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Sets Relations and Functions JEE Mains Notes

The document provides an overview of sets, relations, and functions, defining key concepts such as sets, elements, null sets, singleton sets, and operations on sets like union and intersection. It also explains relations between sets and introduces functions, detailing their properties and types, including one-one, onto, and periodic functions. Additionally, it lists important functions along with their domains and ranges.

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naziramaqbool398
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14 views

Sets Relations and Functions JEE Mains Notes

The document provides an overview of sets, relations, and functions, defining key concepts such as sets, elements, null sets, singleton sets, and operations on sets like union and intersection. It also explains relations between sets and introduces functions, detailing their properties and types, including one-one, onto, and periodic functions. Additionally, it lists important functions along with their domains and ranges.

Uploaded by

naziramaqbool398
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SETS, RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

Set:
A set is a collection of well-defined objects i.e. the objects follow a
given rule or rules.

Elements of a set:
The members of a set are called its elements. If an element x is in set
A, we say that x belongs to A and write x  A. If the element x is not
in A then we write x  A.
Examples of sets:
1. The set of vowels in the alphabet of English language.
2. The set of all points on a particular line.

Some special sets:


(i)Finite and infinite sets:
A set A is finite if it contains only a finite number of elements; we can
find the exact number of elements in the set. Otherwise, the set is said
to be an infinite set.
Example:
Q = set of all rational numbers = p :p, q Z,q 0 
 

R = set of all real numbers = {x: x is a rational and an irrational


number}
C = set of all complex numbers = xiy; x,yR

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(ii) Null set:
A set which does not contain any element is called a null set and is
denoted by . A null set is also called an empty set.

(iii) Singleton set:


A set which contains only one element is called a singleton set.

(viii) Power set:


The power set of a set A is the set of all of its subsets, and is
denoted by P A e.g. if A4, 5, 6 then
P A , 4 , 5 , 6 , 4, 5 , 5, 6 , 4, 5, 6 .
Note: The null set  and set A are always elements of P A .

Theorem: If a finite set has n elements, then the power set of A


has 2 elements.
Operations on sets:
The operations on sets, by which sets can be combined to produce
new sets.
(i) Union of sets:
The union of two set A and B is defined as the set of all
elements which are either in A or in B or in both. The union of two
sets is written as A; B

(ii) Intersection of sets:


(i) The intersection of two sets A and B is defined as the set of those
elements which are in both A and B and is written as
A  B x : x  A and x  B

2
(ii) The intersection of n sets A , A ........A is written as
n
 A  A  A .........  A   x : x  A for all i, 1 .
1
A
i1 i 2 i
 n

Disjoint sets:
Two set A and B are said to be disjoint, if there is no element which is
in both A and B, i.e. AB;
The properties of the complement of sets are known as
DeMorgan laws, which are
(i) A cB cBA
(ii) AB A Bc c c

(iii)  A  B   A  B
c
c c

If A and B are not disjoint, then (i)


n A Bn An Bn A B

(ii) n B n A  B  n  A   n  B 
A B A
(iii) n A n  B   n B
A A
(iv) n B n  A   n B
B A

(vi) Cartesian product of sets:


Let a be an arbitrary element of a given set A i.e. a and b be an
arbitrary element of B i.e. b. Then the pair a, b is an ordered
pair. Obviously a, b   b, a . The cartesian product of two sets A and
B is defined as the set of ordered pairsa, b . The cartesian product
is denoted by A  B
 A B  a, b ; a  A, b . B

Relation:
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Let A and B be two sets. A relation R from the set A to set B is a
subset of the Cartesian product A. Further, ifx, y, then we say that x
is R-related to y and write this relation as x R y. Hence
Rx, y ;xA, yB, x R y.

Domain and Range of a relation: Let R be a relation defined from a


A set to a set B, i.e.RA. Then the set of all first elements of the
ordered pairs in R is called the domain of R. The set of all second
elements of the ordered pairs in R is called the range of R. That
is, D = domain of Rx :
x, yR orx : xA and x, y, R

R = range of R   y : x, y   R or y : y  Band x, y  . R

Clearly D  and R . B *

FUNCTIONS:
A mapping f: X  Y is said to be a function if each element in
the set X has its image in set Y. Every element in set X
should have one and only one image.
Let f: R  R where y = x3. Here for each x  R we would have
a unique value of y in the set R
Set ‘X’ is called domain of the function ‘f’.
Set ‘Y’ is called the co-domain of the function ‘f’.

4
Algebra of Functions:
Let us consider two functions,
f: D1R and g: D2R . We describe functions f + g, f - g, f.g
and f/g as follows:
f + g : D R is a function defined by

(f + g)x = f(x)+g(x) where D = D1D2


f – g : D R is a function defined by

(f – g)x = f(x) –g(x) where D = D1D2

f.g: D R is a function defined by

by (f.g)x = f(x). g(x) where D = D1D2


f/g: D R is a function defined by

(f/g)x =f(x) g(x) where D = {x : x  D1 D2, g(x) 0}

TYPE OF FUNCTION

One-One and Many-One Functions:


When every element of domain of a function has a distinct image in
the co-domain, the function is said to be One-One. If there are at least
two elements of the domain whose images are the same, the function
is known as Many-One.

Onto and Into Functions:


For every point y in b, there is some point x in A such the
f(x) = y. It is called onto function. When the codomain y which is not
an image of any element in the domain x, then function is onto.
5
Even and Odd Functions:
 f(x) - f(-x) = 0 for even function and f(x) + f(-x) = 0 for odd
functions .

Periodic Function
If f(x) is periodic with period t, then a f(x) +b where a, b  R (a  0)
is also periodic with period t

Some Important function and their domain and range

FUNCTION F(X) DOMAIN RANGE


sinx (-,) [-1, 1]

cosx (-,) [-1, 1]

ax a>1 R (0, )
log ax, a>0 and (0, ) (-, )
1 a>0 and 1
[x] R I

x R [0, )
{x} R [0,1)

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