Topic 3 Functions and Relations

Chapter 1 – Functions & Relations

The following is a list of the questions you should complete.

Set Notation & Sets of Ex1A Q1-10 last two parts of each question
Numbers

Identifying & describing Ex 1B Q1-16 RHS

relations and functions

Types of functions and Ex 1C Q1-19 last two parts or whole question as

implied domains appropriate

Sums and products of

Ex 1D All Qs
functions

Composite functions Ex 1E last two parts or whole question as appropriate

Inverse functions Ex 1F Alternating parts of questions

Power functions Ex 1G Alternating parts of questions

Applications of functions Ex 1H Even numbers

Chapter Review Tech

Even numbers
Free Qs

Chapter Review MC Qs Complete all

Chapter Review Quick

Complete all online
Quiz

Extended Response
Even numbers
Questions

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Set notation and sets of numbers

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Interval notation:

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Example 1:
(1) This number-line section is best described by the set

−1 0 7

A (−1, 7] B [−1, 7) C (−1, 7) D [−1, 7] E [7, −1)

(2) This number-line section is best described by the set

0 6

A (, −) B (−, 6] C [−, 6] D (-, 6) E [−, 6)

(3) This number-line section is best described by the set

2 3

A {𝑥: 𝑥 < 2} ∪ {𝑥: 𝑥 ≥ 3} B {𝑥: 𝑥 ≤ 2} ∪ {𝑥: 𝑥 > 3}

C {𝑥: 𝑥 < 2} ∪ {𝑥: 𝑥 > 3} D {𝑥: 𝑥 ≤ 2} ∩ {𝑥: 𝑥 > 3}
E {𝑥: 𝑥 ≤ 3} ∪ {𝑥: 𝑥 > 2}

(4) This number-line section is best described by the set

−1 0
A {−1} B 𝑅\−1 C 𝑅\{−1} D 𝑅 ∪ {−1} E 𝑅 ∩ {−1}

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(5) (−2, 6)  (−, 3] =
A (−, 2) B (−, 6) C (−2, 3] D (6, 3) E (−2, 6)

(6) (−5, 6)  (−3, 10] =

A (−3, 6) B (−, 6] C (−2, ) D (−5, −3) E (−5, 10]

(7) The set of numbers 𝑅\{3} is equivalent to the set

A {𝑥: 𝑥 < 3} ∪ {𝑥: 𝑥 > 3} B {𝑥: 𝑥 ≤ 3} ∪ {𝑥: 𝑥 ≥ 3}
C {𝑥: 𝑥 < 3} ∪ {𝑥: 𝑥 ≥ 3} D {𝑥: 𝑥 < 3} ∩ {𝑥: 𝑥 > 3}
E {𝑥: 3 > 𝑥 < 3}

(8) The set of numbers {𝑥: 𝑥 ≥ 0}

A 𝑅 + ∩ {0} B 𝑅 + ∪ {0} C 𝑅 ∪ {0} D 𝑅+ E 𝑅 + \{0}

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Identifying and describing relations & functions
A relation: is a set of ordered pairs.
e.g.

or {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1, 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅 + ∪ {0}}

Domain The set of all the first coordinates of the ordered pairs.
Range The set of all the second coordinates of the ordered pairs.

Type of Relation

1) One to one relation

Each x-value maps onto a There is only one value of y

unique y-value. that corresponds to x = a

2) Many to one relation

More than one x-value maps There is only one value of y

onto the same y-value. that corresponds to three
values of x.

3) One to many relation

An x-value maps onto more There are two values of y that

than one y-value. corresponds to x = a

4) Many to many relation

More than one x-value maps There are two values of y that
onto more than one y-value. corresponds to two values of
x i.e. two to two

• All the functions are relations. But not all the relations are functions.

• Functions are relations that are either many-to-one or one-to-one.

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A function is a relation such that for each x-value there is only one corresponding y-value.
𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) = rule in terms of x
Vertical-line test: If a vertical line can be drawn anywhere on the graph and it ONLY ever
intersects the graph a maximum of once, then the relation is a function.
e.g.

To determine the domain and range of any function, you need to ask yourself the following
questions.

The implied domain / maximal domain is the set of all real numbers for which
the rule has a meaning.

Example 2:
(1)

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Examples:
(1)

(2)

[VCAA 1997MM]

y
(3, 5)
(3) The range of the function with graph as shown is:
A ℝ B (−1, 5) C (0, 3)
(−, 0) y = x2 − 4
x
D [−4, 5) E [0, 5)
−4

(4) For f: (a, b] → ℝ, f(x) = 5 − x where a < b the range is:

A (5 − a, 5− b) B (5 − a, 5 − b] C (5 − b, 5 − a)
D (5 − b, 5 − a] E [5 − b, 5 − a)

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 Rational Functions
Hyperbola

Domain: 𝑅\{𝑏}
Example 2: For 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 1, find
Range: 𝑅\{𝑐}
(1) 𝑓(−1) (2) 𝑓(−𝑎) in terms of a

Truncus

(3) 𝑓(1 − 𝑎) (4) {𝑥: 𝑓(𝑥) > −𝑥}

Domain: 𝑅\{𝑏}

Example 3:

[VCAA 2000MM]

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 Example 4: Find the implied domain / maximal domain and the range for the following functions?
𝑥−1
(1) 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 2 (2) 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥+2

4−6𝑥 𝑥 2 +6𝑥+12
(3) 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥−1 (4) ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 +6𝑥+9

Helpful Practice
1. For each of the following, sketch, stating the domain and range, the graphs of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥).

10. 𝑅, {𝑦: 𝑦 ≥ 4}

9. 𝑅, 𝑅 8. ሾ−2,2ሿ, ሾ−1,1ሿ 7. 𝑅, ሾ−1,0)

6. 𝑅\{−4}, {𝑦: 𝑦 > 0} 5. . 𝑅\{0}, {𝑦: 𝑦 > 4} 4. . 𝑅\{0}, 𝑅\{−4}

2. 3. 𝑅\{4}, 𝑅\{0} 2. {𝑥: 𝑥 ≤ 4}, {𝑦: 𝑦 ≥ −1} 1. {𝑥: 𝑥 ≥ 0}, {𝑦: 𝑦 ≤ 4}

Answers: Use the calculator to check the graph.

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 Functions (Y/N) Type of Relation Domain Range

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Example 5:
(1) Sketch the graph of and state its domain and range.

(2) Determine an appropriate equation for the hyperbola shown.

Square Root and Cube Root Functions

Square root functions

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Cube root functions

Example 6:

a. i) State the maximal domain of 𝑦 = √4 − 𝑥 − 1

ii) Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = √4 − 𝑥 − 1 and state its range.

b. The graph of a cube root function has its point of inflection at (1, 5) and the graph
cuts the y-axis at (0, 2). Determine the rule and sketch the graph.

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Example 7:

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 Hybrid functions
A hybrid function is a relation that consists of more than one function, where each function
is defined over mutually exclusive domain (although, sometimes the domains overlap at the
end points). More formally we have
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑥1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑥2
𝑦 = { 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑥2 < 𝑥 < 𝑥3
…

Example 8:
𝑥+2 𝑥 ∈ (−∞, −2)
2
For the hybrid function 𝑓(𝑥) = { 𝑥 − 5 𝑥 ∈ ሾ−2, 4ሿ
√𝑥 − 4 + 11 𝑥 ∈ (4, ∞)

(a) Find 𝑓(−3) + 𝑓(1) + 𝑓(8) (b) 𝑓(𝑎2 − 2𝑎 + 6)

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(c) Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥).
(d) State:
i) any value of x for which the function is not continuous
ii) the domain and range.

Example 9:

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Exam (Style) Questions
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

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7.

[Adapted from VCAA 1999MM]

8.

[VCAA 2004MM]
9.

[VCAA 2005MM]

10.

[VCAA 2008MM]
11.

12.

[VCAA 1995MM]

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13.

[VCAA 2005MM]

[VCAA 2005MM]

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 Sums and products of functions

The difference function 𝑓 − 𝑔 can be considered to be the sum function 𝑓 + (−𝑔).

Domain: 𝑑𝑜𝑚 (𝑓 + 𝑔) = 𝑑𝑜𝑚 𝑓 ∩ 𝑑𝑜𝑚 𝑔

𝑑𝑜𝑚 (𝑓 − 𝑔) = 𝑑𝑜𝑚 𝑓 ∩ 𝑑𝑜𝑚 𝑔
𝑑𝑜𝑚 (𝑓 ∙ 𝑔) = 𝑑𝑜𝑚 𝑓 ∩ 𝑑𝑜𝑚 𝑔
𝑓
𝑑𝑜𝑚 (𝑔) = (𝑑𝑜𝑚 𝑓 ∩ 𝑑𝑜𝑚 𝑔)\{𝑥: 𝑔(𝑥) = 0}

Example 10:

Example 11: If 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 + 2 for all 𝑥 ≥ 2 and 𝑔(𝑥) = √4 − 𝑥 for all 𝑥 ≤ 4, find:
(1) 𝑓 + 𝑔 (2) (𝑓 + 𝑔)(3)

(3) 𝑓𝑔 (4) (𝑓𝑔)(3)

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Example 12: If 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 2 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 1, find:
𝑓(𝑥)
(1) The rule and its domain.
𝑔(𝑥)

𝐵
(2) Express the rule above in the form of 𝐴 + 𝑔(𝑥)

𝑓 𝑓
Example 13: If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 49 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 9, find ( )(𝑥) and the domain of
𝑔 𝑔

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To draw a graph by addition of ordinates

1. Sketch (using pencil or a light colour) the two original graphs

2. Draw and label the asymptotes
3. For a variety of x-values, add the y-coordinates and mark points. Pay particular
attention to:
a. values close to the vertical asymptote(s)
b. left end points and right end points
c. y-intercept(s)
d. x-intercepts of either original graph
e. the points of intersection of the 2 graphs
f. placement of x-intercepts and turning points
4. Sketch the resultant graph by drawing a smooth curve through the points.
5. Take care to draw the graph approaching the asymptotes (not touching or curling
away)
6. Label graphs, axes, asymptotes, intercepts, turning points,
7. State the domain, range and the equations of asymptotes
★ The “difference” function can be rewritten as the “sum” function as follows:

ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)

= 𝑓(𝑥) + ሾ−𝑔(𝑥)ሿ, so that addition of ordinates can be used.

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Example 14: Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = (𝑓 + 𝑔)(𝑥), where 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 3𝑥 .

Example 15: The diagram below shows the graphs of

three functions f, g and h.
Which one of the following statements is true?
A. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑥) + ℎ(𝑥)
B. 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥) = ℎ(𝑥)
C. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑔(𝑥)
D. 𝑔(𝑥) = ℎ(𝑥 + 1)
E. ℎ(𝑥) = 2𝑔(𝑥)

Example 16: Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = (𝑓 + 𝑔)(𝑥) where 𝑓(𝑥) = sin (𝑥) and 𝑔(𝑥) = cos (𝑥)

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 𝑦 = sin(𝑥) + 2cos (𝑥) 𝑦 = 3 sin(𝑥) + sin (2𝑥)

𝑦 = 2 sin(𝑥) − cos (𝑥) 𝑦 = cos(2𝑥) + sin (2𝑥)

Period of the function 𝒉(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙) ± 𝒈(𝒙) is the LCM of the periods of 𝒇(𝒙) and 𝒈(𝒙).

𝑓(𝑥) 𝑔(𝑥) ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥)

1 1
sin ( 𝑥) cos ( 𝑥)
3 2 ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥)

Period 6𝜋 4𝜋 LCM of 6𝜋 and 4𝜋:12𝜋

sin (𝑥) cos (2𝑥) ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)
Period 2𝜋 𝜋 LCM of 2𝜋 and 𝜋:2𝜋

Helpful Practice
−1
1. Sketch the sum function f + g where f ( x) = and g ( x) = 12 x + 1
x −3
1
2𝑥 − 1, 𝑥 ≥ − 2
2. Sketch the difference function f − g where f ( x) = x − 3 and 𝑔(𝑥) = {
2
1
−2𝑥 − 3, 𝑥 < − 2

1
3. Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = (𝑓 + 𝑔)(𝑥), where 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 .

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4.

Answers
1. 2.

3. 4. C

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 Composite functions
Consider the f-machine, 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐

Suppose a second function, 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 is applied after this:

We have: 𝒉(𝟑) = 𝒈(𝒇(𝟑)) = 𝒈(𝟏𝟏) = 𝟏𝟐𝟏

In this example: 𝒉(𝒙) = 𝒈(𝒇(𝒙))

= 𝒈(𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐)

= (𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐)𝟐 , 𝒙∈𝑹

For the above example, find 𝒇(𝒈(𝒙)), stating the domain.

In general 𝒇 𝒐 𝒈 ≠ 𝒈 𝒐 𝒇.

The composite function 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) is ONLY defined when Range

of inner function (g) is a Subset of Domain of the outer function (f).

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Example 17:

For the functions 𝑔(𝑥) = 4𝑥 − 1 and 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 + 1

(a) State which of 𝑓 𝑜 𝑔 and 𝑔 𝑜 𝑓 is defined, giving your reasons.

Hint: Fill in the following table first.

Domain Range

(b) For the composite function that is defined, state the domain and rule.

(c) For the composite function that is NOT defined, state a restriction on the domain
of the inner function, so that a new composite function is defined. Find this new
composite function.

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Example 18:

Domain of composite function 𝒇 𝝄 𝒈 = 𝒅𝒐𝒎 𝒈 ∩ 𝒅𝒐𝒎 (𝒇 𝛐 𝒈)

Domain of composite function 𝒈 𝝄 𝒇 = 𝒅𝒐𝒎 𝒇 ∩ 𝒅𝒐𝒎 (𝒈 𝛐 𝒇)

Example 19:
(1) Use the tip above to check ‘Example 17’

𝑓 𝑔

dom

ran

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 1
(2) 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅, 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥−4 and 𝑔: 𝑅 → 𝑅, 𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 3. By suitably restricting the
domain of g, obtain a function 𝑔1 such that 𝑓 𝜊 𝑔1 is defined.

1
(3) 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅, 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 −7 and 𝑔: 𝑅 → 𝑅, 𝑔(𝑥) = √𝑥 − 3. By suitably restricting the
domain of g, obtain a function 𝑔1 such that 𝑓 𝜊 𝑔1 is defined.

Example 20: 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅, 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 1 and 𝑔: 𝑅 → 𝑅, 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 . Find:

(i) 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) (ii) 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) (iii) ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) + 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥))

Example 21:
1
Given the function 𝑓: 𝑅\{0} → 𝑅, 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 and 𝑔: [2, ∞) → 𝑅, 𝑔(𝑥) = √3𝑥 − 4

(a) Find the maximal domain for which 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) is defined.

(b) Write down the rule of the composite function 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)).

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Example 22: If the function f has the rule 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 2 − 9 and the function g has the rule
𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 5. Find the rule for 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) and also state the maximal domain for which
𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) is defined.

Example 23: The graphs of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑥) are as shown.

Which one of the following best represents the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥))?

★ General Inequality
4𝑥−1
Example 24: Solve >5
3𝑥+2

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Helpful Practice for Inequality
4x + 1
1. (a) Write down the equations of the asymptotes to the graph of y =
2x − 1

4x + 1
(b) Sketch the graph of y = , indicating clearly each asymptote and also the
2x − 1
points of intersection of the graph with the coordinate axes.

4x + 1
(c) Hence, or otherwise, solve the inequality < –1.
2x − 1

5x – 7
2. (a) Sketch the graph of y = .
x–3
State the coordinates of the points where the curve crosses the coordinate axes and
write down the equations of its asymptotes.

(b) Using the graph from part (a), or otherwise, solve the inequality
5x – 7
> 0.
x–3

3x + 4
3. (a) Sketch the graph of y = .
x−2
State the coordinates of the points where the curve crosses the
coordinate axes and write down the equations of its asymptotes.

(b) Hence, or otherwise, solve the inequality

3x + 4
>1
x−2

Answers
y
1
1. (a) Asymptotes are: x = and y = 2 2. (a) 5
2
(b)
y 0 3 x

– 14 1
2
x Asymptotes are y = 5, x = 3
 7 ,0  and  0, 7 
–1
5   3

(b) x > 3 or x < 7

5
1
(c) Solution is 0 <x <
2

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  4 
3. (a) (0,–2)  − ,0  (b) 𝑥 < −3 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 > 2
 3 
Asymptotes are x = 2 and y = 3

Exam (Style) Questions

1.

2.

[VCAA 2010MM]

4.

[VCAA 2008MM]

5.

[VCAA 2012MM]

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6.

[VCAA 2013MM]
7. The graphs of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑥) are as shown.

[VCAA 2007MM]

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Exam (Style) Questions
1.

[VCAA2015MM]

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 Inverse functions

Note: A function has an inverse function if and only if it is ONE-TO-ONE.

𝑓(𝑓 −1 (𝑥)) = 𝑥, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑥 ∈ 𝑑𝑜𝑚𝑓 −1

𝑓 −1 (𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑥, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑥 ∈ 𝑑𝑜𝑚 𝑓

1
𝑓 −1 ≠ 𝑓

Inverse function Reciprocal function

Steps for Finding the Inverse of a One-to-One Function

STEP 4

STEP 3

STEP 2

STEP 1

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Example 25: Find 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) for 𝑓: 𝑅 + ∪ {0} → 𝑅, 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 − 3

Method:

Let 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 − 3 y

Inverse:

Note that the above function, 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 − 3, is a one-to-one function (due to the

given domain) and its inverse IS a function.

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GRAPHS OF FUNCTIONS AND THEIR INVERSES

• 𝑥 and 𝑦 values interchange. Therefore 𝑥 −intercept values become

𝑦 −intercept values and vice-versa.
• The graph of 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) is the reflection of the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) about the line
𝑦 = 𝑥. The line 𝑦 = 𝑥 acts as a ‘mirror’ line. The point (𝑥, 𝑦) is mapped onto
(𝑦, 𝑥) i.e. (𝑥, 𝑦) → (𝑦, 𝑥)
• If the graphs of 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) and 𝑓(𝑥) intersect they will do so on the line 𝑦 =
𝑥, so points of intersection of graphs can also be found by solving either
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑜𝑟 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = 𝑥. However, be careful. It is possible that there
will be other points of intersection of these graphs that do not lie on the
line 𝑦 = 𝑥.
Consider 𝑓(𝑥) = −𝑥 3 and 𝑓(𝑥) = −𝑥1/3 .

Example 26: 𝑓(𝑥) = 3√𝑥 + 2 + 4

(a) Find the domain and range of the above function.

(b) Is the inverse a function? Why or why not?

(c) Find the inverse, clearly stating its domain and range.

(d) Find where the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) intersects the graph of 𝑓 −1 (𝑥).

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 (e) Sketch 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) on the one set of axes.

Example 27: a) Find the inverse of the function with rule 𝑓(𝑥) = 3√𝑥 + 2 + 4.
b) Sketch both functions on one set of axes.
c) Find the point of the intersection.

39 | P a g e
Example 28:
a) Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 3.
b) On the same set of axes, sketch the graph of the inverse.
c) State the type of mapping for the parabola and its inverse, and whether the relations are
functions.
d) Give the domain and range for each of the graphs.
e) Consider the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 3. The domain is restricted to 𝑥 ∈ (−∞, 𝑎ሿ, where a
is the largest possible value such that the inverse function exists. Determine the value of a.

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Exam (Style) Questions
1.

[VCAA2005MM]
2.

[VCAA2004MM]

3.

[VCAA2008MM]

4.

[VCAA2008MM]

5.

[VCAA2006MM]

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6.

[VCAA2004MM]

7.

[VCAA2005MM]
8.

[VCAA2014MM]

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9.

10

[VCAA1999MM1
11.

[VCAA2009MM]

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12.

[VCAA 2014MM]

13.

[VCAA2015MM]

14.

[2 + 1=3 marks VCAA2006MM]

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15. A function f is defined by the rule 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 (5 − 𝑥) + 1
a) Sketch the graph of f over its maximal domain on the axes.

b) Find the rule for the inverse function 𝑓 −1 .

[3+2=5 marks VCAA2005MM]

16.

𝑎𝑥
c. Find 𝑓(−𝑓 −1 (2𝑥)) in the form 𝑏𝑥+𝑐 where a, b and c are real constants.

[2+1+2 = 5marks VCAA2008MM]

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 Types of functions --- Odd and Even Functions

★ Even functions have the property that 𝑓(−𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥). The graph of an even function
is symmetrical about the y-axis.

★ Odd functions have the property that 𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥). The graph of an odd function
remains unchanged after rotation of 180o about the origin.

Example 29: State whether each function is odd, even or neither. Show your method.
(a) 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 − 1 (b) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 5 (c) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 + 3

𝑥
(d) 𝑓(𝑥) = 1−𝑥 2 (d) 𝑓(𝑥) = cos (𝑥) (e) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥sin (𝑥)

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Example 30: Determine graphically using possible symmetry, whether the following
functions are even, odd, or neither.
1. 2. 3.

4. 5. 6.

Power functions

Strictly Increasing

• A function f is said to be strictly increasing when 𝑎 < 𝑏 implies 𝑓(𝑎) < 𝑓(𝑏) for all
a and b in its domain.
• This definition does not require f to be differentiable, or to have a non-zero derivative,
for all elements of the domain.
• If a function is strictly increasing, then it is a one-to-one function and has an inverse
function that is also strictly increasing.

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Example 31: The function 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅, 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 , is strictly increasing with zero gradient at
the origin.
The inverse function 𝑓 −1 : 𝑅 → 𝑅, 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥1/3
is also strictly increasing, with a vertical tangent
of undefined gradient at the origin.

Strictly decreasing
• A function f is said to be strictly decreasing when 𝑎 < 𝑏 implies 𝑓(𝑎) > 𝑓(𝑏) for all
a and b in its domain.
• A function is said to be strictly decreasing over an interval when 𝑎 < 𝑏 implies
𝑓(𝑎) > 𝑓(𝑏) for all a and b in the interval.
Example 32: State the subset of R for which the graph of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 − 𝑥 2 is
strictly decreasing.

Power function

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49 | P a g e
Example 33: Give the domain and deduce the shape of the graph of:

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Composite Functions
2016 Exam 1 Question 5
Let 𝑓: (0, ∞) → 𝑅, where 𝑓(𝑥) = log (𝑥) and 𝑔: 𝑅 → 𝑅, where 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 1.
a. i. Find the rule for ℎ, where ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑓 𝑔(𝑥) . 1 mark

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ii. State the domain and range of ℎ. 2 marks

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iii. Show that ℎ(𝑥) + ℎ(−𝑥) = 𝑓 𝑔(𝑥) . 2 marks

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2017 NHT Exam 1 Question 7

Let 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅, where 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 1, and let 𝑔: 𝑅 → 𝑅, where 𝑔(𝑥) = 4 − 2𝑥.
a. i. Find 𝑔 𝑓(𝑥) . 1 mark

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ii. Find 𝑓 𝑔(𝑥) and express it in the form 𝑘 − 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑑) , where 𝑚, 𝑘 and 𝑑 are integers. 2 marks

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2017 NHT Exam 2 Question 9

2017 NHT Exam 2 Question 9
1
The range of the function 𝑓: − ⎯⎯, 0 ∪ (0,2] → 𝑅, 𝑓(𝑥) = log (𝑥 ) is
2
A. (−2 log (2) , 2 log (2)] 1 C. (−∞, 2 log (2)]
B. − log ⎯⎯ , log (4)
4
D. 𝑅 ∖ [−2 log (2) , 2 log (2)) E. 𝑅

2017 Exam 1 Question 7

  ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
Let 𝑓: [0, ∞) → 𝑅, 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 + 1.
a. State the range of 𝑓. 1 mark

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b. Let 𝑔: (−∞, 𝑐] → 𝑅, 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 3, where 𝑐 < 0.

i. Find the largest possible value of 𝑐 such that the range of 𝑔 is a subset of the domain of 𝑓. 2 marks

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ii. For the value of 𝑐 found in part b.i., state the range of 𝑓 𝑔(𝑥) . 1 mark

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c. Let ℎ: 𝑅 → 𝑅, ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 3. State the range of 𝑓 ℎ(𝑥) . 1 mark

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2017 Exam 2 Question 4

Let 𝑓 and 𝑔 be functions such that 𝑓(2) = 5, 𝑓(3) = 4, 𝑔(2) = 5, 𝑔(3) = 2 and 𝑔(4) = 1.
The value of 𝑓 𝑔(3) is
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 E. 5

2018 NHT Exam 1 Question 2

2018 NHT Exam 1 Question 2
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = −𝑥 + 𝑥 + 4 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 2.
a. Find 𝑔 𝑓(3) . 2 marks

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b. Express the rule for 𝑓 𝑔(𝑥) in the form 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐, where 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑐 are non-zero integers. 2
marks

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2018 Exam 2 Question 6

Let 𝑓 and 𝑔 be two functions such that 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 and 𝑔(𝑥 + 2) = 3𝑥 + 1. The function 𝑓 𝑔(𝑥) is
A. 6𝑥 − 5 B. 6𝑥 + 1 C. 6𝑥 + 1 D. 6𝑥 − 10 E. 6𝑥 + 2

2019 Exam 1 Question 9

Consider the functions 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅, 𝑓(𝑥) = 3 + 2𝑥 − 𝑥 and 𝑔: 𝑅 → 𝑅, 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑒 .
a. State the rule of 𝑔 𝑓(𝑥) . 1 mark

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c. State the rule of 𝑓 𝑔(𝑥) . 1 mark

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2020 Exam 2 Question 1

Let 𝑓 and 𝑔 be functions such that 𝑓(−1) = 4, 𝑓(2) = 5, 𝑔(−1) = 2, 𝑔(2) = 7 and 𝑔(4) = 6.
The value of 𝑔 𝑓(−1) is
A. 2 B. 4 C. 5 D. 6 E. 7

2021 NHT Exam 1 Question 4

2021 NHT Exam 1 Question 4
Let 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅, 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑒 + 1 and let 𝑔: (−2, ∞) → 𝑅, 𝑔(𝑥) = log (𝑥 + 2).
a. i. Find 𝑓 𝑔(𝑥) in the form 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏, where 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝑅. 1 mark

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ii. State the range of 𝑓 𝑔(𝑥) . 1 mark

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2021 NHT Exam 2 Question 19

A cubic polynomial function 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅 has roots at 𝑥 = 1 and 𝑥 = 3 only and its graph has a 𝑦-
intercept at 𝑦 = 3. Which one of the following statements must be true about the function 𝑔, where
  ⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)?
A. The function g has a local maximum at 𝑥 = 2
B. 𝑔(2) = 1
C. The domain of 𝑔 does not include the interval (1, 3)
D. The domain of 𝑔 includes the interval (1, 3)
E. The domain of 𝑔 does not include the interval (3, ∞)

2021 Exam 2 Question 9

Let 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 2 and 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 4.
If h is the composite function given by ℎ: [−5, −1) → 𝑅, ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑓 𝑔(𝑥) , then the range of ℎ is
A. (−3, 5] B. [−3, 5) C. (−3, 5) D. (−4, 5] E. [−4, 5]

2022 NHT Exam 2 Question 4

Let 𝑔: 𝑅 → 𝑅, 𝑔(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 𝑎, where 𝑎 is a real constant. Given that 𝑔 𝑔(2) = 10, the value of 𝑎 is
A. −1 B. −2 C. −3 D. −4 E. −5

2022 Exam 2 Question 5

Consider the composite function 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑓(sin(2𝑥)), where the function 𝑓(𝑥) is an unknown but
differentiable function for all values of 𝑥. Use the following table of values for 𝑓 and 𝑓 .

1   ⎯⎯   ⎯⎯
𝒙 √2 √3
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯
2 2 2
𝒇(𝒙) −2 5 3
𝒇’(𝒙) 7 0 1
⎯⎯
9

𝜋
𝐚. Find the value of 𝑔 ⎯⎯ . 1 mark
6

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Inverse Functions and Relations
2016 Sample Exam 2 Question 5 / 2013 Exam 2 Question 7
π
The function 𝑔: [−𝑎, 𝑎] → 𝑅, 𝑔 (𝑥) = sin 2 𝑥 − ⎯⎯ has an inverse function.
6
The maximum possible value of 𝑎 is
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝐀. ⎯⎯⎯ B. 1 𝐂. ⎯⎯ 𝐃. ⎯⎯ 𝐄. ⎯⎯
12 6 4 2

2016 Exam 1 Question 5

b. Let 𝑘: (−∞, 0] → 𝑅, where 𝑘(𝑥) = log (𝑥 + 1).
i. Find the rule for 𝑘 . 2 marks

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ii. State the domain and range of 𝑘 . 2 marks

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2016 Exam 2 Question 5

  ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
Which one of the following is the inverse function of 𝑔: [3, ∞) → 𝑅, 𝑔(𝑥) = √2𝑥 − 6?
A. 𝑔 : [3, ∞) → 𝑅, B. 𝑔 : [0, ∞) → 𝑅, C. 𝑔 : [0, ∞) → 𝑅,
𝑥 +6 𝑔 (𝑥) = (2𝑥 − 6) ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
  𝑥
𝑔 (𝑥) = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 𝑔 (𝑥) = ⎯⎯+ 6
2 2
D. 𝑔 : [0, ∞) → 𝑅, E. 𝑔 : 𝑅 → 𝑅,
𝑥 +6 𝑥 +6
𝑔 (𝑥) = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 𝑔 (𝑥) = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2 2

2016 Exam 2 Question 4

2𝑥 + 1
𝐛. Let 𝑓: 𝑅 ∖ {−2} → 𝑅, 𝑓(𝑥) = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝑥+2
i. Find the rule and domain of 𝑓 , the inverse function of 𝑓. 2 marks

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2017 NHT Exam 1 Question 8
  ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
The rule for a function 𝑓 is given by 𝑓(𝑥) = √2𝑥 + 3 − 1, where 𝑓 is defined on its maximal domain.
a. Find the domain and rule of the inverse function 𝑓 . 2 marks

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b. Solve 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓 (𝑥). 2 marks

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  ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
c. Let 𝑔: 𝐷 → 𝑅, 𝑔(𝑥) = √2𝑥 + 𝑐 − 1, where 𝐷 is the maximal domain of 𝑔 and 𝑐 is a real number.
i. For what value(s) of 𝑐 does 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑔 (𝑥). have no real solutions? 2 marks

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ii. For what value(s) of 𝑐 does 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑔 (𝑥) have exactly one real solution? 2 marks

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2017 NHT Exam 2 Question 5

2017 NHT Exam 2 Question 5
2
Which one of the following is the inverse function of the function 𝑓: (−∞, 3) → 𝑅, 𝑓(𝑥) = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯+
  ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 1?
√3 − 𝑥
4 4
A. 𝑓 : (−∞, 3) → 𝑅, 𝑓 (𝑥) = − ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯+ 3 B. 𝑓 : (1, ∞) → 𝑅, 𝑓 (𝑥) = − ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯+ 1
(𝑥 − 1) (𝑥 − 3)
4 4
C. 𝑓 : (1, ∞) → 𝑅, 𝑓 (𝑥) = − ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯+ 3 D. 𝑓 : (1, ∞) → 𝑅, 𝑓 (𝑥) = − ⎯⎯⎯+ 3
(𝑥 − 1) 𝑥
4
E. 𝑓 : 𝑅 → 𝑅, 𝑓 (𝑥) = − ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯+ 3
(𝑥 − 1)

2017 NHT Exam 2 Question 15

The graph of 𝑓 where 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 , 𝑘 > 0, touches the
graph of its inverse function 𝑓 at exactly one point, as
shown below. The value of 𝑘 must be
A. 𝑒 B. 𝑒 C. 1
1 1
D. ⎯⎯ E. ⎯⎯
𝑒 𝑒

2017 NHT Exam 2 Question 20

Consider the function 𝑓: [2, ∞) → 𝑅, 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 2(𝑎 − 4)𝑥 − 8𝑎𝑥 + 1, where 𝑎 ∈ 𝑅.
The maximal set of values of 𝑎 for which the inverse function 𝑓 exists is
A. (−9, ∞) B. (−∞, 1) C. [−9, 1] D. [−8, ∞) E. (−∞, −8]

2017 Exam 2 Question 6

Part of the graph of the function 𝑓 is shown below.
The same scale has been used on both axes.

The corresponding part of the graph of the inverse function 𝑓 is

best represented by
2017 Exam 2 Question 8
If 𝑦 = 𝑎 + 2, where 𝑎 > 0, then 𝑥 is equal to
1 1 1
A. ⎯⎯(𝑏 − log (𝑦 − 2)) B. ⎯⎯(𝑏 − log (𝑦 + 2)) C. 𝑏 − log ⎯⎯(𝑦 + 2)
4 4 4
𝑏 1
D. ⎯⎯− log (𝑦 − 2) E. ⎯⎯(𝑏 + 2 − log (𝑦))
4 4

2017 Exam 2 Question 4

Let 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅: 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 − 2. Part of the graph of 𝑓 is shown below.

b. Find the rule and domain for 𝑓 , the inverse function of 𝑓. 2 marks

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The functions of 𝑔 , where 𝑘 ∈ 𝑅 , are defined with domain 𝑅 such that 𝑔 (𝑥) = 2𝑒 − 2.
e. Find the value of 𝑘 such that 𝑔 (𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥). 1 mark

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f. Find the rule for the inverse functions 𝑔 of 𝑔 , where 𝑘 ∈ 𝑅 . 1 mark

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2018 NHT Exam 1 Question 5

2018 NHT Exam 1 Question 5
7
Let ℎ: 𝑅 ∪ {0} → 𝑅, ℎ(𝑥) = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯− 3.
𝑥+2
b. Find the rule for ℎ . 2 marks

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2018 Exam 1 Question 5

1
Let 𝑓: (2, ∞) → 𝑅, where 𝑓(𝑥) = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯.State the rule and domain of 𝑓 . 3 marks
(𝑥 − 2)

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2018 Exam 2 Question 7

Let 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅, 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑘 log (𝑥) , 𝑘 ∈ 𝑅. Given that 𝑓 (1) = 8, the value of 𝑘 is
A. 0 1 C. 3 D. 8 E. 12
𝐁. ⎯⎯
3

2018 Exam 2 Question 5

2𝑎 81𝑥 (𝑎 − 𝑥)
Consider the function 𝑔: 0, ⎯⎯⎯ → 𝑅, 𝑔(𝑥) = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯, where 𝑎 is a positive real number.
3 4𝑎
2𝑎 3
The coordinates of the local maximum of 𝑔 are ⎯⎯⎯, ⎯⎯
3 𝑎

f. Find the value of 𝑎 for which the graphs of 𝑔 and 𝑔 have the same endpoints. 1 mark

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2019 NHT Exam 1 Question 5

2019 NHT Exam 1 Question 5
3   ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
Let ℎ: − ⎯⎯, ∞ → 𝑅, ℎ(𝑥) = √2𝑥 + 3 − 2.
2
b. Find the domain and the rule of the inverse function ℎ . 3 marks

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2019 NHT Exam 2 Question 11

The function 𝑓: 𝐷 → 𝑅, 𝑓(𝑥) = 5𝑥 + 10𝑥 + 1 will have an inverse function for
A. 𝐷 = 𝑅 B. 𝐷 = (−2, ∞) 1 D. 𝐷 = (−∞, −1] E. 𝐷 = [0, ∞)
𝐂. 𝐷 = −∞, ⎯⎯
2

2019 NHT Exam 2 Question 5

⎯⎯
Let 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅, 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 and 𝑔: 𝑅 → 𝑅, 𝑔(𝑥) = 2 log (𝑥) .
a. Find 𝑔 (𝑥). 1 mark

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2019 Exam 1 Question 2

1 1
𝐚. Let 𝑓: ⎯⎯, ∞ → 𝑅, 𝑓(𝑥) = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯. Find the rule of 𝑓 . 2 marks
3 3𝑥 − 1

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b. State the domain of 𝑓 . 1 mark

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2020 Exam 1 Question 6
1   ⎯⎯
Let 𝑓: [0, 2] → 𝑅, where 𝑓(𝑥) = ⎯⎯⎯
  ⎯⎯√𝑥 .
√2
a. Find the domain and the rule for 𝑓 , the inverse function of 𝑓. 2 marks

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The graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), where 𝑥 ∈ [0, 2], is

shown on the axes below.

b. On the axes above, sketch the graph of𝑓

over its domain. Label the endpoints and
point(s) of intersection with the function 𝑓,
giving their coordinates. 2 marks

2021 NHT Exam 2 Question 3

𝑥 𝑥 9𝑥
The function 𝑓: 𝐷 → 𝑅, 𝑓(𝑥) = ⎯⎯⎯− ⎯⎯⎯− ⎯⎯⎯ + 9𝑥 will have an inverse function for
4 3 2
A. 𝐷 = 𝑅 B. 𝐷 = (−3, 1) C. 𝐷 = (1, ∞) D. 𝐷 = (−∞, 0) E. 𝐷 = (0, ∞)

2022 NHT Exam 1 Question 7

2022 NHT Exam 1 Question 7
Consider the function 𝑝, where 𝑝: [1, ∞) → 𝑅, 𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 1.
a. i. Find the value of 𝑎 when 𝑝 (𝑎) = 2, where 𝑎 ∈ 𝑅. 2 marks

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𝑥+3
𝐛. Find the rule and the domain of 𝑓 , the inverse of 𝑓, if 𝑓: 𝑅\{2} → 𝑅, 𝑓(𝑥) = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯. 3 marks
𝑥−2

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2022 NHT Exam 2 Question 1

The function f and its inverse, f , are one-to-one for all values of 𝑥.
If 𝑓(1) = 5, 𝑓(3) = 7 and 𝑓(8) = 10, then 𝑓 (7) and 𝑓 (5) respectively are equal to
A. 5 and 7 B. 3 and 1 C. 7 and 5 D. 8 and 5 E. 5 and 8

2022 NHT Exam 2 Question 7

The graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is shown below.
The corresponding graph of the inverse of 𝑓, 𝑦 = 𝑓 (𝑥), is best
represented by
2022 NHT Exam 2 Question 2
Sally is using graph sketching software to
design the landscape of the four hills shown in
Figure 1 below. She starts by using the square
root functions ℎ, ℎ and ℎ to model the shapes
of three of the four hills, as shown in Figure 2
below.
Figure 1 Figure 2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
 
The rule for the function ℎ is ℎ(𝑥) = √2 − 𝑥.
Sally decides to use a quadratic function, ℎ , to model the shape of the fourth hill in her landscape.
The rule for ℎ , a quadratic function with a stationary point at (4, 6) and which passes through (2, 2)
is ℎ (𝑥) = −(𝑥 − 4) + 6.

Sally believes the function ℎ is closely related to the inverse of ℎ.

  ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
d. Find the domain and the rule for the function ℎ , the inverse of ℎ(𝑥) = √2 − 𝑥 . 2 marks

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2022 NHT Exam 2 Question 3
The functions 𝑝(𝑥) = 2(1 − 𝑒 ) and 𝑞(𝑥) = 2(1 + 𝑒 ) are defined over 𝑅.
c. Find rules for the functions 𝑝 and 𝑞 . 2 marks

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d. Let point 𝐴 be the intersection between 𝑝(𝑥) and 𝑞 (𝑥), and let point 𝐵 be the intersection
between 𝑞 and 𝑝 (𝑥).
i. The coordinates of 𝐴, correct to three decimal places, are 𝐴(2.329, 1.805).
Find the coordinates of 𝐵, correct to three decimal places. 1 mark

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The function 𝑟 is the product of functions 𝑝 and 𝑞, with rule given by 𝑟(𝑥) = 𝑝(𝑥)𝑞(𝑥).
e. 𝑟(𝑥) = 4(1 − 𝑒 ).
1 𝑎
𝐢𝐢𝐢. Find the rule for the function 𝑟 . Give your answer in the form 𝑟 (𝑥) = ⎯⎯log ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ . 1 mark
𝑎 𝑎 −𝑥

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f. i. Clearly state the equation of the line that the points of intersection between the function 𝑟 and its
inverse function 𝑟 both lie on. 1 mark

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ii. Find the coordinates of the points of intersection between the function 𝑟 and its inverse function
𝑟 . Give your answers correct to three decimal places. 2 marks

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2022 Exam 2 Question 6

2022 Exam 2 Question 6
Which of the pairs of functions below are not inverse functions?
𝑓(𝑥) = 5𝑥 + 3 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅 ⎧ 2 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑥<0
⎪𝑓(𝑥) = ⎯⎯𝑥+2 𝑥∈𝑅 𝐂.   ⎯⎯
𝐀. 𝑥−3 3 𝑔(𝑥) = √𝑥 𝑥 > 0
𝑔(𝑥) = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅 𝐁.
5 ⎨𝑔(𝑥) = 3
⎯⎯𝑥 − 3 𝑥∈𝑅
⎪ 2
⎩
⎧ 1 𝑓(𝑥) = log (𝑥) + 1 𝑥>0
⎪𝑓(𝑥) = ⎯⎯ 𝑥≠0 𝐄.
𝐃. 𝑥 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥∈𝑅
⎨𝑔(𝑥) = 1
⎯⎯ 𝑥 ≠ 0
⎪ 𝑥
⎩

2022 Exam 2 Question 4

Consider the function 𝑓, where
1 1 1 1
𝑓: − ⎯⎯, ⎯⎯ → 𝑅, 𝑓(𝑥) = log 𝑥 + ⎯⎯ − log ⎯⎯− 𝑥 .
2 2 2 2

Part of the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is shown below.

d. Find the domain and the rule of 𝑓 , the inverse of 𝑓.

3 marks

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