiments. The experimental and
control groups within the field experiment could also be made from the people performing at
several plants within a particular radius, or

From the various shifts within the same plant, or in another way. If there are three different shifts
during a production plant, as an example, and therefore the effects of the piece-rate system are to
be studied, one among the shifts are often used because the control group, and therefore the two
other shifts are given two different treatments or an equivalent treatment – that's, different piece
rates or an equivalent piece rate. Any cause-and-effect relationship found under these conditions
will have wider generalizability to other similar production settings, albeit we might not make
certain to what extent the piece rates alone were the explanation for the rise in productivity,
because a number of the opposite confounding variables couldn't be controlled.

It is clear that field experiments will offer you more data insights which can be quite helpful in
the research process which isn't possible if we choose lab experiments where the scope is
extremely limited. Under this experiment, subjects aren't on top of things and that act in natural
settings and conditions and even prediction is feasible to a certain extent only. Results are going
to be both quantitative and qualitative in nature which can offer you extensive details. Within the
given case, Pranav wanted to travel for a field experiment but with the recent cut, it's going to
not look possible. during this scenario, he has some options like explain the research
requirements to the management and request to extend the budget or hamper some activities
which aren't that important or don't have a direct impact on the research process and if anything
isn't possible and only field experiment are often done, then he must somehow manage during
this situation else lab experiment is usually an option.
Answer – 3B:

Research may be a crucial element within the area of business. It helps the choice maker to spot
new opportunities for business growth. Research provides information about various aspects of
business, like product life cycle, consumer behavior, market opportunities and threats, social
changes, technological changes, environmental changes, economic changes, and so on, which are
important for any administrator to run the business smoothly.

When to use a lab experiment

The second sort of experiment is a lab experiment where the research is completed internally
during a lab. Here the scope of the research is going to be limited and detailed research can't be
wiped out this feature. Unlike field experiments, lab experiments happen in controlled
environments. The logic of the scientific method is that it's a controlled environment that enables
the researcher to live precisely the consequences of independent variables on dependent
variables, thus establishing cause and effect relationships. This successively enables them to
form predictions about how the variable will act within the future.

As the conditions are often controlled, it's easier for the researcher to live the effect of 1 factor on
another, and cause and effect relationship also can be established. Using this method, we will get
reliable information and objective knowledge also. This method is sweet for tiny research except
for big research projects, lab experiment might not be useful as this experiment will lack external
validity and therefore the respondents might not give a true picture as they know that they're a
part of the experiment. In the real-world, researchers use this method very less, because the
synthetic environment of the laboratory is thus far faraway from real-life that the majority of
researchers agree that the results gained from such experiments tell us little or no about how
respondents would actually act in the real world.

If the research is little and there's not much to research about, Pranav may choose lab experiment
and as mentioned there's a cut, he shouldn't have any problems thereupon as lab experiment can
easily be through with a low budget and if that's useful during this case, there's no such issue and
Pranav can easily plow ahead with. This sort of experiment won't take much time and maybe
finished during a day or two as there's no field visit involved, aside from that, lab experiments
rarely ask participants to try to do anything illegal.