SQL

database
[1] how to create a database-- “ create database database_name; ”

example – create database customer;

[2] how to delete a database – “ drop database database_name;”

example – drop database customer;

[3] how to use a database – “ use database_name;”

example-- use customer;

[4] how to enable read-only mode in database – alter database database_name read only =1;

example- alter database customer read only =1;

//We can access the database but cannot change it.. like we cannot perform any task in it

[5] how to remove it – alter database database_name read only =0;

example- alter database customer read only =0;

Table:
[1] how to create a table in a database –

create table table_name(

entity type , // each entity of the table separated by a “comma sign ,”

entity type, // entity are generally column names or attributes, and types are the return type.

entity type

);

example –

create table employees(

first_name varchar(50),

last_name varchar(50),

hourly_pay DECIMAL(5, 2),

hire_date date

);

[2] how to see a table all entities in a table – “select * from table_name;”

example – select * from employees;

[3] how to drop a table – “ drop table table_name;”

example-- drop table employees;

[4] rename a table – “ rename table old_name to new_name;”

example – rename table employees to workers;

[5] add and change the position of a column example

example – alter table employees

add phone_number varchar(50)

after last_name;

[6] rename a column with an example --

example--- alter table employees

rename column phone_number to email;

[7] modify an entity of a column with example ---

example-- alter table employees

modify column email varchar(50);

[8] drop a specific column ---

example – alter table employees

drop column email ;

//date format should be - {year-month-date}

//Each row is separated with a comma,

insert into employees

values

(1, "suranjan", "jana", 45.00, "2024-01-25"),

(2, "subhendu", "jana", 60.00, "2024-01-23"),

(3, "subhendu", "jana", 60.00, "2024-01-24");

[2] fill value only the specific column --

insert into employees(customer_id, first_name,last_name)

values

(4, "sunit", "jana");

Select
[1] for select all –

select * from employees;

[2] for a specific column –

select last_name, first_name

from employees;

//the display order is based on the sequence of input

[3] where clause –

select *

from employees
 where last_name="jana";

[4] where clause for finding null values--

select *

from employees

where hourly_pay is null;

Update & Delete

update employees

set

hourly_pay = 10.58,

hire_date = "2025-01-07"

where customer_id = 4;

delete a row --

delete from employees

where customer_id =4;

Autocommit, Commit, Rollback

commit; //We need to use this statement before any changes

select * from employees;

delete from employees;

rollback; // this statement is used to revert the current transaction

ex-- if we delete the table then it helps to return it back

create table test(

my_date date,

my_time time,

my_date_time datetime

);

// insert rows [note – +1 used for tomorrow , -1 used for yesterday with function]

insert into test

values ( current_date(), current_time(), now() );

select * from test;

Unique:
create table products (

product_id int ,

product_name varchar(50) unique,

price decimal(5, 3)

);

// alternative way of adding “unique”

alter table products

add constraint

unique( product_id );
Notnull:
Check:
Default:

primary key:
if we declare a column as the primary key then each value of that column should be

not null and unique.

Each table can only have one primary key

Note: The primary key can be a single column or multiple columns.

alter table transactions

add constraint

primary key ( amount,transaction_id );

// creation of a transaction table ---

create table transactions (

transaction_id int primary key,

amount decimal(5, 2) );

// insert data into table

insert into transactions

values (1001 , 20.6),

(1002 , 20.3),
 (1005,52.6);

select * from transactions;

drop table transactions;

auto increament

foreign key:
// creation of a table with primary key

CREATE TABLE customers (

customer_id INT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,

first_name VARCHAR(50),

last_name VARCHAR(50)

);

// inserting the values in the table

INSERT INTO customers (first_name, last_name)

VALUES ("Fred", "Fish"),

("Larry", "Lobster"),

("Bubble", "Bass");

select* from customers ;

drop table customers;

//Another table with foreign key

transaction_id INT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,

amount DECIMAL(5, 2),

customer_id INT,

FOREIGN KEY ( customer_id ) REFERENCES customers (customer_id )

); // primary key of another table

select * from transactions;

drop table transactions ;

alter table transactions

drop foreign key transactions_ibfk_1;

Joins:
CREATE TABLE Customers (

customer_id INT PRIMARY KEY,

first_name VARCHAR(50),

last_name VARCHAR(50),

age INT,

country VARCHAR(50)

);

CREATE TABLE Orders (

order_id INT PRIMARY KEY,

item VARCHAR(50),
 amount DECIMAL(10, 2),

customer_id INT,

FOREIGN KEY (customer_id) REFERENCES Customers(customer_id)

);

INSERT INTO Customers (customer_id, first_name, last_name, age, country) VALUES

(1, 'John', 'Doe', 31, 'USA'),

(2, 'Robert', 'Luna', 22, 'USA'),

(3, 'David', 'Robinson', 22, 'UK'),

(4, 'John', 'Reinhardt', 25, 'UK'),

(5, 'Betty', 'Doe', 28, 'UAE');

INSERT INTO Orders (order_id, item, amount, customer_id) VALUES

(1, 'Keyboard', 400, 4),

(2, 'Mouse', 300, 4),

(3, 'Monitor', 12000, 3),

(4, 'Keyboard', 400, 1),

(5, 'Mousepad', 250, 2);

select * from customers;

select * from orders;

-- join Customers and Orders tables with their matching fields customer_id
SELECT * /*Customers.customer_id, Orders.item*/

FROM Customers

INNER JOIN Orders

ON Customers.customer_id = Orders.customer_id;

left , right joins

and or & not

order by:

limit:
select * from table_name

limit 10;
union:
union is used to join two select statement

but no columns should be similar between the two table