LESSON 4: BECOMING A MEMBER OF

SOCIETY
 This chapter focuses on how individuals
learn about culture and become members
of society.
BELLWORK
1. WHAT ARE YOUR LIKES AND DISLIKES?
It can be things, activities, places, and behavior or people that immediately comes
to your mind.

2. WHAT OR WHO INFLUENCED YOU THE MOST IN LIKING

THESE?

3. HOW DO THESE LIKES AND DISLIKES DEFINE YOU AS A

PERSON?
SOCIALIZATION
John Locke – at birth the human mind is nothing but a blank slate or
tabula rasa.
As a child grows, various experiences imprint knowledge on his or her mind.
According to Locke, the human mind acquires information about the outside world
through the senses, and this information molds and defines a person’s awareness and view
of the outside world.
SOCIALIZATION/ENCULTURATION
It is the process by which a person learns or acquires his/her culture.
From an anthropological point of view, socialization is a synonym for enculturation

The process of socialization enables the person to gradually become a self-aware

and knowledgeable human being, and learn the ways, values, rules, culture of his or
her society. It is also important in politics where a citizen develops and acquires
political ideas, values, attitudes, beliefs, and opinion.
ex. Political socialization – a process which enables the development of
citizens to function effectively within a particular political system.
GOALS OF SOCIALIZATION

▪An individual learns to become a member of society.

▪Teaches individuals how to prepare and perform certain social
roles. (e.g. gender roles, occupational roles, etc.)
▪Teaches individuals on learning and identifying what is important
and valued within a specific culture.
▪Instills to members what behaviors are expected of them; a form
of social control.
SOCIALIZATION
3 PART PROCESS OF SOCIALIZATION
AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION (ATIENZA ET AL., 2019)
•Family
•Schools
•Peers
•Mass Media
•Religion
•State/Government
•Major Public Events
AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION
1. FAMILY – primary agent of socialization upon birth, infancy and up to childhood.
Parents and other family members are essential for the early care and development
of the child.
The family becomes an important venue for social engagement and political
socialization as the child matures.
Nuclear family and Extended family
2. SCHOOL – have a critical and active role in socialization. The various academic
and social activities mold students’ beliefs, values, and attitudes.
Public schools, Private schools, Technical-vocational schools, and alternative schools
AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION
3. PEER GROUPS – refer to people who share the same interest or
characteristics such as age and social background.
Ex. Student organization, Boys Scout, Girls Scout, Youth for Christ,
Varsity
Peer groups also reinforce acceptable behaviors introduced by the family and
school, allow a certain degree of independence from family and certain
figures of authority, and are also a means for socialization and involvement in
social and political issues.
AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION
4. MASS MEDIA – includes forms of communication such as books, magazines,
newspaper, other print material, radio, television, movies, Internet.
Functions as a socializing agent in the following ways:
1. It is a source of information regarding events in society
2. It presents various viewpoints regarding events and developments within
society
3. It provides entertainment by showcasing other people’s experiences
The prevalence of mass media within society results in its enormous impact and
influence on people’s views, behavior, and attitudes.
AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION
5. RELIGION AND STATE
The church or religious group where one belongs can present itself as the ultimate
source of moral authority. Religion can affect political opinions. Sometimes religion can
legitimize existing practices and provide stability to a society in transition.
The state becomes a major agent in socialization through laws and other regulations
that reinforce appropriate behavior and help form the values and attitudes of citizens.
Laws help state uphold important concepts such as rights and responsibilities and
regulate the behavior of citizens through rewards and sanction.
AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION
6. MAJOR SOCIAL AND HISTORICAL EVENTS
- the changes brought about by historical events often cause transformation in
the values, attitudes, and views that define societies, leading to further changes in the
behavior and traditions of societies.
Ex. World War II, Martial Law period, First People Power in 1986
SOCIALIZATION AND ENCULTURATION
SOCIALIZATION AND ENCULTURATION GO HAND IN HAND IN INSTILLING IN THE
INDIVIDUAL THE ACCEPTED VALUES, NORMS, AND STANDARDS OF BEHAVIOR IN
SOCIETY THROUGH SOCIAL RULES ON BEHAVIOR AND LAWS

THESE PROCESSES ALSO IMPART SOCIAL STATUS, ROLES, AND IDENTITY ON

MEMBERS OF SOCIETY.

THESE TWO PROCESSES OCCUR THROUGHOUT AN INDVIDUALS LIFE.

CONFORMITY, DEVIANCE, AND
SOCIAL CONTROL
CONFORMITY
CONFORMITY – abidance to social norms
3 types of conformity by Herbert Kelman:
1. Compliance - refers to the outward conformity to social pressure but
privately disagreeing with it. This action is often motivated by the desire to
gain rewards or avoid punishment. Group acceptance
2. Identification – refers to the individual adopting to a certain behavior
because it enables him or her to have a satisfying relationship with the
members of his or her group. Group membership
3. Internalization – involves both public compliance and internal acceptance
of the norms and standards imposed by the group. This is the most permanent
and deeply rooted response to social influence. Genuine acceptance of norms
DEVIANCE

DEVIANCE – violation of social norms

 Crime – deviance that violates the law

However, what is defined as deviance varies depending on the context of the group
or society. What may be considered as normal behavior in one culture may be
considered deviant behavior in others.
Dysfunction of deviance
 Deviance is a source of harm
 It endangers social norms
 It creates disorder in the society
 Deviance may lead to another deviant act
 It is expensive (a need to secure services of policemen, lawyers, psychologist, etc)
DEVIANCE
There are different sociological theories that explain deviance.
1. Functionalist theories - see crime and deviance as products of structural tensions
and a lack of moral regulations within society.
2. Interactionist theories - focus on deviance as a socially-constructed phenomenon.
They explain how interpersonal relations and everyday interactions shape definitions
of deviance and influence those who engage in deviant behavior.
3. Conflict theories - analyze crime and deviance in terms of the structure of society,
competing interests between social groups, and the preservation of power among
elites.
4. Control theories - argue that crime occurs when there are inadequate social or
physical controls to deter it.
DEVIANCE
•Labeling Theory (Becker, 1963/2018)
•Anomie Theory (Durkheim, 1893/2014)
•Strain Theory (Merton, 1938)
•Broken Windows Theory (Kelling & Wilson, 1982)
•Normalization of Deviance (Vaughan, 1996)
DEVIANCE
SOCIAL CONTROL
SOCIAL CONTROL - refers to any systematic means and practices used to maintain
society’s norms, rules, and laws; regulate conflict; and discourage deviant behavior.
In order to have social control, sanctions are applied.
Sanctions – are the most common means of social control and are often employed to
address conflicts and violations of social norms.

Positive Formal Negative Formal

Reward, prize, promotion, eternal life in Prison, fine, execution, expulsion,
heaven excommunication, eternal torment in hell

Positive Informal Negative Informal

Praise, friendly expressions and gestures, Insult, criticism, gossip, ridicule, rude
inclusion expressions and gestures, ostracism
HUMAN RIGHTS (ATIENZA ET AL., 2019)

Human rights - are legal, social, and ethical principles to which people are entitled
by virtue of being human.
• Human rights are universal.
• Human rights are fundamental.
• Human rights are indivisible.

Human rights are significant because they safeguard the recognition and respect for
the dignity of the human person, which is the primary aim of socialization. Moreover,
human rights are significant concerns when dealing with deviance and social control.
HUMAN RIGHTS
Human rights are founded on natural rights, which are universal and inalienable, and
are not contingent on laws, customs, beliefs, or values of a particular culture.
Human rights are considered to have the following characteristics:

 UNIVERSAL – because they belong to all human beings regardless of race, religion, gender, and other
characteristics

 FUNDAMENTAL – they cannot be taken away from any human being

 INDIVISIBLE – various rights are interrelated and given equal importance

 ABSOLUTE – they cannot be qualified and are considered basic necessities for living a genuine life
THE UNIVERSAL DECLARATION
OF HUMAN RIGHTS
CONCLUSION

WE ARE NOT PERFECT.