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SQL_Learning_Guide

The SQL Learning Guide provides an overview of SQL, including its types of commands such as DDL, DML, DQL, TCL, and DCL. It outlines the steps for creating and using databases and tables, inserting, querying, updating, and deleting data, as well as managing transactions and user permissions. Key SQL commands and examples are included to illustrate the usage of each command.

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dhm07857
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
2 views

SQL_Learning_Guide

The SQL Learning Guide provides an overview of SQL, including its types of commands such as DDL, DML, DQL, TCL, and DCL. It outlines the steps for creating and using databases and tables, inserting, querying, updating, and deleting data, as well as managing transactions and user permissions. Key SQL commands and examples are included to illustrate the usage of each command.

Uploaded by

dhm07857
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SQL Learning Guide

1. Introduction to SQL

SQL (Structured Query Language) is a standard programming language used to manage relational databases. It allows

users to create, read, update, and delete data in databases.

Types of SQL Commands:

1. DDL (Data Definition Language): Commands that define the structure of a database (e.g., CREATE, ALTER).

2. DML (Data Manipulation Language): Commands to manipulate data (e.g., INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE).

3. DQL (Data Query Language): Commands to query data (e.g., SELECT).

4. TCL (Transaction Control Language): Commands to manage transactions (e.g., COMMIT, ROLLBACK).

5. DCL (Data Control Language): Commands to control access (e.g., GRANT, REVOKE).

2. Database Creation and Usage

To create and use a database, follow these steps:

Command: CREATE DATABASE DBMS;

Step-by-Step Example:

1. Create a database named DBMS.

2. Use the database with the command: USE DBMS;

Tip: Always use descriptive database names to ensure clarity.

3. Creating a Table

To create a table, use the CREATE TABLE command:


SQL Learning Guide

Command:

CREATE TABLE student (

id INT PRIMARY KEY,

name VARCHAR(50),

age INT,

course VARCHAR(50),

admission_date DATE,

city VARCHAR(50)

);

This command creates a student table with columns for ID, name, age, course, admission date, and city.

4. Inserting Data

To add data to a table, use the INSERT INTO command:

Command:

INSERT INTO student (id, name, age, course, admission_date, city) VALUES

(1, 'Amit Sharma', 20, 'Computer Science', '2023-06-15', 'Mumbai');

This command adds a record to the student table. Tip: Always validate your data before inserting it.

5. Querying Data (DQL)

To retrieve data from a table, use the SELECT command:

Command:

SELECT * FROM student;


SQL Learning Guide

Examples with Clauses:

1. WHERE: SELECT * FROM student WHERE city = 'Mumbai';

2. ORDER BY: SELECT * FROM student ORDER BY age DESC;

3. GROUP BY: SELECT city, COUNT(*) FROM student GROUP BY city;

6. Updating Data (DML)

To update existing data, use the UPDATE command:

Command:

UPDATE student SET city = 'Delhi' WHERE id = 1;

This command updates the city for the student with ID 1 to 'Delhi'.

7. Deleting Data (DML)

To delete data from a table, use the DELETE command:

Command:

DELETE FROM student WHERE id = 2;

This command deletes the record where the student ID is 2.

8. Modifying Table Structure (DDL)

To modify a table, use the ALTER TABLE command:

Command:
SQL Learning Guide

ALTER TABLE student ADD COLUMN email VARCHAR(100);

This command adds an email column to the student table.

9. Managing Transactions (TCL)

To manage transactions, use the TCL commands:

Commands:

BEGIN TRANSACTION;

INSERT INTO student (id, name, age) VALUES (3, 'Neha Gupta', 22);

ROLLBACK;

COMMIT;

This example demonstrates how to add a record but rollback the transaction.

10. Granting Permissions (DCL)

To manage user access, use GRANT and REVOKE commands:

Commands:

GRANT SELECT ON student TO user_name;

REVOKE SELECT ON student FROM user_name;

These commands grant and revoke the SELECT permission on the student table.

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