Chapter three

Differential calculus of functions of several variables

1.1. Functions of several variables
Definition: Functions of independent variables
Suppose is a set of -tuples of real numbers . A real-valued function on
is a rule that assigns a unique (single) real number
to each element in . The set is the function’s domain. The set of -
values taken on by is the function’s range. The symbol is the dependent variable of , and
is said to be a function of the independent variables to . We also call the ’s the
function’s input variables and call the function’s output variable
Note:
1. A function of two variables in a rule that assigns to each order pair of real numbers
in a set a unique real number denoted by . The set is the domain of
and its range is the set of values that takes on, that is,
2. A function of three variables and , is a rule that assigns a unique real number
to each point in some set in the three-dimensional space
Examples
1. a. If , then
b. If √ , then
2. Find the domain of the following functions
√
a.
b.
c. √
d.
e.
Soln. 2a.
describes the points that lie on or above the line , while

b. Since is defined only when , that is, ,

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 c.
Combination of functions of several variables
The sum, product and quotient of two functions and of several variables are defined by
i.
ii.
iii. ( )
Note:
1. A function of two variables and is a polynomial function if it is a sum of functions
of the form , where is a number and and are nonnegative integers. The
degree of the term is the sum of the exponents of the variables that appear in it
2. Rational function is a quotient of polynomial functions and
.
Examples:
1. Let , then
2. √ and (degree 7)
Definition: If is a function of two variables and is a function of a single variable, then the
function is defined by
Example: Let √ and . Find
Solution. ( ) √
Definition: Level curve, Graph, Surface
The set of points in the plane where a function has a constant value is called
a level curve of . The set of all points in space, for in the domain of , is
called the graph of . The graph of is also called the surface

Definition Level surface

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The set of points in space where a function of three independent variables has a constant
value is called a level surface of
Example:
1. Sketch the graph of and indicate the level curves
a.
b. √
c. √
d.
Solution
a. Let , then -intercept is , -intercept is and -intercept is

For any value of , the level curve is the line in the plane with equation

b. Let √ , then which is the equation of a sphere

centered at the origin with radius 8
Let , then , is a circle with radius 8
Let , then , since
Let , then , since , we can conclude that the graph of is the
hemisphere. In this case the level curve is a circle if and is the
point if
(Or for each value of , the equation given by is a circle (or point) in the -
plane. For example, when , the level curve is which is a circle of
radius 8)

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 c. Let √
Let , then
Let , then
The graph is the upper nappe of the cone

d. Let
Let , then
Let , then
If , then the level curve is given by , which is a circle with
radius √ . Therefore the trace of the graph in the plane is also a circle with radius
√ . The level curve is the point

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 1.2 Quadric surface
A quadric surface is a level surface of a polynomial function given by

where are constants. Quadric surfaces are three-dimensional version of the conic
sections (parabolas, ellipses, and hyperbolas). There are six basic types of quadric surfaces:
ellipsoid, hyperboloid of one sheet, hyperboloid of two sheets, elliptic cone, elliptic paraboloid
and hyperbolic paraboloid.
The intersection of a surface with a plane is called the trace of the surface in the plane. The traces
of quadric surfaces are conics

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 1.3 Limit and continuity
Definition: Let be a function of two variables whose domain includes points arbitrary close
to . Then we say that the limit of as approches is and we write

if for every number there is a corresponding number such that if and

√ then | |
Notice that | | is the distance between and and √ is the
distance between the point and the point

Note:
If and exists, then
i.
ii.
iii.
Example: Find
a. d.
b. e.
√ √
c. √ f.
Solution
a.

d. First we will try to show

| | | | | | | | | |

, by squeezing theorem
Similarly

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Or using polar coordinates
Notice that if and , then iff

( ) √ √
e.
√
√ √
√
Note: For the two variable case we suppose that and that is a
function of a single variable which is continuous at , then

Examples:
1.
2. Show that does not exists.
3. Show that does not exists.
Solution
1. Let and

2. Let
First let’s approach (0,0) along the -axis. Then
, so
as along the -axis
and we approach along the -axis by putting

as along the -axis.

Since has two different limits along two different lines
Therefore, does not exists

must approach as approaches along each line (or curve) through

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 3. If , does exist
If , then
Therefore, as along the -axis
If , then , so as along the -axis
Although we have obtained identical limit along the axes, that does not show that the given limit
is 0
Let’s now approach (0,0) along another line say

Therefore, as along
Since we have obtained different limit along different paths, the given limit does exist

Definition: A function of two variables is called continuous at

if
is continuous on if is continuous at every point in
Note: If is continuous at and is a single variable function continuous at , then
composite function defined by is continuous
Examples:
1. a. Let , show that is continuous at

b. Let { . Then show that is continuous

2. Let . Show that is continuous

3. Show that { . Is not continuous at

Solution
1.a.
b. We know that is continuous for and
Therefore, is continuous at , and so it is continuous on
2. Let and , then and are continuous functions
Therefore, is continuous on

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 3. | | | | | | | | | |
| | | |

Thus by squeezing theorem , and

Therefore, is not continuous on (0,0)

Remark: As we said there are many paths in a plane through which approaches .
How to choose easiest paths for this test in a matter of observation and practices. But commonly
use the paths
i. The vertical line , as
ii. The horizontal line , as
iii. The function , as , where
iv. The function , as , where
v. The function , as , where
Example: Test the non existence of the following limits
a.
b.
Solution
a. Let
Here and thus
And if, and thus
This means we have got the same limits along the two different paths but it does not mean that
the limit exists. So, let’s use another path

Here, , so does not exist

b. Let
For each of these two paths we have got the same limit 0. So, let’s use another path
again we get 0, so, what? We must try another path say

Here,
Since the limits along the four paths are different, does not exist.
3.4. Partial derivatives

Definition: Let be a function of two variables, and let be in the domain of . Then
i. The partial derivative of with respect to at is defined by
provided that the limit exists
ii. The partial derivative of with respect to at is defined by
provided that the limit exists

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Note: and
If and have partial derivatives, then
i. and
ii. and
iii. and
Example: Find and if
a. , and
b.
c.
d.
Solution
a. To find , we treat as a constant and differentiable with respect to
and
and
b.

( )( ) ( )
c.

( )( ) ( )

d.

The partial derivatives of functions of three variables at are defined by

i.
ii.

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 iii. provided that these limits exist.
Example: Let . Find , and
Solution
,

3.4.1. Higher derivative

If is a function of two variables, then its partial derivatives and are also functions of two
variables, so and are called the second partial derivatives of
,

,
Theorem: Let be a function of two variables, and assume that and are continuous at
. Then
Examples:
1. Find all second partial derivatives of
2. Find if (forth-order)
Solution
1. and
,
,
2. , , ,
Note: and can be interpreted as a rate of change or the slope of in the and direction,
respectively

3.5. The chain rule

Theorem:
a. Suppose that has continuous partial derivatives and . Then
i. If and are both differentiable function of , then

( is dependent variable, are intermediate variables, is independent variable )

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ii. If and , then has partial
derivatives with respect to and

and

b. If and differentiable, then

i. If , and are differentiable of , then

ii. If , and , then has partial derivatives

with respect to and

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Examples:
1. Let and . Find
2. Let and . and
3. Let . Find and interns of and .
4. Let √ and . Find and
Solution:
1.

2. ,

3.

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 4.

√
And

√
3.6. Implicit differentiation
Definition: An implicit function is a function in which one variable is not defined only in terms
of another variable
Example:
Example: Suppose that and . Find a formula for

(1)

In this formula refer to the partial derivative of with respect to , whereas

refer to the derivative of with respect to
If is a function of two variables that has partial derivatives, and assume that the equation
defines a differentiable function of , so that ( ) . If
, then by assumption
( )
By equation (1)

Theorem: Suppose that is differentiable and that the equation defines as a

differentiable function of . Then at any point where ,

Example: Find the implicit differentiation of the following equations

a. b. c.
Solution:
a.

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 b.

Note: For functions of three variables. If defines as differentiable functions of

and implicitly, then

Example: Find and if is defined implicitly as a function of and by the equation

Solution: To find , we differentiate implicitly with respect to ,

And

3.7.Directional derivatives and the gradient

3.7.1. Directional derivatives
Definition: Let be a function defined on a set containing a disk centered at , and let
be a unit vector. Then the directional derivative of at in the direction of
, denoted , is defined by

provided that this limit exists

Theorem: Let be differentiable at , then has a directional derivative at in the
direction of any unit vector and

Examples:
1. Let , and . Find
√ √
2. Let , and . Find
√ √
3. Find the directional derivative if and is the unit
vector given by angle . What is
4. Let and let . Find the directional derivative of in the
direction of

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Solution:
1.
( )
√ √

( )( )
√ √ √

( )
√ √

√ √
Therefore, the rate of at in the direction of is
√
Or
√ √

√ √ √
2. and
and

√ √
√
√ √
√
3.
and
and
√

√ √

4. ‖ ‖ √
‖ ‖
and
√ √

√ √

√ √ √
Note:
Example: Let and √ . Find the directional derivative of at
in the direction of
Solution:
√
Since, ‖ ‖
√

√
√
3.7.2. The gradient
Definition:

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 a. Let be a function of two variables that has partial derivatives at . Then the
gradient of at is denoted by or is defined by

b. Let be a function of two variables that has partial derivatives at . Then the
gradient of at is.

Note: If the partial derivative is a number, the gradient is a vector

Example: Find the gradient of at the given point
a.
b.
c. √ √
√
d.
Solution:
a.

b. ( )

c. ⁄ ⁄ ⁄

√ √
( √ √ ) ⁄ ⁄ ⁄

√ √
d.

Theorem:
1. Let be a function of two variables that is differentiable at .
a. For any unit vector ,
b. The maximum value of is ‖ ‖
c. If , then , regarded as a function of , attains its maximum
value when points in the same direction as (minimum value when
points in opposite direction as )
2. Let be a function of three variables that is differentiable at .
a. For any unit vector ,
b. The maximum value of is ‖ ‖
c. If , then , regarded as a function of , attains its
maximum value when points in the same direction as (minimum
value when points in opposite direction as )
Example:
1. Let . Find for the direction
√
a.
b. is in the direction of from to
2. Find the directional derivative of in the direction of the vector
given and

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 3. If , then find
a.
b. in the direction of
Solution
√
1. a.
√

√
b. is the direction from to
is not the unit vector because ‖ ‖ √
√ √

√ √

√ √ √
2.

√ √ √
( )
3. a.
√ √ √
( )
√ √ √ √
3.7.3. Equations of tangent plane and normal line to a surface
Definition: Let be differentiable at a point on a level surface of . If
, then the plane through whose normal is is the
plane tangent to at . Any vector that is perpendicular to this tangent plane is said to
be normal to .
i. Equation of tangent plane

ii. Equation of normal line

Theorem: Let be a level curve of a function . Let be a point on , and

assume that is differentiable at . If is smooth and , then is
normal to at .
Proof: Let be an interval, and for in a smooth parametrization of .
Since for in

, since for in , and consequently

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( ( ))
Since is smooth by assumption, it follows that , which is tangent to , is nonzero. Therefore
, which is also nonzero by assumption, is perpendicular the vector tangent to at
and hence is normal to at .

Example: Find the equations of the tangents and the normal lines to the given surface at the
indicated point
a. to the ellipsoid
b.
Solution:
a. The ellipsoid is the level surface (with ) of the function

b.

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 3.8. Extreme values
Definition: Let be defined on a region containing the point . Then
i. is a local maximum value of if for every point near
the point
ii. is a local minimum value of if for every point near
the point
iii. If the inequalities in i and ii hold for all point in the domain of , then has
absolute maximum (or absolute minimum)
Note: As in the one variable case, the local maxima and minima together comprise the local
extreme values. The absolute maxima and minima together comprise the absolute extreme values
Theorem: First derivative test for local extreme values
Let be a function of two variables and a point in the domain of . If has a local
extremum at , then either both and are zero ( ) or where one or both of
and does not exist ( does not exist) and is a critical point of
Example: Find the local extreme values of the following functions
a.
b.
c.
d. √
Solution:
a. The partial derivatives of exists at every point in the domain of

and
is a critical point
By completing the square, we get

Since and , we have for all values of and

Therefore is a local minimum and it is the absolute minimum of

b.
and

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 if
Thus is a critical point

Since and for all and , we have

Therefore is a relative maximum value of and is absolute maximum
value of
c. if and
Since is never be negative, is a local minimum
d. and
√ √
Since the partial derivatives exists all points except the origin
is a critical point of and
Therefore is the only (relative) minimum value of
Definition: A differentiable function has a saddle point at a critical number if in
every open disk centered at there are domain points where and
domain points where . The corresponding point on the
surface is called a saddle point of the surface
Example: find the local extreme value(s) (if any) of
Solution: and
is a unique critical point of
is not a relative extreme value of , because for , and
for
Therefore the function has a saddle point at the origin

Theorem: Assume that has a critical point at and its first and second derivatives are
continuous throughout a disk centered at . Let

| | . Then

i. If and , then is a local minimum

ii. If and , then is a local maximum
iii. If , then has a saddle point at (and the graph of crosses its tangent
plane at )
iv. If , then may or may not have a relative extreme value, or a saddle point, at

Page 24
Example: Find the local extreme values of the following functions
a.
b.
c.
d.
Solution:
a. The function is defined and differentiable for all and and its domain has no boundary
points

{
is a critical point of
The discriminant of at is
| | | |

Since and , has a local maximum at

Therefore the value of at this point is
b.
and
Thus is a critical point if and

The critical points of are and

and
Since and , has a relative minimum value at
Since , has a saddle point at
c. and
is a critical point

the function has a saddle point

Therefore has no local extreme value
d.
and

The three critical points are

( )
Since , has a saddle point at

Page 25
Since and , has a local minimum at ( )
and , so is local minimum

Theorem: If is continuous on a closed, bounded set in , the has an absolute maximum

value and absolute minimum value at some point and in
Proposition: To find the absolute maximum and minimum values of a continuous function on a
closed, bounded set
1. Find the values of at the critical points of in
2. Find the extreme values of on the boundary of
3. The largest of the values from steps 1 and 2 is the absolute maximum value; the smallest
of these values is the absolute minimum value
Example: Find the absolute maximum and minimum values of the function
on the rectangle
Solution
Since is a polynomial, it is continuous on the closed, bounded rectangle

is a critical point and

We look at the values of on the boundary of , which consists of the four line segments

i. On ,
This is an increasing function of , so its minimum value is and its maximum value
is
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 ii. On ,
This is a decreasing function of , so its maximum value is and minimum value is

iii.
, the minimum value is and maximum value
iv. On
Maximum value and minimum value of
Thus, on the boundary, the minimum value of is 0 and the maximum value is 9
Therefore, the absolute maximum value of on is and the absolute minimum
value is

Page 27
Exercise:
1. Find the local extreme values of
2. Find the absolute maximum and minimum of on the unit
square
Solution:
1.

The partials are defined. They are 0 when

{
The first equation gives us ( anything) 0r ( anything). When , the second
equation implies that . So, (0,0) is a critical point. When , the second equation gives
us . We get the same answer when . So, the critical points are
. Next we compute the second partials of and evaluate
them at the critical points

Point (a,b) D Result

(0,0) Saddle point
(1,1) ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ Local min.
(1,-1) ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ Local max.
(-1,1) ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ Local max.
(1,1) ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ Local max.

Therefore, we see that is a saddle point, ⁄ and ⁄ are

local minima, ⁄ and ⁄ are local maxima

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 2.

i. On
The maximum is 0 and minimum is -3 at (0,0)
ii. On
. Thus is the critical number. We evaluate for
( )
The maximum is at ( ) and minimum is 3 at (1,1)
iii. On . Hence, the maximum is 4 at
(1,1) and minimum is 0 at (0,0)
iv. On . .
The critical number is , which does not lie in the interval . Thus,
we need only look at when . and .
Therefore, the absolute maximum is at , and the absolute minimum is
-3 at (0,1)

Page 29
 Chapter Four
Multiple Integral
4.1. Double Integral
Definition:
i. A plane region is vertically simple if there are two continuous functions and
on an interval such that for and such that that is
the region between the graphs of and on
ii. A plane region is horizontally simple if there are two continuous functions and
on an interval such that for and such that that is
the region between the graphs of and on
iii. A plane region is simple if it is both vertically simple and horizontally simple
Theorem (Fubini’s theorem) Iterated integral
If is continuous throughout the rectangular region , then
 f ( x, y)dA =∫
R
∫ ∫ ∫

Example: Evaluate the iterated integrals

a.  f ( x, y)dA for
R
and

b. ∬ over the rectangular region

c. ∬
d. ∫ ∫
Solution
a. ∬ ∫ ∫ ∫
∫
Or ∫ ∫ ∫
∫
∫
b. ∬ ∫ ∫ ∫
∫
c. ∬ ∫ ∫ ∫
∫ ( )
d. ∫ ∫ , let
∫ ∫ ∫ ∫

Remark: We will often express the rectangle as

for simplicity.

Page 30
Theorem: Let be continuous on the region in the plane
i. If is vertically simple region between the graphs of and on , then is
integrable on ( ), and
∬ ∫ ∫

ii. If is horizontally simple region between the graphs of and on , then is

integrable on ( ), and
∬ ∫ ∫

Note:
1. Vertical line intersect the boundary of a vertically simple region at most twice, except
for those vertical lines composing part of the boundary of . horizontal line intersect the
boundary of a horizontally simple region at most twice, except for those horizontal
lines composing part of the boundary of
2. If is simple, then

∬ ∫ ∫ ∫ ∫
3. If , then the volume of the solid that lies above the rectangle and below
the surface is
∬
Examples:
1. Compute ∬ , where is the first quadrant region bounded by the two curves
√ and
2. Evaluate ∬ , where is the region bounded by the line and the
parabola

Page 31
 3. Find the volume of the solid that under the paraboloid and above the region
in the -plane bounded by the line and the parabola
4. ∫ ∫

5. Let be the region between the graphs of and . Evaluate ∬

Solutions (1,1)
1. √ √
√
∬ ∫ ∫ D
√
∫ ∫

2.

i.
∬ ∫ ∫ ∫

∫
∫
( )
√ √
ii. ∬ ∫ ∫ √
∫ ∫
3.

Page 32
∬ ∫ ∫
∫
∫
( )
4. We will try to evaluate the integral by reversing the order of integration

∫ ∫ ∫ ∫ (1,2)

∫
∫ 1

5. is composed of the two vertically simple regions and

∬ ∬ ∬
∫ ∫ ∫ ∫
∫ ∫
∫ ∫
∫ ∫
( ) ( )

Properties of double integrals

If and are continuous, then
1. Constant multiple
∬ ∬
2. ∬ ∬ ∬
3. Domination
a. ∬ if on
b. ∬ ∬ if on
4. ∬ ∬ ∬ . If is the union of two non
overlapping regions and
4.2. Double integral in polar coordinate
Definition: If is continuous on a polar rectangle given by , where
, then
∬ ∫ ∫

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The area of a wedge-shaped sector of a circle having radius and angle is

and
Theorem: If is continuous on a polar region of the form
, then
∬ ∫ ∫

Note: If non negative on , then

i. ∫ ∫
ii. ∫ ∫
Example
1. Evaluate ∬ , where is the region in the upper half-plane bounded by
the circle and
2. Find the volume of the solid bounded by the plane and the paraboloid

3. Evaluate ∬ √ , where is the semi-circular region

4. Evaluate ∬ , where is the annual region bounded by the circles
and
5. Evaluate ∬ , where semicircular region bounded by the -axis and the
curve √
Solution
1. The region can be described

∬ ∫ ∫

Page 34
 ∫ ∫
∫
∫
∫
( )
2. If , then
The plane intersects the paraboloid in the circle , so the solid lies under
the paraboloid and above the circular disk given by

, since
∬ ∬
∫ ∫ ∫ ∫
∫ ∫
If we had used rectangular coordinates instead of polar coordinates, then we would have
obtained
√
∬ ∫ ∫ √
⁄
which is not easy to evaluate because it involves ∫
3.
∬ √ ∬ √
∫ ∫ ∫
∫
4.
∬ ∬ R
∫ ∫ 2 e
∫
∫
∫

( )

Page 35
 5. Where is the semicircular region bounded by the -axis and the cure √
∬ ∫ ∫
∫
∫

Exercise:
1. Find the area of the region that lies inside the cardioid and outside the
circle
2. Find the area enclosed by the lemniscates
3. Find the area of the region common to the interiors of the cardioids and

Solution:
1.

∫ ∫ ∫ ∫

Page 36
 2.

If
√
∫ ∫ ∫
The area of the leaf is 4 times of the first-quadrant portion
3.

∬ ∫ ∫ ∫ ∫ ∫ ∫ ∫ ∫

∫ ∫ ∫
∫
( )
3.2. Surface Area
Definition: Let be a vertically or horizontally simple region, and let have continuous partial
derivatives on . If is the graph of on , then the surface area of is defined by
∬ √

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Example:
1. Find the surface area of the surface that lies above the triangular region in
the -plane with vertices and
2. Find the area of the part of the paraboloid that lies under the plane
3. Find the surface area of the portion of the parabolid that lies above the
-plane
Solution:
1.

∬ √ ∫ ∫ √
∫ √ √
2.
∬ √ ∬ √
∫ ∫ √ ∫
∫ √ √

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 3. The given surface lies over the region in the -plane bounded by the circle

∬ √ ∫ ∫ √
∫ ∫ √ √

3.3.Triple Integral
Theorem (Fubini’s theorem for triple integrals)
If is continuous on the rectangular box , then
∭ ∫ ∫ ∫
Example:
1. Evaluate the triple integral ∭ , where is the rectangular box given by

2. Evaluate ∭ , where * +
Solution
1. ∭ ∫ ∫ ∫ ∫ ∫
∫ ∫ ∫ ∫
2. ∭ ∫ ∫ ∫
∫ ∫ ∫ ∫

∫ ( )

Theorem (Evaluation by iterated integrals)

Let be continuous on a solid region defined by
i. , where and are
continuous functions. Then
∫∫ ∫ ∫ ∫ ∫

is the projection of onto the -plane.

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 ii. , where and are
continuous functions. Then
∫∫ ∫ ∫ ∫ ∫ or ∫ ∫ ∫
Or
∫∫ ∫ ∫ ∫ ∫

is the projection of onto the -plane.

iii.
∫∫ ∫ ∫ ∫ ∫ or ∫ ∫ ∫

is the projection of onto the -plane.

Example:
1. Evaluate ∫ ∫ ∫ , where is the solid tetrahedron bounded by the four planes
and
2. Evaluate ∫ ∫ ∫ √ , where the region is the region bounded by the
paraboloid and the plane
3. The region in the first octant bounded by the coordinate planes and the planes

Solution:
1. The plane and intersect in the line or in the
-plane

Page 40
∫∫ ∫ ∫ ∫ ∫
∫ ∫ ∫ ∫
∫ ∫ ∫
( )
2.

√ √
√
∫∫ ∫√ ∫ ∫ ∫ √
√
∫∫ ∫√ ∫∫ ∫ √
∫∫ √
It is easier to convert to the polar coordinates in the -plane:
. This gives

Page 41
∫∫ ∫√ ∫∫ √
∫ ∫ ∫ ∫
∫ ∫

3.4. Triple integral in cylindrical and spherical coordinate

Definition: Suppose is continuous on a solid region defined by cylindrical coordinates as

. Then
∫∫ ∫ ∫ ∫ ∫
Example:
√ √
1. Evaluate ∫ ∫ √ ∫
√
2. Evaluate ∫ ∫√ ∫√
Solution
1. √ √ √
√ √
√ √ √
∫ ∫ √ ∫ ∫ ∫ ∫
√
∫ ∫
∫ ∫
∫
∫
2.

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 √ √ √

√
∫ ∫ √ ∫√ ∫ ∫ ∫
∫ ∫
∫
∫

Theorem: Let be the solid region consisting of all points in space whose spherical coordinates
satisfy . If is continuous on
, then
∫∫ ∫ ∫ ∫ ∫

Example
⁄
1. Evaluate ∫ ∫ ∫ , where is the unit ball:
2. Evaluate ∫ ∫ ∫ √ , where is the region bounded by the plane
and the cone √
3. Use spherical coordinates to find the volume of the solid that lies above the cone
√ and below the sphere
4. Use spherical coordinates to evaluate
√ √
∫ ∫√ ∫ √
Solution
1. Since the boundary of is a sphere, we use the spherical coordinates

⁄ ⁄
∫∫ ∫ ∫ ∫ ∫ since
∫ ∫ ∫

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 ∫ ∫
∫ ∫
∫ ∫ ∫
∫

2.

√ √

Therefore the description of the solid in the spherical coordinates

∫∫ ∫√ ∫ ∫ ∫

∫ ∫
∫ ∫
√
∫ ∫
∫ √ ( √ ) ( √ )
3.

The sphere passes through the origin and has center

and

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 √ √

Therefore the description of the solid in the spherical coordinates

∫∫ ∫ ∫ ∫ ∫
∫ ∫

∫ ( )
4.

√ √ √

√ √
∫ ∫ √ ∫ √ ∫∫ ∫ √
∫ ∫ ∫
∫ ∫

∫
∫

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