Helwan university Faculty of Engineering

Electric Power System 2

Lecture 1
Dr. Mariem Yacoub Yousef
Electrical power and machine Department
Faculty of Engineering – Helwan university

1
Electric Power System Student Evaluation

 150 Mark
Final exam (90 Mark)
Mid-term, attendance, exercises, activities (60 Mark)

2
Electric Power System References

 “Electrical Power Systems” by Debapriya Das

 “Power System Analysis” by Hadi Saadat

3
 Course Contents

 Power System Components and Per-unit System

 Network Modeling
 Symmetrical Three-Phase Short Circuit Calculations

4
Power System Components and Per-unit System

 Per-unit System for Transformer

 Per-unit System for Generator
 Per-unit System for Transmission line

5
 Per-unit System
Per-unit system is the solution of an interconnected power system having several different voltage
levels that require the transformation of all impedances to a single voltage level. However, power,
voltage, current and impedance are expressed as a decimal fraction or multiples of base quantities.
In per-unit system, the different voltage levels disappear, and a power network involving
generators, transformers, and lines (of different voltage levels) reduces to a system of simple
impedances. For example, the equivalent impedance of a transformer whether referred to primary
or secondary is the same.
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦
The per-unit quantity =
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦

6
 Per-unit System
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦
The per-unit quantity =
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦

Let us defined
𝑆 𝑉 𝐼 𝑍
Spu = , Vpu = , Ipu = , Zpu =
SB VB 𝐼B ZB

where, S (apparent power), V(voltage), I (current) and Z(impedance) are phasor or complex
quantities and denominators ( SB , VB , 𝐼B and ZB ) are always real numbers. To completely define
a per-unit system, minimum four base quantities are required. Two independent base values can
be arbitrarily selected at one point in a power system the three-phase base volt-ampere SB or
(MVA)B , and the line-to-line base voltage VB or (kV)B are selected.
SB
𝐼B = 2
3 ∗ VB
2 2
VB / 3 VB / 3 VB 2
𝑍B = = =
𝐼B S B SB
2 7
3 ∗ VB
 Per-unit System
The impedance of generators, transformers and motors supplied by the manufacturer are generally
given in per-unit values on their own ratings. For power system analysis, all impedances must be
expressed in per-unit values on a common base.
When base quantities are changed from (MVA )B,𝑜𝑙𝑑 to (MVA )B,𝑛𝑒𝑤 and from (kV)B,𝑜𝑙𝑑 to
(kV)B,𝑛𝑒𝑤
Zactual,n𝑒𝑤 = Zactual,𝑜𝑙𝑑
Zpu,n𝑒𝑤 ∗ ZB,n𝑒𝑤 = Zpu,𝑜𝑙𝑑 ∗ ZB,𝑜𝑙𝑑

2 2
(kV)B,𝑛𝑒𝑤 (kV)B,𝑜𝑙𝑑
Zpu,n𝑒𝑤 ∗ = Zpu,𝑜𝑙𝑑 ∗
(MVA)B,𝑛𝑒𝑤 (MVA)B,𝑜𝑙𝑑
2
(MVA)B,𝑛𝑒𝑤 (kV)B,𝑜𝑙𝑑
Zpu,n𝑒𝑤 = Zpu,𝑜𝑙𝑑 ∗ 2
(MVA)B,𝑜𝑙𝑑 (kV)B,𝑣𝑒𝑤
8
 Per-unit System for Transformer
The figure shows a single-phase transformer in terms of primary and secondary
reactance z𝑝 and z𝑠 and transformation ratio 1: α
VpB 1 IpB
= , =α
VSB α ISB
VpB VSB
z𝑝𝐵 = , z𝑆𝐵 =
IpB ISB

VS = 𝐸S − 𝑍𝑆 IS
𝐸p = VP − 𝑍𝑝 Ip
𝐸S = α 𝐸p
VS = α 𝐸p − 𝑍𝑆 IS
VS = α VP − 𝑍𝑝 Ip − 𝑍𝑆 IS
We can convert the actual values to per-unit
VS(pu) VS𝐵 = α Vp(pu) VPB − Zp(pu) ZPB Ip(pu) IPB − ZS(pu) ZSB IS(pu) ISB
VS(pu) VS𝐵 = α Vp(pu) VPB − Zp(pu) Ip(pu) VPB − ZS(pu) IS(pu) VS𝐵
Dividing the equation by VS𝐵
9
 Per-unit System for Transformer
The figure shows a single-phase transformer in terms of primary and secondary
reactance z𝑝 and z𝑠 and transformation ratio 1: α
VS(pu) VS𝐵 = α Vp(pu) VPB − Zp(pu) Ip(pu) VPB − ZS(pu) IS(pu) VS𝐵
Dividing the equation by VS𝐵
VPB VPB
VS(pu) = α Vp(pu) − Zp(pu) Ip(pu) − ZS(pu) IS(pu)
VS𝐵 VS𝐵
1 1
VS(pu) = α Vp(pu) − Zp(pu) Ip(pu) − ZS(pu) IS(pu)
α α
VS(pu) = Vp(pu) − Zp(pu) Ip(pu) − ZS(pu) IS(pu)
IpB Ip Ip IS
= =α , =
ISB IS IpB ISB

Ip(pu) = IS(pu) = I (pu)

VS(pu) = Vp(pu) − Zp(pu) I (pu) − ZS(pu) I (pu)
VS(pu) = Vp(pu) − I (pu) Zp(pu) +ZS(pu)
VS(pu) = Vp(pu) − I pu Z pu 10
 Per-unit System for Transformer
The figure shows a per-unit equivalent circuit of a single-phase transformer
VS(pu) = Vp(pu) − I (pu) Zp(pu) +ZS(pu)
VS(pu) = Vp(pu) − I pu Z pu
Z pu = Zp(pu) +ZS(pu)
Where Z pu can be determined from the equivalent impedance on primary or
secondary side of the transformer, on the primary side
Z𝑆
Z 1 = Z𝑃 + / 𝒁𝑷𝑩
α2
Z1 Z𝑃 Z𝑆
= +
𝑍𝑃𝐵 𝑍𝑃𝐵 𝑍𝑃𝐵 ∗α2
Z𝑆
Z 1 pu = Zp(pu) +
𝑍𝑆𝐵
Z 1 pu = Zp(pu) + ZS(pu) = Z(pu)
Similarly on the secondary side
Z 2 pu = Zp(pu) + ZS(pu) = Z(pu)
11
 Per-unit System for Generator and motor
The figure shows an equivalent circuit of a generator/motor

J 𝑋𝑔(𝑃𝑈)

G ∼+
E𝑔 I𝑔

J 𝑋𝑚(𝑃𝑈)

M +∼
E𝑚 I𝑚

12
 Per-unit System for transmission line
The figure shows an equivalent circuit of a T.L

J 𝑋𝑇.𝐿(𝑃𝑈)

13
Example (1)
The figure depicts a single line diagram of three-phase system using base power of 100MVA.
Find
• Per unit single line diagram with all values in PU
• Find the base current at each zone
• Disconnect generators 2 and 3, connect the load at bus D (15MVA, 0.8 lag power factor), and
connect the load at bus E (Zph𝛥 = 10.5 + 𝑗7.5 Ω) find VA in per-unit and actual value

G1 G3
Tr1 Tr3
A B C D F
Tr2

G2 14
Example (1)

G1 G3
Tr1 Tr3
A B C D F
Tr2

G2
Given data
Generator 1: 50MVA, 6.6KV, X=15%, Y Tr1: 62.5MVA, 6.6/138 KV, X=10%, 𝛥/ Y
Tr2: 37.5MVA, 6.6/138 KV, X=10%, 𝛥/ Y
Generator 2: 30MVA, 6.6KV, X=15%, Y
Tr3: 125MVA, 13.8/138 KV, X=12%, 𝛥/ Y
Generator 3: 100MVA, 13.8KV, X=20%, Y
TL 𝐵𝐶 =100jΩ
TL 𝐶𝐷 =80jΩ 15
Example (1)
Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3

G1 G3
Tr1 Tr3
A B C D F
Tr2

Zone 4 E

G2
Zone 1 Vbase = 6.6𝐾𝑉, Sbase = 100𝑀𝑉𝐴 , Zone 2 Vbase = 138𝐾𝑉, Sbase = 100𝑀𝑉𝐴
Zone 3 Vbase = 13.8𝐾𝑉, Sbase = 100𝑀𝑉𝐴 , Zone 4 Vbase = 6.6𝐾𝑉, Sbase = 100𝑀𝑉𝐴
2
(MVA)B,𝑛𝑒𝑤 (kV)B,𝑜𝑙𝑑
Zpu,n𝑒𝑤 = Zpu,𝑜𝑙𝑑 ∗ 2
(MVA)B,𝑜𝑙𝑑 (kV)B,𝑣𝑒𝑤

16
 Example (1)
Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3

G1 G3
Tr1 Tr3
A B C D F
Tr2
For transformers
2
Zone 4 E 100 6.6
2 X 𝑇𝑟1 = 0.1 ∗ ∗ = 0.16𝑝𝑢
(MVA)B,𝑛𝑒𝑤 (kV)B,𝑜𝑙𝑑 62.5 6.6
Zpu,n𝑒𝑤 = Zpu,𝑜𝑙𝑑
(MVA)B,𝑜𝑙𝑑
∗
(kV)B,𝑣𝑒𝑤
2 G2 100 6.6
2
X 𝑇𝑟2 = 0.1 ∗ ∗ = 0.267𝑝𝑢
For generators 37.5 6.6
2
100 6.6 2 100 13.8
X𝐺1 = 0.15 ∗ ∗ = 0.3𝑝𝑢 X 𝑇𝑟3 = 0.12 ∗ ∗ = 0.096𝑝𝑢
50 6.6 125 13.8
100 6.6 2 For transmission line
X𝐺2 = 0.15 ∗ ∗ = 0.5𝑝𝑢 2
𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 1382
30 6.6 Z𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = = 100 = 190.44Ω
2 𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒
100 13.8 100
X𝐺3 = 0.2 ∗ ∗ = 0.2𝑝𝑢 TL 𝐵𝐶 = =0.525pu
190.44
100 13.8 80 17
TL 𝐶𝐷 = =0.42pu
190.44
Example (1)

0.3j 0.16j 0.525j 0.42j 0.096j 0.2j

∼+ +∼

0.267j
E𝑔1 A B C D F E𝑔3

0.5j
+∼
E𝑔2

18
Example (1)

Base current in each zone

S𝑏
I𝑏 = 2
3 V𝑏
100
I𝑏)1 = 2 = 8.75𝐾𝐴
3 ∗ 6.6
100
I𝑏)2 = 2 = 0.4184𝐾𝐴
3 ∗ 138
100
I𝑏)3 = 2 = 4.184𝐾𝐴
3 ∗ 13.8
100
I𝑏)4 = 2 = 8.75𝐾𝐴
3 ∗ 6.6

19
 Example (1)
• Disconnect generators 2 and 3 and transformer 3, connect the load 1 at bus D (15MVA, 0.8 lag power
factor), and connect the load 2 at bus E (Zph𝛥 = 10.5 + 𝑗7.5 Ω) find VA in per-unit and actual value

G1
Tr1
A B C D
Load1
Tr2

Load2

20
 Example (1)
• Disconnect generators 2 and 3 and transformer 3, connect the load 1 at bus D (15MVA, 0.8 lag power
factor), and connect the load 2 at bus E (Zph𝛥 = 10.5 + 𝑗7.5 Ω) find VA in per-unit and actual value

0.3j 0.16j 0.525j 0.42j

∼+

0.267j
E𝑔1 A B C D

E Load1
Load2

Load 1: V=13.8KV, S=15MVA, PF=0.8 lag

S𝑏 =100MVA, V𝑏 = 138𝐾𝑉
15 138 S𝑝𝑢
S𝑝𝑢 = = 0.15 , V𝑝𝑢 = = 1 , I𝑝𝑢)𝐷 = = 0.15∠ −36.87°pu
100 138 V𝑝𝑢
21
V𝑝𝑢 )D=1pu, V𝑝𝑢 )C=V𝑝𝑢 )D+I𝑝𝑢)𝐷 ∗ 0.42j =1.039∠ 2.78°pu
 Example (1)
0.3j 0.16j 0.525j 0.42j

∼+

0.267j
E𝑔1 A B C D

Load 2: Zph𝛥 = 10.5 + 𝑗7.5 Ω E Load1

10.5 + 𝑗7.5 Load2
Zph𝑌 = = 3.5 + 𝑗2.5
3
VB 2 6.6 2
Zbase = = = 0.4356
SB 100
3.5 + 𝑗2.5
Zpu)1 = = 8.034 + 𝑗5.739
0.4356
V𝑝𝑢)𝐶 1.039∠ 2.78°
I𝑝𝑢)𝐶 = = = 0.10358∠ −34°pu
Z𝑝𝑢)𝐶 8.034+𝑗5.739 +𝑗0.267

I𝑝𝑢)𝐴𝐶 = I𝑝𝑢)𝐶 + I𝑝𝑢)𝐷 = 0.10358∠ −34°+ 0.15∠ −36.87°=0.2535∠ −35.698°pu

V𝑝𝑢 )A=V𝑝𝑢)𝐶 +I𝑝𝑢)𝐴𝐶 *Z𝑝𝑢)𝐴𝐶 = 1.039∠ 2.78°+(0.2535∠ −35.698°∗(j0.16+j0.525))=1.155∠ 9.538°pu
V𝑝𝑢 )A-actual=1.155∠ 9.538°∗6.6=7.623∠ 9.538°KV 22
Example (2)
The figure depicts a single line diagram of three-phase system using base power of 100MVA.
Find
• Per unit single line diagram with all values in PU
• Find the voltage at bus 1
0.8 Lead power factor for motor
Line 1 : j48.4
Line 2: j65.43
Load: 3ph , 57MVA, 10.45KV, 0.6lag PF
2 4
1 3
Line 1
G M
Tr1 Tr2
5 6
Line 2

Load
Tr3 Tr4 23
Example (2)
• Per unit single line diagram with all values in PU

Line 1 : j48.4
Line 2: j65.43
Load: 3ph , 57MVA, 10.45KV, 0.6lag PF

Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3

22KV 220KV 11KV
2 4
1 3
Line 1
G M
Tr1 Zone 4 Tr2
5 110KV 6
Line 2

Load
Tr3 Tr4
24
Example (2)
• The per unit reactance at new bases
2
(MVA)B,𝑛𝑒𝑤 (kV)B,𝑜𝑙𝑑
Zpu,n𝑒𝑤 = Zpu,𝑜𝑙𝑑 ∗ 2
(MVA)B,𝑜𝑙𝑑 (kV)B,𝑣𝑒𝑤
2
100 22
X𝐺 = 0.18 ∗ ∗ = 0.2𝑝𝑢
90 22
2
100 22 M 0.8 lead PF
X 𝑇𝑟1 = 0.10 ∗ ∗ = 0.2𝑝𝑢
50 22 Line 1 : j48.4
2 Line 2: j65.43
100 11
X 𝑇𝑟2 = 0.06 ∗ ∗ = 0.15𝑝𝑢 Load: 3ph , 57MVA, 10.45KV, 0.6lag PF
40 11
2
100 22
X 𝑇𝑟3 = 0.064 ∗ ∗ = 0.16𝑝𝑢
40 22
2
100 11
X 𝑇𝑟4 = 0.08 ∗ ∗ = 0.2𝑝𝑢
40 11
2
100 10.45
X𝑀 = 0.185 ∗ ∗ = 0.25𝑝𝑢
66.5 11 25
Example (2)
• The per unit reactance at new bases
VB 2 220 2
ZBase)line1 = = = 484Ω
SB 100
110 2
ZBase)line2 = = 121Ω
100
VL 2 10.45 2 M 0.8 lead PF
Zl𝑜𝑎𝑑 = = = 1.9158∠ 53.13°Ω Line 1 : j48.4
SL 57∠ −53.13°
11 2 Line 2: j65.43
ZBase)l𝑜𝑎𝑑 = =1.21 Load: 3ph , 57MVA, 10.45KV, 0.6lag PF
100
48.4
Zpu)line1 = = 0.1𝑝𝑢
484
65.43
Zpu)line2 = = 0.54𝑝𝑢
121
1.9158∠ 53.13°
Zpu)l𝑜𝑎𝑑 = = 0.95 + 𝑗1.2667𝑝𝑢
1.21

26
Example (2)
• The per unit reactance diagram 𝐼 = I𝑀 + I𝐿
V4 0.95∠0°
Voltage at bus 1 I𝐿 = = = 0.36 − 𝑗. 48 𝑝𝑢
Z𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 0.95+𝑗1.2667
V1 = V4 + 𝐼𝑍 S𝑀 66.5/100∠36.87°
I𝑀 = = = 0.56+j0.42
V4 0.95∠0°
10.45
V4 = = 0.95∠ 0°𝑝𝑢 I= 0.92+j0.06 pu
11
V1 = 0.95∠ 0° + 0.3 ∗ 0.92+j0.06 = 0.968 + 𝑗0.276𝑝𝑢
0.45 ∗ 0.9
Z 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = = 0.3𝑝𝑢 V1 =22*(0.968 + 𝑗0.276) = 22 ∠ 15.91°KV
0.9 + 0.45

1 2 3 4 𝑀
j0.2 j0.2 j0.1 j0.15 j0.25

∼+ ∼+
E𝑔1 0.95 j1.2667
5 6
j0.16 j0.54 j0.2
Load
27
28