Welcome to Excel

Electrical Class
 PROJECT

Owner Consultant Contractor

 Workflow of construction designing

Client

Architect

Soil Civil Interior

MEP BMS
testing depart designer
(Building services)
Home
Automation

Mechanical Electrical Plumbing IOT

services services services
Civil Co ordination Team
 Building Services

MECHANICAL ELECTRICAL PLUMBING

➢HVAC ➢Total Connected Load (TCL) ➢Plumbing Calc

➢Heat Load Calculations ➢Lightning Layout ➢Internal Layout
➢Refrigeration Concepts ➢Raw Power Layout ➢External Layout
➢Psychometric Charts ➢AC Layout ➢Fire Fighting System
➢Air Distribution Systems ➢Single Line Diagram(SLD) ➢Rain Harvest System
➢Ventilation Systems ➢Conduit Wiring Layout ➢Health& Safety
➢Static Pressure calc ➢Lightning Layout Environment
➢Hydronic Systems ➢Earthing Layout ➢Sewerage Treatment
➢Duct Sizing ➢Generator Plant
➢Hvac Softwares ➢UPS
➢Panels
➢PAS
➢CCTV
 Electrical Designing Overview

➢Total Connected Load ➢Short Circuit Analysis

➢Quantity Of Sockets Required ➢Voltage Drop

➢Ceiling and Exhaust Fan Selection ➢Single Line Diagram (SLD)

➢Lux Level or Illumination ➢Circuit Breaker Selection

➢ No of Light Fixtures ➢Capacitor Bank Selection

➢Cable sizing ➢Earthing

➢Load Balancing Sheet ➢Lightning Arrestor

➢Phase Sequence ➢Bus Bar Sizing

➢Transformer sizing ➢Cable Tray Selection

➢Diesel Generator Sizing ➢Junction Box Selection

➢U.P.S & Battery Sizing ➢Conduit Selection

Load Estimation

Lighting & Power

HVAC

Plumbing

Lift

Staircase

Other Loads
Requirement for Electrical Design

1. Architectural Drawing

2. Civil drawing or Structural drawing

3. Reflected ceiling plan (or) False ceiling

4. Furniture drawing

5. Design brief report

 ELECTRICAL STANDARDS:
• NEC:- NATIOANAL ELECTRICAL CODE
• BS:- BRITISH STADARDS
• IEC:- INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISION
• ISO:- INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ORGANISATION
• IS:- INDIAN STANDARDS
• IEEE:- INSTITUTE OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC
ENGINEERS
• DEWA:- DUBAI ELECTRICAL AND WATER AUTHORITY
• SEWA:- SHARJAH ELECTRICAL AND WATER AUTHORITY
• ABEWA:- ABU DABHI ELECTRICAL AND WATER AUTHORITY
• NEMA:- NATIONAL ELECTRICAL AND MANUFACTURERS
ASSOCIATION
ELECTRON THEORY:-

The Electron Theory states that current flows from NEGATIVE to POSITIVE.
CONVENTIONAL THEORY:-

Conventional theory, also known as HOLE THEORY, states that current flows
from POSITIVE to NEGATIVE
 Current (I)
• Current = (Number of electrons that pass in
one second) ∙ (charge/electron)
➢ -1 ampere = (6.242∙1018 e/sec) ∙(-1.602 10-19Coulomb/e)
➢ Notice that an ampere = Coulomb/second
• The negative sign indicates that the current inside is
actually flowing in the opposite direction of the
electron flow
Current (amperes) :-

CURRENT is the quantity or flow rate of electrons moving past a

point within one second. Current flow is also known as amperage, or
amps for short.

Higher voltage will produce higher current flow, and lower voltage
will produce lower current flow.
AMPERAGE UNITS
❖Current flow is measured in units called Amperes or AMPS.

❖Amperage measurements can use different value prefixes, such as

microamp, milliamp, and Amp.

LESS THAN LESS THAN

AMPERAGE BASIC UNIT
BASE UNIT BASE UNIT
Symbol µA mA A
Pronounced Microamp milliamp Amp
Multiplier 0.000001 0.001 1
MEASUREMENT:-

❖An AMMETER measures the quantity of current flow.

❖Ammeters are placed in series (inline) to count the electrons passing

through it.

❖Example: A water meter counts the gallons of water flowing through it.
Voltage:-

It is an electrical force that moves electrons through a

Conductor.
voltage is a measure of energy per unit charge.
Voltage is the “energy per unit charge”.

Units: - Volts “V”.

VOLTAGE UNITS:-

❖ Voltage is measured in units called VOLTS.

❖ Voltage measurements can use different value prefixes such

as millivolt, volt, Kilovolt, and Megavolt.

LESS THAN LARGER THAN

VOLTAGE BASIC UNIT
BASE UNIT BASE UNIT

Symbol mV V kV
Pronounced millivolt Volt Kilovolt
Multiplier 0.001 1 1,000
MEASUREMENT:-

❖ A VOLTMETER measures the voltage potential across or parallel to the

circuit.
❖ The Voltmeter measures the amount of electrical pressure difference
between two points being measured.
❖ Voltage can exist between two points without electron flow.
RESISTANCE:-

Resistance is the force that reduces or stops the flow of

electrons. It opposes voltage.

Higher resistance will decrease the flow of electrons and lower

resistance will allow more electrons to flow.
MEASUREMENT:-

❖ An OHMMETER measures the resistance of an electrical circuit or

component.
❖ No voltage can be applied while the ohmmeter is connected, or damage to
the meter will occur.
Example: Water flows through a garden hose, and someone steps on the
hose. The greater the pressure placed on the hose, the greater the hose
restriction and the less water flows.
TYPES OF ELECTRICITY:-

❖STATIC ELECTRICITY

❖DYNAMIC ELECTRICITY
 STATIC ELECTRICITY:-
❖ It is made or created by rubbing two or more objects together and
making friction. Electrons here are static i.e. not moving.

FRICTION:-

❖ It is the opposite force. Greater the weight of the objects, greater the
friction. Friction can sometimes cause sparks or fire

By rubbing a silk cloth on a glass rod,

physical electrons are removed from
glass rod and are placed on a cloth.

Cloth has more electrons and rod has

less electrons.
When you rub your shoes on a rug
(carpet or mat) and then touch a metal
table or chair. Then the shock you felt
was static electricity dissipating through
your body.
Dynamic Electricity:-
It is the electricity which is in motion, electrons
flowing through a conductor is nothing but
dynamic electricity.

Direct Current:-

❖ It is the electricity in which electrons flow in only one direction.

❖ In DC, the electrons flow steadily in a single
direction or forward direction.
E.g.: DC electrical system is used in cars.
Alternating Current:-

❖ Electricity with electrons flowing back & forth, is called

AC. In AC electrons changes the direction, going
forwards & then back wards.

E.g.: The power that comes from our wall outlets is AC.
The electrical appliance in our home use AC power.
Overview of circuit components

Source voltage Volts(v)

10( ) Ohms ( )
Resistor

Capacitor Farad (F)

Inductor Henry (H)

Diode

LED

Transistor

Transformer
 Conductors
❖ It is any material that conducts electricity.

❖ It is any material that allow the flow of electrons.

❖ It is any material which has 1 to 3 electrons in their

outermost orbit.

❖ Because atoms with 1 to 3 electrons in outer ring are

bound loosely to atom, they can easily move to another
atom.

E.g. Copper, Aluminum, Gold etc.

 Insulators
❖ An insulator is any material that inhibits (stops) the flow of
electrons (Electrical).

❖ It is any material that does not conducts electricity.

❖ It is any material that does not allow the flow of electrons.

❖ It is any material which has 5 to 8 electrons in their

outermost orbit.

❖ Because atoms with 5 to 8 electrons in outer ring are bound

tightly to atom, they can not easily move to another atom.

E.g. Wood, plastic, Rubber, Glass etc.

 Semi conductors:-
❖ It is any material with exactly 4 free electrons in its outermost
orbit.

❖ A semiconductor is neither a conductor nor an insulator.

E.g. Carbon, silicon & germanium.

❖ These materials are used in the manufacturing of Integrated

Circuits, diodes, transistors etc.
 Ohms law

Ohm's law states that the current

through a conductor between two
points is directly proportional to the
voltage across the two points.
Potential Difference
Voltage difference between any two points in a Circuit is
Known as “potential difference”. Greater the potential
difference, greater is the current flowing through the
circuit.

Power: -

Work done per unit time. It is the product of volt &

current.

P = V . I (DC)
E.g.: 60 Watts => 1.5 V is given.

Therefore: I= 60/1.5 = 40 A.
P = V . I . Cos Ø (A.C 1 Ø).
P = √3 . V . I . Cos Ø (A.C 3 Ø)
Kirchhoff’s laws
Kirchhoff’s laws mainly deal with voltage and current in the electrical circuits.

There are various relationships among voltages and currents of an electrical

circuit. These relationships are determined by Kirchhoffs laws such as KVL and
KCL. These laws are used to determine the impedance of the complex network or
equivalent electrical resistance and the currents flowing in the several branches
of the n/w.

Kirchhoff Current Law

KCL or Kirchhoffs current law or Kirchhoffs first

law states that the total current in a closed
circuit, the entering current at node is equal to
the current leaving at the node or the algebraic
sum of current at node in an electronic circuit
is equal to zero.
Kirchhoff Voltage Law

KVL or Kirchhoff’s
voltage law or
Kirchhoffs second law
states that, the
algebraic sum of the
voltage in a closed
circuit is equal to zero
or the algebraic sum
of the voltage at node
is equal to zero.
 An induced electromotive force (emf) always gives rise to a
current whose magnetic field opposes the change in original
magnetic flux.
 AC GENERATOR
Principle : A.C. generators or alternators (as they are
usually called) operate on the same
fundamental principles of electromagnetic induction as
D.C. generators.
Alternating voltage may be generated by rotating a coil
in the magnetic field or by rotating a magnetic field
within a stationary coil.

❖Minimum 1500 RPM is required to generate a current.

Fleming's Right-hand Rule
(for generators) shows the
direction of induced current when
a conductor attached to a circuit
moves in a magnetic field. It can
be used to determine the
direction of current in a
generator's windings.

Fleming's left-hand rule

is used for electric motors.
In an electric motor, the electric
current and magnetic field exist
(which are the causes), and they
lead to the force that creates the
motion (which is the effect), and so
the left hand rule is used.
Physically, a slip ring is a continuous ring, whereas a commutator is
segmented. Functionally, slip rings provide a continuous transfer of
power
Commutators, on the other hand, are used in DC motors to reverse the
polarity of current in the armature windings.
What is a sinusoidal ?

What is phasor?

What is phase?

What is phase difference?

What is vector addition?

To understand phasor
 Phase Sequence
In three phase system the order in which the voltages
attain their maximum positive value is called Phase
Sequence.
There are three voltages or EMFs in three phase
system with the same magnitude, but the frequency is
displaced by an angle of 120 deg electrically.

Taking an example, if the phases of any coil are named as R, Y, B then the
Positive phase sequence will be RYB, YBR, BRY also called as clockwise
sequence and similarly the Negative phase sequence will be RBY, BYR, YRB
respectively and known as an anti-clockwise sequence.

It is essential because of the following reasons:-

The parallel operation of three phase transformer or alternator is only
possible when its phase sequence is known.
The rotational direction of three phase induction motor depends upon its
sequence of phase on three phase supply and thus to reverse its direction
the phase sequence of the supply given to the motor has to be changed.
Winding R will Then Winding y Then Winding B
reach its peak will reach its peak will reach its peak
value first value value

After 120 Deg from initial position After 240 Deg from initial position
Winding Y will reach its peak Winding B will reach its peak
 Phase sequence
can also be called
as Phase rotation

In this case
our Phase
sequence will
be RYB
If you want to reverse the Phase sequence

Change the direction

of rotation of the
magnet.
Lets rotate it in an anti
clockwise direction.

Now the sequence of reaching the peak values will also change
Changing the direction of rotation of magnet is not an option for end user .
 Imagine there is a 3-phase load ex: induction motor

Why is phase sequence

important for induction
motors?

The direction of rotation can

be changed with the change
in phase sequence.

If the motor is running in

opposite direction then
phase sequence is mainly the
cause

If the 3phase load is purely resistive then change in phase

sequence will not effect anything but it may the effect the
unbalanced inductive and capacitive load
APPLICATION OF INDUCTION MOTORS
 RMS VALUE

The RMS value is the effective value of a varying voltage or current. It is

the equivalent steady DC (constant) value which gives the same effect. For
example, a lamp connected to a 6V RMS AC supply will shine with the
same brightness when connected to a steady 6V DC supply.

Multimeters also measure the RMS values

of AC quantities
 Consider 1st half cycle , voltage is divided in to equal sections

Take the square value Take the mean or average

 V peak = 20v

RMS value 14.14Vrms is equivalent to its DC value

To get the things more clearly consider the following examples
 Average Voltage
Average Voltage of an alternating waveform is very similar to
that for finding its RMS value, the difference this time is
that the instantaneous values are not squared and we do not
find the square root of the summed mean.

The symbols used for representing an

average value are defined as: VAV or IAV.

For a pure sinusoidal waveform ONLY, both

the average voltage and the RMS voltage (or
currents) can be easily calculated as:
Average value = 0.637 × maximum or peak
value, Vpk
RMS value = 0.707 × maximum or peak
value, Vpk
 Peak Factor
Peak Factor is defined as the ratio of maximum value to the R.M.S value of an
alternating quantity. The alternating quantities can be voltage or current. The
maximum value is the peak value or the crest value or the amplitude of the voltage
or current.

The value of Peak Factor is 1.4142

Peak factor is used for designing the cable insulation.

 Form Factor
The ratio of the root mean square value to the average value of an
alternating quantity (current or voltage) is called Form Factor. The
average of all the instantaneous values of current and voltage over one
complete cycle is known as the average value of the alternating
quantities. Mathematically, it is expressed as

The value of Form Factor is 1.11

There is a relation between the peak value, the average value, and the root means square
(R.M.S) value of an alternating quantity. Therefore, to express the relationship between all these
three quantities, the two factors are used, namely as Peak Factor and Form Factor.

Usually used for AC wave rectification

1 Phase Power
Average power is one half of its peak value
2 Phase Power
Out of phase by 90 deg
Power output is
constant in a 2
phase generator
and better than
1 phase
generator
3 Phase Power
Resultant power obtained from adding instantaneous power of all
the 3-phases
➢The 1 phase power output is not constant and the
average power is half than its maximum power.

➢The 2 phase power output is constant at every

instant and the average power is equal to the
maximum power of one phase.

➢The 3 phase power is also constant at every

instance and the average power is 1.5 times the
maximum power of one phase.
Star Connection
For example at instant corresponding to 240 deg

This is true for every instance

3phase 3 wire ( are connected in Y)

MAIN CONDITION is that the LOAD must be identical as

shown I n the circuit
Apparent Power transferred by star and delta connection

This proves power transferred by both the connection is same

➢ 3 phase system can be connected in two different
styles
star or delta.

➢In star connection,

line to line current is equal to line to neutral current.

But, line to line voltage is root 3 times the line to neutral
voltage.

➢In delta connection,

voltage across each element is equal to line voltage.
But, line current is root 3 times the current flowing
through each element.

Power transmitted by both the connection is same.

 Three Phase Balanced or load
unbalanced system or load
It is not the source that that decides
the if system is balanced or nor

It is the load which decides

Equal load on each winding

Equal current flows through all the phases
 This is true for every
instance .

Hence we can say there is

no current flowing
through the Neutral.

This is only applicable for

a perfectly balanced
system
 Properties of balanced system

➢Waveform is perfectly sinusoidal i.e.

in-terms of magnitude and phase shift of
120 deg

➢Current flowing through each phase is

identical.

➢No current flows through the neutral.

➢Power loss is very low or not present.

Three phase Unbalanced System or load
 System gets unbalanced because of following
reasons.

➢Unbalance in winding of a 3 phase equipment like 3

phase induction motor.
If the reactants of the three windings are not same
then it will draw unequal current from the system.

➢Unequal load on the system.

This causes more current to flow through one particular
phase on which the load is connected.

These are the two main and the basic causes of

unbalance in a system.
 Effects of unbalanced system

➢Heating of the 3 phase machines

➢Heating will decrease overall life of machine
➢This imbalance, will also increase the I^2 R
losses,
➢Also, unbalanced system may cause tripping of
variable frequency drives used for induction
motor.
 In our distribution system a neutral is always
provided. This is because, load on the phases is
not defined or equal. And hence, different phases
draw different current which makes the
distribution system unbalanced.
Properties of an unbalanced system.

➢Waveforms are disturbed in terms of

magnitude & phase angle.
➢Current flowing through phases is not same.
➢Neutral in needed.
➢Power losses are more.
 Domestic Load – The domestic load is defined as the total energy
consumed by the electrical appliances in the household work. It depends
on the living standard, weather and type of residence. The domestic loads
mainly consist of lights, fan, refrigerator, air conditioners, mixer, grinder,
heater, ovens, small pumping, motor, etc. The domestic load consume very
little power and also independent from frequency. This load largely
consists of lighting, cooling or heating.

Commercial Load – Commercial load mainly consist of lighting of shops,

offices, advertisements, etc., Fans, Heating, Air conditioning and many other
electrical appliances used in establishments such as market restaurants, etc.
are considered as a commercial load.

Industrial Loads – Industrial load consists of small-scale industries,

medium scale industries, large scale industries, heavy industries and cottage
industries. The induction motor forms a high proportion of the composite
load. The industrial loads are the composite load. The composite load is a
function of frequency and voltage and its form a major part of the system
load.

Agriculture Loads – This type of load is mainly motor pumps-sets load

for irrigation purposes. The load factor of this load is very small e.g. 0.15 –
 AC Resistance

In Simple words, Resistance in AC circuits is called Impedance Or

The Overall resistance (Resistance, Inductive reactance and
Capacitive reactance) in AC circuits is called Impedance (Z).

When AC Current pass through a wire

(resistor, inductor, capacitor), then current produces a magnetic
field across that wire which opposes the flow of AC Current in it
along with the resistance of that wire.
This oppose cause is called Inductance.
Also, we know that inductance only exist in AC because the
magnitude of current continuously changing
 Inductive Reactance
An inductor is simply a coil of wire. When current
passes through the coil, an electrical field is
generated. The field has been "induced." The
bigger the coil or the greater the number of
turns, the greater the induced field. This
phenomenon is called "inductance."
Inductive reactance is the name given to the
opposition to a changing current flow. This
impedance is measured in ohms, just like
resistance.
In inductors, voltage leads current by 90
degrees.

The formula for calculating the inductive reactance of a coil is:

inductive reactance, or XL, is the product of 2 times p (pi), or 6.28,
the frequency of the ac current, in hertz, and the inductance of the
coil, in henries.

XL = 2πfL
 Analogy to explain

In this analogy we are using Electron flow (Electron theory)

 Heavy
wheel
offers
resistance

water
takes the
least
resistance
path
As the
Heavy
wheel
starts
rotating it
offers
less
resistance

Both circuits are same

Electrons flowing.
Less current flows
through inductor
initially as it offers
high resistance

Resistance of
inductor is reducing
Some electrons start
flowing

Resistance of inductor is
almost none so almost
all the electrons are
now flowing through the
inductor.
Lamp will turn off.
When we disconnect
the power supply
inductor will continue to
push the electrons
through the lamp.

When current is passed through an electrical conductor the conductor will

generate a magnetic field around it. When the current is reversed the
magnetic field reverses. More current larger the magnetic field

When we wrap the

conductor in a coil it
forms large and more
powerful magnetic field
 No magnetic field exist
when power is off

When power is supplied

The magnetic field rises
and reaches maximum.
The magnetic field is
storing energy

When power is cut the

magnetic field is
converted in to
electrical energy and
this pushes the electron
along.
This happens very fast
When current flows

When current stops flowing

Digital LCR meter Inductors in circuit boards
 Inductance is
measured in henry

Any thing with a

coiled wire will act as
inductors
 AC Applied Across a Pure Inductor

A pure inductor has no resistance in the coil winding but has only
inductance. This property of inductance is exhibited by all motors,
transformers and generators (with some resistance in the coil). The figure
below shows pure inductive circuit with AC voltage source and their
appropriate waveforms.
 XL = 2πfL

Where:
XL = inductive reactance measured in ohms
2 = a constant (2 x 3.1416 = 6.28)
f = the AC frequency of the electrical supply in hertz
L = the inductance value of the coil in henries.

Example:
A coil with an inductance of 0.3
henries is connected to a 120 volt, 60
hertz AC circuit.
•To determine the current flow in the wire, first find the inductive reactance
of the coil.
•The inductive reactance equals 6.28 times 60 hertz times 0.3 henries which
equals 113.1 ohms.
• Now use Ohm's Law and divide 120 volts by 113.1 ohms which equals 1.06
amps.
• Remember the current will lag the voltage by 90 degrees so the current
flow is 90 degrees behind the voltage sine wave.

6.28 × 60 hertz × 0.3 henries = 113.1 ohms

120 volts = 1.06

113.1 ohms
 Capacitive Reactance
A capacitor is a device that is able to store
electrical energy. We talk in terms of a
capacitor being "charged up," or building a
"voltage potential," when current flows
through the device.
A capacitor is comprised of two or more
electrically conductive surfaces called "plates,"
insulated from each other by a material called
a dielectric. Materials such as air, paper, mica
and oil can be used as dielectrics.
In the very first instant that current flows,
there is a surge of electrons to one plate. They
are following the natural laws of attraction.
Once this plate becomes saturated, the plate is
fully charged.
The amount of charging a capacitor can
achieve is called capacitance and is measured
in Farads, or microfarads, µF
 Analogy for understanding capacitors

Imagine water is flowing

through a pipe. We can stop the
water flow by closing the valve

However if after the valve we

add a storage tank with water
still flowing out of the pipe

Now when we close the valve

water will stop pouring into the
tank but we still get a steady
supply of water out until the
tank empties
 Once the tank is filled again we can
open and close the valve as many
times as long as we do not
completely empty the tank
We will get continuous supply water
out of the tank

So we can use a tank to store water and smooth out interruption in water supply

In electrical circuits we use capacitor .

Capacitors act as the water tank and
stores energy. It can be used to smooth
out interruption to the supply

If we turn a simple circuit on and off very

fast without a capacitor then the light will
flash
 but if we connect a capacitor in to
the circuit then the light will remain
on during the interruptions at least
for a short period of time because
the capacitor is discharging and
powering the circuit

Made up of two conductive metal

plates separated by a di-electric
insulating medium
When the switch is closed the electrons
flow from the -ve terminal of the battery
towards the plate making it negatively
charged and making the other plate
positively charged when electrons are
drawn to the positive terminal of the
battery
 Eventually the flow will stop when
the potential difference between
the plates is equal to that of the
battery .

The capacitor is said to be charged

Supposed its Till there is no potential difference

connected to a between the plates
bulb. The capacitor is now said to be
discharged

If the switch is
closed current
starts flowing
and the bulb
glows
 When too many inductive loads are connected in a system

The current and the voltage wave form will fall out of sync with each other and the current
will lag behind the voltage . We then use capacitor banks to counteract this
 The opposition to the flow of
alternating current due to
capacitance is called
"capacitive reactance." It is
measured in ohms just like
resistance and
inductive reactance.
In capacitors, the current
leads voltage by 90 degrees.

The formula for calculating

the Capacitive Reactance, or
impedance of a capacitor is:
Capacitive reactance, denoted as x
sub c (XC), is equal to the constant
one million (or 106) divided by the
product of 2p ( or 6.28) times
frequency times the capacitance.
where:
XC = Capacitive reactance measured
in ohms.
f = is the AC frequency in Hertz.
C = is the capacitance in microfarads.

Example:
A capacitor with a capacitance of
106.1 microfarads is connected to a
120 volt, 60 hertz AC circuit.

• To determine the current flow in the

wire, first find
the capacitive reactance of the
capacitor.
•The capacitive reactance equals
1,000,000 divided by 6.28 times 60
hertz times 106.1 microfarads which
equals 25 ohms.
• Now use ohm's law and divide 120
volts by 25 ohms which equals 4.8
amps.
conclusion
Electrical Resistance & Impedance Formulas in AC Circuits

In AC Circuits (Capacitive or inductive Load), Resistance = Impedance i.e.,

Z = V / I in Ω

Z = √ (R2 + XL2)… In case of Inductive Load

Z = √ (R2 + XC2)…In case of Capacitive Load
Z = √ (R2 + (XL– XC)2…In case of both inductive and capacitive
Loads.

Where;
XL = Inductive reactance
XL = 2πfL…Where L = Inductance in Henry
XC = Capacitive reactance
XC = 1/2πfC… Where C = Capacitance in Farads.
 WATTS LAW
Ohm's Law states the relationship between
voltage, current and resistance.
Watt's Law states the relationship between
power, voltage and current.

Watt's Law - Three Phase

Three phase power is used primarily in
commercial and industrial environments,
providing power to motors and equipment. It
is more economical to operate large
equipment with three phase power.

Watt's Law: W = V avg. x A avg x p.f. x 1.732

Where:
W = wattage (watts)
Vavg = average voltage of the three separate phases (volts)
Aavg = average current of the three separate phases current (amps)
p.f. = average power factor or the three separate phases
1.732 = a constant necessary with 3 phase.
 In a three phase circuit, the use of the constant 1.732 results from the fact
that not all three phases are producing the same amount of power at the
same time.
Each phase's voltage and current move through zero at different times.

Suffice it to say that the

correct power from a three-
phase system at any point in
time is found by multiplying by
the square root of 3.
 An operating three phase motor has
voltages measured with a voltmeter on each phase of
453, 458, and 461 volts,
amperage measured on each phase with an ammeter are
14.1, 13.9, and 13.8 amps,
power factor was measured as 0.82.

The average voltage is 453 plus 458 plus 461 divided by 3 which
equals 457 volts.
453V + 458V + 461V = 457 Vavg
3

The average current is 14.1 plus 13.9 plus 13.8 divided by 3

which equals 13.9 amps.
14.1A +13.9A +18.8A = 13.9 Aavg
3
The electrical power input to the motor =

(457V x 13.9A x .082pf x 1.732) / 1000 = 5.2 KW

Basis For Comparison Wattmeter Energy Meter
Definition It measures the power flows in the The energy meter measures the
circuit energy consume by the electrical
load.
Unit Measures power in watt. Measures energy in joules.
Working Principle Current Carrying conductor place in a Work on the principle of
magnetic field experiences a torque. conversion of electrical energy
into mechanical work.
Construction Fixed and moving coil, Control system, Driving system, moving system,
damping system, Scale braking system and counting
& pointer. mechanism are the four main
parts of the energy meter.
Applications It is used for measuring power in an It is used for measuring electrical
electrical circuit and for determining energy in homes and industries.
the power rating of the appliances.
There are 3 forms of powers in AC
circuits.

➢Active power
➢ Reactive power
➢Apparent power
 Active, Reactive, and Apparent Power
P---True Power(Active power or Real power)
The power which is actually consumed or utilized in an AC Circuit is
called True power or Active Power or real power. It is measured in
kilo watt (kW) or MW. It is the actual outcomes of the electrical
system which runs the electric circuits or load.
(symbolized by the capital letter P).

Q---Reactive Power
We know that reactive loads such as inductors and capacitors dissipate zero power,
yet the fact that they drop voltage and draw current gives the deceptive impression
that they actually do dissipate power. This “phantom power” is called reactive
power, and it is measured in a unit called Volt-Amps-Reactive (VAR or MVAR), rather
than watts. The mathematical symbol for reactive power is the capital letter Q.

S---Apparent Power
The combination of reactive power and true power is called apparent power, and it
is the product of a circuit’s voltage and current, without reference to phase angle.
Apparent power is measured in the unit of Volt-Amps (VA) and is symbolized by the
capital letter S.
 Equations Using Scalar Quantities

There are several power equations relating the three types of power to resistance,
reactance, and impedance (all using scalar quantities):

Please note that there are two equations each for the calculation of true and
reactive power. There are three equations available for the calculation of
apparent power.
 Examine the following circuits and see how these three types of power
interrelate for: a purely resistive load, a purely reactive load, and a
resistive/reactive load.

Resistive Load Only

True power, reactive power, and apparent power for a purely resistive load.
Reactive Load Only

True power, reactive power, and apparent power for a purely reactive load.
Resistive/Reactive Load

Z = V / I in Ω

Z = √ (R2 + XL2)… In case of

Inductive Load

Z = √ (R2 + XC2)…In case of

Capacitive Load

Z = √ (R2 + (XL– XC)2…In case

of both inductive and capacitive

True power, reactive power, and apparent power for a resistive/reactive load.
The voltage is the same across any branch of a parallel circuit.
 The Power Triangle

These three types of power—true, reactive, and apparent—relate to one another in

trigonometric form. We call this the power triangle: (Figure below).
Real power (P) Reactive power (Q)
 Pow er Factor
As was mentioned before, the angle of this “power triangle” graphically
indicates the ratio between the amount of dissipated (or consumed)
power and the amount of absorbed/returned power.

It also happens to be the same angle as that of the circuit’s impedance in

polar form. When expressed as a fraction, this ratio between true power
and apparent power is called the power factor for this circuit.

Because true power and apparent power form the adjacent and
hypotenuse sides of a right triangle, respectively, the power factor ratio is
also equal to the cosine of that phase angle. Using values from the last
example circuit:
It should be noted that power factor, like all ratio measurements, is a unit less quantity.
 When, someone says, power factor of the

system is 0.8, what does that mean? This

simply means that, out for 100% power, 80% is

active power and reaming 20% is reactive

power.

Power factor tells about how much active

power a system/equipment is consuming.

 Summary
➢Power factor is the ratio between active power & apparent
power.
➢Power factor indicates the amount of active power circuit is
consuming.
➢In case of purely resistive circuit, the power factor would be
unity or highest, as the reactive power is zero & apparent power
is equal to active power.
➢In case of purely inductive or capacitive circuit, the power
factor would be Zero, as the active power is zero & apparent
power is equal to reactive power.
What Causes Low Power Factor?
Low power factor usually is caused by inductive loads, such as:
➢Electric motors
➢Transformers
➢Arc welders
➢HVAC systems
➢Molding equipment
➢Presses
➢High-intensity discharge lighting
Unlike resistive loads (i.e., incandescent lights, electric heaters, cooking
ovens), which involve a more direct conversion to useful work in the form of
heat energy, inductive loads operate off of the magnetic field that is created
by reactive power.
 Power Triangle of an AC Circuit

Where:
P is the I2 R or Real power that performs work measured in watts, W
Q is the I2X or Reactive power measured in volt-amperes reactive, VAr
S is the I2Z or Apparent power measured in volt-amperes, VA
Φ is the phase angle in degrees. The larger the phase angle, the greater the reactive
power
Cos(Φ) = P/S = W/VA = power factor, p.f.
Sin(Φ) = Q/S = VARVA
Tan(Φ) = Q/P = VAR/W
 Power Triangle Example

A wound coil that has an inductance of 180mH and a resistance

of 35Ω is connected to a 100V 50Hz supply. Calculate: a) the
impedance of the coil, b) the current, c) the power factor, and d)
the apparent power consumed.
Also draw the resulting power triangle for the above coil.
Data given: R = 35Ω, L = 180mH, V = 100V and ƒ = 50Hz.

(a) Impedance (Z) of the coil:

(b) Current (I) consumed by the coil:

(c) The power factor and phase angle, Φ:

(d) Apparent power (S) consumed by the coil:

(e) Power triangle for the coil:

What Causes Low Power Factor?
The answer is…inductive loads.

Inductive loads (which are sources of Reactive

Power) include:
❑Transformers
❑Induction motors
❑Induction generators (wind mill
generators)
❑High intensity discharge (HID) lighting
These inductive loads constitute a major
portion of the power consumed in industrial
complexes.