Course: MSC Structural Engineering

Module: BEA_ 7_449 Advanced Structural Design

Coursework : Structural Design Development (RESIT)

Title : Coursework - LSBU Development on Rotary Street

Staff contact : Mr Simon Leung | LeungS2@lsbu.ac.uk | Room T-608

Dr Finian McCann | McCannF@lsbu.ac.uk | Room T-608
Mrs Ottavia Rispoli | RispoliO@lsbu.ac.uk | Room T-609

ADESH SHAHI
Submitted by: Student ID: 4232971
MSC Structural Engineering, FT, Sep, 2023-2024
 TABLE OF CONTENT

✓ Introduction
✓ Assumptions & Steps
✓ Design Calculations
• Design of Plate Girder
• Design of Slab
• Design of Beam
✓ Lateral Stability
✓ Wind Analysis
✓ Foundation Design
✓ Appendix 1: Structural Drawings
✓ Appendix 2: Letter to Client
INTRODUCTION
In response to the outlined project requirements for the structural design of a new two-storey
building situated at Rotary St, London SE1 6LF, this report presents a comprehensive
conceptual scheme adhering to the client's brief and planning specifications. This project,
equivalent to RIBA stage 2, necessitates the development of a structural design encompassing
both the ground and first floors, as well as the roof, incorporating elements such as column
spacing, floor areas, and cantilever structures, while adhering to Eurocode standards.

The ground floor layout is designated for an entrance, café, and social space, with a minimum
headroom of 4 meters, necessitating a steel frame structure with provisions for ground bearing
slab and columns. A floor area of 1500 m² is allotted for the ground floor, with flexibility in
column placement, provided they remain within the specified spacing parameters.

Conversely, the first floor is designated for a lecture theatre accommodating new students,
necessitating a cantilever structure with a minimum cantilever of 5 meters on both sides. The
potential structural options include plate girders, trusses, or Vierendeel structures, with a floor
coverage area of 1200 m².

Furthermore, the roof design entails a lightweight structure comprising metal decking and
insulation, emphasizing efficiency and durability. Plate girders are designated for
accommodating transfer structures, facilitating seamless load distribution.

This report will delve into the conceptualization and development of the structural scheme,
incorporating preliminary calculations, wind load analysis, and plate girder design, all in
accordance with Eurocode standards. Additionally, professional-grade structural drawings,
along with a drawing register, will be provided to ensure clarity and coherence in the
presentation of the proposed design.

Figure 1: Topography view of Site

ASSUMPTIONS & STEPS:
As a structural engineer, I followed these steps.

1. Ground Floor Design:

The initial step in the structural design process focused on establishing the layout for the
ground floor, spanning dimensions of 50 meters by 30 meters. This stage involved
meticulous planning to allocate space for the entrance, café, and social areas while ensuring
compliance with the specified minimum headroom requirement of 4 meters.

2. First Floor Design:

Following the ground floor layout, attention shifted to the design of the first floor, covering
an area of 40 meters by 30 meters. The layout was tailored to accommodate a lecture theatre
for new students, necessitating careful consideration of spatial requirements and circulation
flow within the designated area.

3. Column Spacing:
In accordance with client specifications, column spacing on the ground floor was established
at 5 meters in both directions. This decision adhered to the stipulated requirements, ensuring
that columns were neither too close together (less than 4.5 meters apart) nor too far apart
(more than 7.5 meters apart), thereby optimizing structural integrity and spatial
functionality.

4. Selection of Plate Girders:

Plate girders were chosen for the first-floor cantilever structure due to their inherent
advantages in supporting longer spans without additional intermediate supports. With a
capacity to accommodate spans of up to 90 meters, plate girders provided an optimal
solution for achieving the desired 5-meter cantilever on both sides of the first floor.

5. Utilization of Steel Beams:

Steel beams were employed in both directions on the ground floor to effectively distribute
loads and support the structure. This choice was informed by the need for robust structural
elements capable of withstanding the anticipated loads and ensuring stability across the
ground floor area.

6. Lateral Stability Measures:

To safeguard against lateral movement and ensure structural stability, a combination of
horizontal and vertical bracing was integrated into the design. Horizontal bracing was
selectively installed in external bays, where primary loads were concentrated, while vertical
bracing, in the form of cross bracing, was strategically positioned within the central bay.
7. Wind Analysis:
Wind load analysis was conducted in strict adherence to Eurocode standards to accurately
assess the impact of wind forces on the structure. This critical analysis informed design
decisions and ensured that the proposed structural scheme could withstand the prevailing
wind conditions in the project location.

8. Preliminary Foundation Design:

A preliminary foundation design was developed to establish the base plate dimensions
connecting the columns to the ground bearing slab. This foundational element was
meticulously calculated to provide robust support and structural integrity, laying the
groundwork for the overall stability of the building.

9. Creation of Structural Drawings:

Detailed general arrangements, plans, elevations, and sections were meticulously drafted
using AutoCAD software. These professional-grade drawings served as visual
representations of the proposed structural scheme, facilitating clear communication, and
understanding among project stakeholders.

10. Response Letter to Client Modifications:

In response to modifications presented by the client, a formal letter was prepared to address
and incorporate the requested changes while ensuring alignment with project objectives,
regulatory standards, and structural integrity considerations.

Description Reference

DESIGN OF PLATE GIRDER:

Figure 2: Plate Girder to be designed

• Material properties:
Yield stress of steel = fy = 355 N/mm2
• Partial factors for actions:
Partial factor for permanent actions = γG = 1.35
Partial factor for variable actions = γQ = 1.50 Table A1.2(B)
Reduction factor for permanent actions = ξ = 0.925

• Loading:
Dead Load
Finishes and metal decking = 1.20 kN/m2
Ceiling and services = 0.15 kN/m2

Total Dead Load = gk = 1.20 + 0.15 = 1.35 kN/m2

Taking 10m strip (Interior plate girder),

Total Dead Load = gk = 1.35 x 10 = 13.5 kN/m

Live Load
Total Imposed Load = qk = 0.6 kN/m2
BS EN 1991-1
Taking 10m strip,
Total Imposed Load = qk = 0.6 x 10 = 6.0 kN/m

Factored Loads

Fd = 1.35 x 0.925 x 13.5+ 1.5 x 6.0 = 25.85 kN/m

Eq. 6.10 (B)

• Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagram:

Using this design load, I will draw shear force and bending
moment diagram for the plate girder.
 Shear Force
and Bending
Moment
Diagram are
drawn using
MD Solids
software.

Figure 3: SFD and BMD for design load

From the SFD, BMD diagram,

Maximum Shear Force = Vmax = 387.75 kN

Maximum Bending Moment = Mmax = 2585.00 kN.m

• Initial Sizing of Plate Girder:

The recommended span/depth ratio for simply supported girder BS EN 10025-2

varies between 12 for short span and 20 for long span girder.

Assuming this ratio equal to 15, I get

hw = 40000/15 = 2666.67 mm
So,
The depth of web = hw = 2700 mm

Estimated flange area,

Mmax 2585.00 x 106

Af = = = 2696.92 mm²
hw fyf 2700 x 355
 As a thumb rule;
Flange width = 0.3 to 0.4 x depth

Taking it as 0.3 x depth, I get

B = 0.3 x 2700 = 810 mm

Flange thickness = tf = 2696.92/810 = 3.33 mm

Assume flange size as 810 x 6 = 4860 mm²

Now,
The minimum web thickness for plate girder in buildings usually
varies between10 mm to 20 mm.

taking the thickness of web = 14 mm

So,
Assume web size as 2700 x 14.

• Section Classification:

Flange
235 235
ε= √ = √ = 0.812 Table 5.2 EC3
fyk 355
ignoring weld size in determination of plate width;
810 − 14
Cf = = 398 mm
2

Cf 398
= = 66.3
tf 6

As 66.3 > 14Ɛ for class 3,

So,
Flange is class 4.
(Class 4 is a very sensitive class as it does not even reach to elastic
stage. But it will be highly un-economical if I set the thickness of
flange equal to 50mm to bring it to class 3. Also, as it is a very light
weight roof, so with special considerations, I am designing it as class
4 to keep it in economical range).

Web
235 235
ε= √ = √ = 0.81
fyk 355 Table 5.2 EC3
ignoring weld size in determination of plate width;
Cw = 2700 mm
 Cw 2700
= = 192.85
tw 14

As 192.85 > 124Ɛ for class 3,

So, BS 5950-1
Web is class 4.

• Check for Serviceability:

Minimum web thickness to avoid serviceability problems is as

follow;

Taking transversely stiffened web and assuming stiffener spacing

a > hw;

2700
tw = = 10.8 mm
250

As 10.8 mm < 14 mm, BS EN 1993-1-

5 Cl 8(1)
So, the serviceability check is OK.

• Check for Flange Induced Web Buckling:

Minimum web thickness to avoid the compression flange buckling

into the web is as follow;

hw fyk Afc
tw ≥ ( ) ( ) √
k E Aw
Where
K = Section utilization in bending = 0.55 for class 3 and above

So, to avoid the flanges buckling into the web;

2700 355 810 x 6

tw ≥ ( )( )√ = 2.98 mm
0.55 210000 2700 x 14

As 2.98 mm < 14 mm,

So, web thickness is OK to avoid flange induced web buckling.

• Check for Moment Capacity:

The moment is assumed to be resisted by flanges alone and the web

resists shear only;

Distance between centroid of flanges = hs = hw + tf = 2700 + 6

hs = 2706 mm

So, bending resistance of the flanges alone will be as follow;

2706
Mf,Rd = (810 x 6 x 355) x
106

Mf,Rd = 4668.66 kN. m

As Mf,Rd > Mmax,

So, flanges have enough capacity to resist maximum bending

moment.

• Check for Shear Buckling Capacity:

ℎ𝑤 2700
= = 192.86 > 72𝜀 BS EN 1993-1-
𝑡𝑤 14 5 Cl 5.2(1)
So, Web is categorized as slender web and thus, should be checked BS EN 1993-1-
against shear buckling. 5 Cl 5.3(3)
ƞfyw hw t w
Vb,Rd = Vbw,Rd + Vbf,Rd ≤
√3γM1 BS EN 1993-1-
5 Cl A.3(1)
In the above equation, I will ignore contribution of flange to shear
resistance.

Therefore, Table 18.2

χw fyw hw t w
Vb,Rd = Vbw,Rd =
√3γM1
Now,
hw BS EN 1993-1-
λ̅w =
37.4t w ε√k t 5 Cl 5.3(1)

Assuming closer stiffeners spacing a = 2500 mm i.e. a ≤ hw

ℎ𝑤
𝑘𝑡 = 4.0 + 5.34 ( )²
𝑎

𝑘𝑡 = 4.0 + 5.34 (1.08)2 = 10.23

 Putting this value in λ̅w equation, I get

2700
λ̅w = = 1.99
37.4 x 14 x 0.81 x √10.23

As λ̅w > 1.08

So
Assuming Non-rigid end post, I get

χw = 0.83/ λ̅w = 0.83/1.99 = 0.41

Putting all values in Shear equation, I get

0.41 x 355 x 2700 x 14

Vb,Rd = Vbw,Rd =
√3 x 1 x 103

Vb,Rd = Vbw,Rd = 3176.45 kN

As Vb,Rd > Vmax

So, web has enough capacity to resist maximum Shear.

• Stiffener Design:

The stiffeners are spaced as shown in Fig. 3 below. The spacing of BS EN 1993-1-
stiffeners near the support is taken as 2500 mm whereas spacing at 5 Cl 9.2(8)
the center is set to 5000 mm for economy.

Figure 4: Spacing of Stiffeners

To avoid torsional buckling, the outstand proportions for flat

stiffeners should be limited to
ℎ𝑠 BS EN 1993-1-
≤ 13.0𝜀
𝑡𝑠 5 Cl 9.3.3(3)
Where
hs = outstand width of stiffener
 t s = thickness of stiffener

Intermediate Transverse Web Stiffener

Intermediate transverse web stiffeners should have following

minimum second moment of area Ist, in order to control the lateral
deflection of the web at their locations and to be considered as rigid
constraint.

1.5ℎ𝑤 3 𝑡𝑤 3 𝑎
𝐼𝑠𝑡 ≥ 2
𝑓𝑜𝑟 < √2
𝑎 ℎ𝑤
𝑎
𝐼𝑠𝑡 ≥ 0.75ℎ𝑤 𝑡𝑤 3 𝑓𝑜𝑟 ≥ √2
ℎ𝑤

The bearing stiffener at the support should be designed for the

compressive force due to the support reaction equal to 387.75 kN.

Assuming a double sided stiffener consisting of two flats 250 x 24

mm.

ε= √
235
= √
235
= 0.825
BS EN 10025-2
fyk 345

fy = 345 N/mm² is used in the above equation because the thickness

of stiffener lies between 16mm and 40mm.

hs ≤ 13.0εt s 13.0 x 0.825 x 24

250 ≤ 257.4

Since hs ≤ 13.0εt s , So, torsional s well as local buckling will be

avoided.

The effective stiffener section comprises the area of stiffener

themselves, plus an effective web width equal to 15εt s . As the web
material is available on both sides due to cantilever, so both area will
be added.

𝑎
As ℎ = 2500 / 2700 = 0.923 < √2
𝑤

I used following formula to calculate the effective second moment

of area.

1.5ℎ𝑤 3 𝑡𝑤 3 1.5(2700)3 (14)3

𝐼𝑠𝑡 ≥ ≥
𝑎2 (2500)2
 Ist ≥ 12.96 x 106 mm4

Calculating effective stiffener properties;

As = (2 x 250 x 24) + (15 x 0.825 x 24 + 24) x 14 = 16494 mm²

24 x (14 + 2 x 250)3 15 x 0.825 x 24 x 143

Ist = ( )+( )
12 12

Ist = 271.66 x 106 mm4 > 12.96 x 106 mm4

Hence, outstand check is OK.

Now,

Web stiffeners are designed as compression members, so we need

to carry out the compression design checks.

I 271.66 x 106
radius of gyration = is = √Ast = √ = 128.34 mm
s 16494

Stiffener cross section resistance can be calculated as follow;

Afy 16494 x 345

Nc,Rd = = = 5690.43 kN > 387.75 kN 𝐎𝐊
γM1 1x103

Now,

Stiffener buckling resistance can be calculated as follow;

BS EN 1993-1-
𝐸 210000
𝜆1 = π√ = π√ = 77.50 5 Cl 9.4(2)
fy 345

Lcr = 0.75hw = 0.75 x 2700 = 2025 mm

BS EN 1993-1-
𝜆 Lcr /is 2025/128.34 5 Cl 6.3.1.2(4)
𝜆̅ = = = = 0.20
𝜆1 𝜆1 77.50

Since 𝜆̅ ≤ 0.20, buckling effects may be ignored.

 As these stiffeners pass all the checks, So, I continued them
throughout the plate girder at the proposed spacing in form of
intermediate stiffeners.

• Final Plate Girder Dimensions:

So, I provide the designed plate girders of following size in all span
for aesthetic purposes.
Flange = 810mm x 6mm
Web = 2700mm x 14mm

Description Reference

DESIGN OF FLOOR SLAB:

Figure 5: Floor Slab to be designed

• Slab Type:
Span in X-direction = Lx = 5000 mm
Span in Y-direction = Ly = 5000 mm
Lx / Ly = 5000/5000 = 1

So, Slab will be designed as 2-way slab.

• Material properties:
Characteristics compressive strength of Concrete = fc = 32 N/mm2
Yield strength of steel reinforcement = fy = 500 N/mm2
Unit Weight of Concrete = 24 KN/m³
Diameter of Steel Reinforcement = 10 mm
Clear Cover for Concrete = 25 mm

• Partial factors for actions:

Partial factor for permanent actions = γG = 1.35
Partial factor for variable actions = γQ = 1.50 Table A1.2(B)
Reduction factor for permanent actions = ξ = 0.925

• Loading:
Dead Load
Finishes to floor = 1.0 kN/m2
Ceiling and services = 0.15 kN/m2

For self-weight of floor,

Recommended span to depth ratio = 30 BS EN 1992-1-1

Considering,
Thickness of proposed slab = 5000/30 = 166.67 mm

So,
Thickness of slab = 180 mm

Self-Weight of Floor = 0.180 x 24 = 4.32 kN/m2

Total Dead Load = gk = 1.0 + 0.15 + 4.32 = 5.47 kN/m2

Taking 1 strip,
Total Dead Load = gk = 5.47 x 1 = 5.47 kN/m

Live Load
Building category for lecture halls = C2 BS EN 1991-1
Table. 6.1
 For C2 building,
Recommended Imposed Load = 3 – 4 kN/m2 Table. 6.2

Considering,
Total Imposed Load = qk = 3 .5 kN/m2

Taking 1m strip,
Total Imposed Load = qk = 3.5 x 1 = 3.5 kN/m

Factored Loads

Fd = 1.35 x 0.925 x 5.47+ 1.5 x 3.5 = 12.08 kN/m Eq. 6.10 (B)

• Slab Design :
For Steel Structures based in UK, It is recommended to use
Prestressed Precast Hollow Slabs Panels for their reliability and easy
installation. Based on the span lengths and the proposed loading, I have
calculated the slab thickness equal to 180mm with clear cover for
concrete equal to 25mm. So, I will check for different suppliers
catalogue, put my design values there and ask them to provide me the
desired slab precast panels for the proposed building. The designed data
will be as follow;

Span in X-direction = Lx = 5000 mm

Span in Y-direction = Ly = 5000 mm
Compressive strength of Concrete = fc = 32 N/mm2
Yield strength of steel reinforcement = fy = 500 N/mm2
Diameter of Steel Reinforcement = 10 mm
Clear Cover for Concrete = 25 mm
Slab thickness = hs = 180mm
Dead load of finishing and services = 1.15 kN/m²
Imposed load to BS EN 1991 = 3.5 kN/m²

Some of notable suppliers located in UK are as follow;

https://www.milbank.co.uk/
https://www.atlasconcrete.co.uk/
https://www.thorpprecast.co.uk/
https://www.creaghconcrete.co.uk/
https://www.floorspan.co.uk/
 Description Reference

DESIGN OF BEAM:

Figure 6: Beam to be designed

• Material properties:
Yield stress of steel = fy = 355 N/mm2
Elastic Modulus of steel = E = 210000 N/mm2

• Partial factors for actions:

Partial factor for permanent actions = γG = 1.35
Partial factor for variable actions = γQ = 1.50 Table A1.2(B)
Reduction factor for permanent actions = ξ = 0.925

• Loading:

Taking 5m effective width of beam for the dead and imposed loading
coming from floor slab,

Dead Load
Uniformly distributed load = gk = 13.675 kN/m

Live Load
Uniformly distributed load = qk = 8.75 kN/m

Factored Loads

Fd = 1.35 x 0.925 x 13.675+ 1.5 x 8.75 = 30.205 kN/m Eq. 6.10 (B)

• Design Shear Force and Bending Moment:

Maximum design moment occurs at the mid-span

Fd L2 30.205 x 52
MEd = =
8 8

MEd = 94.40 kN. m

 Maximum design shear force occurs at the supports
Fd L 30.205 x 5
VEd = =
2 2

VEd = 75.51 kN

• Member Checks:

The required section is to have a plastic modulus about the major axis
(y-y) that is higher than the following;

My,Ed 94.40 x 103

Wpl,y = =
fy 355
Wpl,y,req = 265.92 cm³

Using table of section properties from Blue Book;

Try UB 254 x 102 x 25

Wpl,y = 306 cm³

Dimensions & Properties

Depth of cross-section = h = 257.2 mm
Web depth = hw = 240.4 mm
Width of cross-section = b = 101.9 mm
Depth of straight portion of web = d = 225.2 mm
Web thickness = tw = 6 mm
Flange thickness = tf = 8.4 mm
Radius of root fillet = r = 7.6 mm
Cross section area = A = 32 cm²
Second moment of area/yy = Iy = 3410 cm⁴
Second moment of area/zz = Iz = 149 cm⁴
Elastic section modulus/yy = Wel,y = 266 cm³
Elastic section modulus/zz = Wel,z = 29.2 cm³

• Section Classification:

235 235 Table 5.2 EC3

ε= √ = √ = 0.812
fyk 355
 Outstand Flange
Flanges are under pure compression;

101.9 − 6 − 2 x 7.6
Cf = = 40.35 mm
2

Cf 40.35
= = 4.80
tf 8.4

As 9.60 < 9Ɛ,

So,
Flange is class 1.

Internal Compression Part

Web under pure bending;
235 235 Table 5.2 EC3
ε= √ = √ = 0.81
fyk 355

Cw 225.2
= = 37.5
tw 6

As 37.5 mm < 72Ɛ,

So,
Web is class 1.

So,
Section UB 254 x 102 x 25 Class 1

• Moment Resistance Check:

Basic requirement is
MEd
≤1 6.2.5
MC,Rd

For Class 1 sections;

WPl fy
MC,Rd = MPl,Rd = 6.13
γM0
306 x 103 x 355
MC,Rd = x 10−6 = 108.63 kN. m
1

So,
94.40
= 0.87 ≤ 1
108.63

Bending Moment Capacity is adequate.

• Shear Resistance Check:

Basic requirement is
VEd 6.2.6(1)
≤1
VC,Rd

VC,Rd is equal to the design plastic shear resistance VPl,Rd ;

Av fy /√3
VC,Rd = VPl,Rd = 6.18
γM0

Av is the shear area and for the rolled I section with load parallel to the
web is

A − 2bt f + (t w + 2r)t f = 32 x 102 – 2 x 101.9 x 8.4 + (6 + 2 x 7.6) x 8.4

= 1666.16 mm²
But not more than
Ƞ. hw . t w = 1 x 257.2 x 6 = 1543.2 mm²

So,
Av = 1543.2 mm²

Now,
1543.2 x 355/√3
VPl,Rd = x 10−3
1

VPl,Rd = 316.25 kN

Therefore,
75.51
= 0.24 ≤ 1
316.25

Shear Resistance of the section is adequate.

• Check for Serviceability:

Only variable unfactored load needs to be considered.

The maximum vertical deflection at mid-span is determined as;

1 5 x 8.75 x 50004
w=( )( )
210000 x 3410 x 104 384

w = 9.94 mm

Given
 This w = 9.94mm is less than 40mm.

Which implies that

The section is adequate in serviceability.

So,
Use UB 254 x 102 x 25

LATERAL STABILITY:
Lateral stability is a critical aspect of structural design, particularly in tall or expansive
buildings where wind and seismic forces can exert significant lateral loads. In the context of
the proposed two-storey building, ensuring adequate lateral stability is essential to safeguard
against lateral displacement and maintain structural integrity. To address this, a comprehensive
strategy incorporating both horizontal and vertical bracing elements was devised.

• Horizontal Bracing:

Horizontal bracing serves to resist lateral forces induced by wind or seismic activity, preventing
excessive sway and maintaining the stability of the structure. In the design of the proposed
building, horizontal bracing was strategically deployed in external bays, where primary loads
are concentrated. By selectively placing horizontal bracing in these key locations, the bracing
system effectively channels lateral forces towards the building's perimeter, where they can be
efficiently dissipated into the foundation.

Location and Placement Horizontal bracing elements were positioned along the external walls
of the building, spanning between columns or structural members. This configuration ensures
that lateral forces are effectively transmitted from the upper floors to the ground, minimizing
sway and enhancing overall stability.

• Vertical Bracing:

Vertical bracing complements horizontal bracing by providing additional resistance to lateral

forces, particularly in the transverse direction. In the proposed building design, vertical bracing
was incorporated within the central bay to enhance overall stability and mitigate lateral
displacement.

Purpose and Function Vertical bracing elements function to resist lateral movement induced
by wind or seismic loads, preventing buckling and ensuring the structural integrity of the
building. By introducing vertical bracing within the central bay, lateral forces are effectively
redistributed, minimizing deformation and enhancing overall stability.The design of vertical
bracing systems takes into account factors such as bracing configuration, material selection,
and connection detailing. Bracing members are typically arranged in a cross-bracing or X-
bracing configuration, chosen for its effectiveness in resisting lateral forces while minimizing
interference with interior spaces.

By implementing a combination of horizontal and vertical bracing elements tailored to the

specific requirements of the building design, the proposed structural scheme achieves robust
lateral stability, ensuring resilience against external forces and maintaining occupant safety and
comfort.

Description Reference

WIND LOAD ANALYSIS:

Figure 7: Proposed Building subjected to Wind

• Assumptions:
Building is located
1. 100 km from coast
2. 2 km into town
3. 105 m above sea level

• Basic Wind Speed:

Vb = 22.3 m/sec

Using the site

data on Dlubal
website for
wind speed
wind speed
• Altitude Factor:

Calt = 1 + 0.001A[10/(0.6h)]0.2

Where
A = Altitude
h = Building height

Putting all values in above equation;

Calt = 1 + 0.001 x 105 [10/(0.6 x 8)]0.2 BS 6399-2

Calt = 1.12

• Direction Factor:
Cdir = 1.0 Assume

• Displacement Height:
hdis = 0.0 m Assume

• Exposure Factor:
z = h - hdis

z = 8.0 - 0

z = 8.0 m

Distance from shoreline = 100 km

Using the above data in the following graph; I get

Ce = 2.2
• Correction Factor:
z = h - hdis

z = 8.0 - 0

z = 8.0 m

Distance into town = 2 km

Using the above data in the following graph; I get

Cc = 0.84

Size factor zone = C

• Peak Velocity Factor:
q p = 0.613 x (Vb x Calt x Cdir )2 x Ce x Cc

q p = 0.613 x (22.3x 1.12 x 1.0)2 x 2.2 x 0.84

q p = 706.65 Pa

• Check for Orography:

Orography is no significant for easiness. Assume

• Geometry of orography feature:

Breadth of Building = 50 m
b + h = 50 + 8 = 58 m
Size factor zone = C
 Using the above data in the following graph; I get

Co = 0.83

• Dynamic Factor:

Damping co-efficient = 0.08 Assume

h/b = 8/50 = 0.16

Cd = 1.009

• Peak Velocity Factor due to non-orography:

q p x Co x Cd = 706.65 x 0.83 x 1.009

q p x Co x Cd = 591.80 Pa = 0.592 kPa

• Force Co-efficient:
depth of building = h + 2 (into town)

d = 8 + 2 = 10 m

h/d = 8/10 = 0.8

Cf = 0.89

• Shadow Area:

Ash = h x b = 8 x 50 = 400 m²

• Overall Wind Force:

Overall Wind Force = q p x Co x Cd x Cf x Ash

Overall Wind Force = 0.592 x 0.89 x 400

Overall Wind Force = 210.75 kN

This can act from both directions, so written as ±21.75 kN.

Wind is a “Live Load”, thus has a load factor of 1.5 for ULS design.
 EHF at each level are to be added to the wind loads. These are usually
0.5% of the gravity loads at that level.

The total force will be split into following parts;

1. Per bracing system (proportional to stiffness)
2. Per floor (proportional to floor height)

Assuming that there are 2 braced bays in the direction of wind, one on
each face; each brace will take half load, i.e. 105.375 kN.

For each braced bay; all the wind load is resisted at its base.

So, The worst force in each brace can be found as follow;

Floor height = 4 m
Column Spacing = 5m

Vertical component in Column = 105.375 x 4/5 = 84.3 kN

This is to be added to gravity load of column.

So,
Total force in brace = Fbase = √105.3752 + 84.32

Total force in brace = Fbase = 134.95 kN

Description Reference

FOUNDATION DESIGN:

According to the brief, The purposed building has a ground bearing

slab which will act as the main foundation. This will also be economical
option as providing isolated pad footing for 77 columns is difficult task. So,
This type of footing will be quite optimistic. Also, it is given in the brief that
design of ground bearing sab is not required. So, In this section, I am going
to design base plate which will transfer the loads from columns to ground
bearing slab.
 Figure 8: Base Plate to be designed

• Assumptions:
Foundation type = Mat Foundation
The column is assumed to be pin-ended to the slab through base
plate.
Only Floor Loads are considered for base plate design.

• Material properties:
Characteristics compressive strength of Concrete = fc = 32 N/mm2
Yield strength of steel reinforcement = fy = 500 N/mm2
Unit Weight of Concrete = 24 KN/m³

• Partial factors for actions:

Partial factor for permanent actions = γG = 1.35
Partial factor for variable actions = γQ = 1.50 BS EN 1990-1-1
Reduction factor for permanent actions = ξ = 0.925 NA 2.2.3.2
Table NA
A1.2(B)
• Loading:
Dead Load
Dead load of Roof = 1.35 kN/m2
Dead load of First Floor = 5.47 kN/m2

Area of Roof = 1200 m²

Area of First Floor = 1500 m²
Total Dead Load = 1.35 x 1200 + 5.47 x 1500
Total Dead Load = 9825 kN

No. of Columns = 77
Load taken by individual column = 9825/77 = 127.60 kN

Live Load
Live load of Roof = 0.60 kN/m2
Live load of First Floor = 3.50 kN/m2
 Area of Roof = 1200 m²
Area of First Floor = 1500 m²

Total Live Load = 0.60 x 1200 + 3.5 x 1500

Total Live Load = 5970 kN

No. of Columns = 77
Load taken by individual column = 5970/77 = 77.50 kN

Factored Loads
NA 2.15
Fd = 1.35 x 0.925 x 127.60+ 1.5 x 77.50 = 275.60 kN BS EN 1992-1-1
NA 2 Table NA 1

• Column Details:

UC 305 x 305 x 118

Height of section = h = 314.5 mm

Breadth of section = b = 307.4 mm
Flange thickness = tf = 18.7 mm
Web thickness = tw = 12.0 mm
Cross sectional area = 150 cm²
Section Perimeter = 1760 mm

• Partial factors for resistance:

γM,0 = 1
BS EN 1992-1-1
γM,2 = 1.25
NA 2 Table NA 1
γC = 1.5

• Base Plate Details:

𝛼𝑜 𝑓𝑐
𝑓𝑜𝑑 =
𝛾𝐶
Where
αo = 0.85 for axial loading

So,
0.85 x 32
fod = = 18.13 N/mm²
1.5

Area required = 275.60 x 1000 / 18.13

Area required = 15201 mm2

Effective Area = 4c2 + 1760c +15000

Where
c = cantilever outstand of flange
1760 = Perimeter
15000 = Sectional Area in mm2
15201 = 4c2 + 1760c +15000

Solving quadratic equation; I got

c = 29.54 mm

Thickness of Base Plate

0.5
3fod
tp = c ( )
fy γ o

3 x 18.13 0.5
t p = 29.54 ( )
355 x 1

t p = 11.56 mm

Take thickness of base plate equal to 15mm.

4 bolts will be used to connect column to this base plate which will
finally transfer all the column loads to the slab beneath it.
 Appendix 1

STRUCTURAL DRAWING
 100.0 m
3.0 m

Lecture Theatre
40m x 30m

50.0 m
21.0 m

First Floor - Area = 1200 m2

Sheet Name:
First Floor GA
Project Name:
2-Storey Building
Address:
London South Bank University
Designed by:
Adesh Shahi
Scale: Sheet No: Date:
40 : 1 01 March 25, 2024
 100.0 m
8.0 m

Entrance

Cafe
15m x 10m

Social Space
30m x 40m

50.0 m
Rest Room
15m x 10m

1.0 m

Ground Floor - Area = 1500 m2

Sheet Name:
Ground Floor GA
Project Name:
2-Storey Building
Address:
London South Bank University
Designed by:
Adesh Shahi
Scale: Sheet No: Date:
40 : 1 02 March 25, 2024
 100.0 m
3.0 m

10.0 m 10.0 m 10.0 m

5.0 m
5.0 m

50.0 m
5.0 m
5.0 m

21.0 m

First Floor Plan - Area = 1200 m2 Sheet Name:

First Floor Plan
Project Name:
2-Storey Building
Address:
London South Bank University
Designed by:
Adesh Shahi
Scale: Sheet No: Date:
40 : 1 03 March 25, 2024
 100.0 m
8.0 m

5.0 m 5.0 m 5.0 m 5.0 m 5.0 m 5.0 m 5.0 m 5.0 m 5.0 m 5.0 m

5.0 m
5.0 m
5.0 m
5.0 m

50.0 m
5.0 m
5.0 m

1.0 m

Ground Floor Plan - Area = 1500 m2 Sheet Name:

Ground Floor Plan
Project Name:
2-Storey Building
Address:
London South Bank University
Designed by:
Adesh Shahi
Scale: Sheet No: Date:
40 : 1 04 March 25, 2024
 10.0000 10.0000 10.0000

0.014

8.0000

17.2521

4.0000

5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000

Elevation
0.0383

5.1756

18.7mm
Plate Girder Size
10.0000 10.0000 10.0000 10.0000

12mm 314.5mm

8.0000

4.0000

5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000 5.0000

307.4mm

UC 305 x 305 x 118

Side View

374mm
8.4mm

0.5400

367mm
Base Plate
6mm 257.2mm
Slab Section

Sheet Name:
2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 Elevations & Sections
101.9mm Project Name:
2-Storey Building
UB 254 x 102 x 25 Address:
London South Bank University
Designed by:
Plate Girder with Stiffener Adesh Shahi
Scale: Sheet No: Date:
40 : 1 05 March 25, 2024
 Appendix 2

LETTER TO CLIENT
Dear Client,

Subject: Structural Implications of Doubling the Footprint of the Building

I hope this letter finds you well. Following our recent discussion regarding the proposed
expansion of the building footprint, I have conducted a thorough analysis of the structural
implications associated with doubling the size of the structure.

Expanding the footprint of the building will have significant implications on the structural
design and integrity of the entire framework. Below, I have outlined the key considerations:

• Load Distribution: Doubling the floor area will necessitate a redistribution of the
loads throughout the structure, particularly vertical loads such as dead and live loads.
This will require a reassessment of the existing foundation design to ensure it can
adequately support the increased loads without compromising stability.
• Structural Stability: The increase in floor area will introduce additional lateral forces
on the building, particularly wind loads. It will be imperative to reassess the lateral
stability system, including bracing and shear walls, to ensure the structure can
withstand these forces and maintain stability during extreme weather conditions.
• Column Spacing and Layout: The expansion of the building footprint may
necessitate a reconsideration of the column spacing and layout to accommodate the
larger floor area while maintaining adequate structural support and minimizing
interference with the architectural design and functional requirements of the spaces.
• Foundation Design: The enlargement of the building footprint will require a
reassessment of the foundation design to ensure it can adequately distribute the
increased loads to the underlying soil strata without exceeding allowable bearing
pressures or causing excessive settlement.
• Cost and Time Implications: Doubling the size of the building footprint will
inevitably result in increased material and construction costs, as well as potentially
extending the project timeline. It will be essential to carefully consider these
implications and adjust the project budget and schedule accordingly.

In conclusion, while expanding the footprint of the building presents exciting opportunities for
enhancing functionality and accommodating future growth, it is essential to carefully evaluate
and address the structural implications to ensure the safety, stability, and integrity of the
structure.

I am available to discuss these considerations further and provide any additional information
or clarification as needed. Thank you for entrusting me with this project, and I look forward to
our continued collaboration.

Sincerely,
Adesh Shahi