MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Semester I

Discipline: MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING

Stream: ME5
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CODE CATEGORY L T P CREDIT

COMPUTATIONAL
221TME100 METHODS FOR Discipline 3 0 0 3
ENGINEERS Core

Preamble:

Numerical simulations are the most reliable tool of mechanical

engineers to solve the problems in the domain and advanced
computational methods are a critical component of that. This course
targets to introduce the advanced numerical techniques required to
solve the mechanical engineering problems.

Course Outcomes:

After the completion of the course the student will be able to

CO 1 Solve system of equations using numerical techniques

CO 2 Apply numerical schemes to integrate, differentiate
and curve fit
CO 3 Determine solutions of ODE and PDE using
computational methods
CO 4 Formulate a Mechanical Engineering problem
and solve that using computer based numerical
procedure and submit micro-project
CO 5 Apply two different numerical methods to solve
(manual/computer) a problem and compare the
merits and demerits of those schemes

PO 1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6
CO 1 3 2 3 2
CO 2 3 2 3 2
CO 3 3 2 3 2
CO 4 3 2 2 3 2
CO 5 2 2 2 3 2

Assessment Pattern

Bloom’s Category End Semester

Examination
Apply 20%
Analyse 60%
Evaluate 20%
Create
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Mark distribution

Total CIE ESE ESE

Marks Duration
100 40 60 2.5
hours

Continuous Internal Evaluation: 40 Marks

Micro project/Course based project : 20 marks

(Formulate a mechanical engineering problem and solve that

using computer based numerical procedure and submit as
project. The project shall be done individually. Group projects not
permitted.)
Course based task (programming)/Seminar/Quiz: 10 marks Test

paper, 1 No. : 10 marks

Test paper shall include minimum 80% of the syllabus.

End Semester Examination: 60 Marks

The end semester examination will be conducted by the University

for Core Courses. There will be two parts; Part A and Part B. Part A
will contain 5 numerical/short answer questions with 1 question
from each module, having 5 marks for each question (such
questions shall be useful in the testing of knowledge, skills,
comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, evaluation and
understanding of the students). Students should answer all
questions. Part B will contain 7 questions (such questions shall be
useful in the testing of overall achievement and maturity of the
students in a course, through long answer questions relating to
theoretical/practical knowledge, derivations, problem solving and
quantitative evaluation), with minimum one question from each
module of which student should answer any five. Each question
can carry 7 marks.
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Model Question paper

QP Code: Total Pages:

Reg No.: Name:
APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY
FIRST SEMESTER M.TECH DEGREE
EXAMINATION, Month & Year
Discipline: Mechanical Engineering
Course Code:
Course Name: Computational Methods for
Engineers
Max. Marks: 60 Duration: 2.5 Hours
PART A
Answer all questions, each carries 5 marks. Mark
s
1 Use Gauss elimination (5)
to solve 3x1 - 0.1x2 -
0.2x3 = 7.85
0.1x1 + 7x2 - 0.3x3 = -19.3
0.3x1 - 0.2x2 +10x3 = 71.4
2 Explain the procedure of Newton-Raphson method (5)
and draw a
flowchart.
3 Explain the Trapezoidal rule and derive the (5)
equation for the
same.
4 Use the classical fourth-order RK method (5)
to integrate f(x, y) = -2x3 + 12x2 - 20x +
8.5
using a step size of h = 0.5 and an initial
condition of y = 1 at x =
0.
5 Write a short note on any simple implicit method. (5)

PART B
Answer any 5 full questions, each
question carries 7 marks.

6 Use Newton- Raphson method to determine a (7)

root of the equation
f(x) = x3-13x-12
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

7 Given these data, (7)

x 1.6 2 2.5 3.2 4 4.5

f(x) 2 8 14 15 8 2

Calculate f(2.8) using Newton’s interpolating

polynomials of order 1 through 3. Choose the
sequence of the points for y our estimates to attain
the best possible accuracy.

8 Evaluate the following integral:

π/2 (7)
ƒ (6 + 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
0
(a) single application of Simpson’s 1/3 rule
(b) multiple-application Simpson’s 1/3 rule, with n
= 4.
9 Solve the following initial value problem over the (7)
interval from t = 0 to 2 where y(0) = 1. Display
all your results on the same graph.
dy = yt 2 - 1.1y
dt
(a) Euler’s method with h = 0.5 and 0.25.
(b) Fourth-order RK method with h = 0.5.
10 Use the shooting method to solve 7 d2y/dx2 - 2 (7)
dy/dx - y + x= 0 with the boundary conditions y(0)
= 5 and y(20) = 8.
11 (7)

Use Liebmann’s method (Gauss-Seidel) to solve

for the temperature of the heated plate in figure.
Employ overrelaxation with a value of 1.5 for
the weighting factor and iterate to es
𝜀s =1%.
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

12 Use the simple implicit method to solve for the (7)

temperature distribution of a long, thin rod
with a length of 10 cm and the following
values: k’ = 0.49 cal/(s . cm . oC), 𝛥x = 2 cm,
and 𝛥t =
0.1 s. At t =- 0, the temperature of the rod is
zero and the boundary conditions are fixed for
all times at T(0) = 100oC and T(10) = 50oC.
Note that the rod is aluminium with C =
0.2174 cal/(g . oC) and 𝜌 = 2.7 g/cm3 .
Therefore, k = 0.49/ (2.7 . 0.2174) 5 0.835
cm2 /s and 𝜆 = 0.835(0.1)/(2)2 = 0.020875.
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Syllabus

Module 1

Introduction to Computational methods, system of

equations-Revision - Formulation of engineering problems and
solution using computational methods; significant figures,
accuracy, precision, round off error, truncation error,Taylor
series expansion of a polynomial. Roots of equation - Bisection,
Newton-Raphson, and Bairstow methods. Linear algebraic
equations - Gauss Elimination method, LU decomposition. Non-
linear equation- Gauss-Jordan method, Newton- Raphson for
simultaneous equations. Case studies with computer programs
(Python/Scilab/ C++/Fortran/other).

Module 2

Curve fitting- Linear regression- linearization of non linear

relation, linear least squares, multiple linear regression. Non
linear regression- polynomial regression, Gauss- Newton method.
Case studies with computer programs (Python/Scilab/
C++/Fortran/other).

Module 3

Numerical differentiation and integration- Derivatives- Newton’s

forward, backward, divided difference and Sterling formula.
Integration -Trapezoidal rule, Simpsons one third, Simpsons
three eighth, Gauss quadrature-two & three point. Case studies
with computer programs (Python/Scilab/ C++/Fortran/other).

Module 4

Numerical solutions to ordinary differential equations- Taylors

method, Eulers method, Runge-Kutta method fourth order,
simultaneous first order, Milne's predictor corrector. Initial value
problem - shooting method, Eigen values - polynomial method,
power method. Case studies with computer programs
(Python/Scilab/ C++/Fortran/other).

Module 5

Solution of partial differential equation & Interpolation-

 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Interpolation - Newtons forward and backward, divided difference

linear & quadratic, Lagrange interpolation, cubic splines,
Hermites interpolation. Solution of partial differential equation -
Difference equations, Elliptic equation- Laplace equation,
Poisson equation, Liebmann’s iterative methods, Parabolic
equation- Bender-Schmidt method, simple implicit, Crank-
Nicolson scheme, Solution of hyperbolic equation. Case studies
with computer programs (Python/Scilab/ C++/Fortran/other).
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Course Plan

No Topic No. of
Lectures -
40 Hrs
1 Introduction to Computational methods, system of
equations
1.1 Revision - Formulation of engineering 2
problems and solution using computational
methods; significant figures, accuracy,
precision, round off error, truncation error,
Taylor series expansion of a polynomial
1.2 Roots of equation - Bisection, Newton 2
Raphson, and Bairstow methods
1.3 Linear algebraic equations - Gauss 3
Elimination method, LU decomposition. Non-
linear equation- Gauss-Jordan method,
Newton- Raphson for simultaneous equations
1.4 Case studies with computer programs 2
(Python/Scilab/ C++/Fortran/other) (Not for
End Semester Examination)
2 Curve fitting
2.1 Linear regression- linearization of non linear 2
relation, linear least squares, multiple linear
regression
2.2 Non linear regression- polynomial regression, 3
Gauss- Newton method
2.3 Case studies with computer programs 2
(Python/Scilab/C++/Fortran/other) (Not for End
Semester Examination)
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

3 Numerical differentiation and integration

3.1 Derivatives - Newton’s forward, backward, 3
divided difference and Sterling formula
3.2 Integration -Trapezoidal rule, Simpsons one 3
third, Simpsons three eighth, Gauss
quadrature-two & three point.
3.3 Case studies with computer programs 2
(Python/Scilab/ C++/Fortran/other) (Not for
End Semester Examination)
4 Numerical solutions to ordinary differential equations
4.1 Taylors method, Eulers method, Runge- 3
Kutta method fourth order, simultaneous
first order, Milne's predictor corrector
4.2 Initial value problem - shooting method, Eigen 3
values -polynomial method, power method
4.3 Case studies with computer programs 2
(Python/Scilab/C++/Fortran/other)( Not for End
Semester Examination)
5 Solution of partial differential equation & Interpolation
5.1 Interpolation - Newtons forward and backward, 3
divided difference linear & quadratic, Lagrange
interpolation, cubic splines, Hermites
interpolation
5.2 Solution of partial differential equation - 3
Difference equations, Elliptic equation-
Laplace equation, Poisson equation,
Liebmann’s iterative methods, Parabolic
equation- Bender-Schmidt method, simple
implicit, Crank-Nicolson scheme, Solution of
hyperbolic equation
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

5.3 Case studies with computer programs 2

(Python/Scilab/
C++/Fortran/other)( Not for End Semester
Examination)

Reference Books

1. Steven C. Chapra, Raymond P Canale, Numerical Methods for

Engineering, 8e, Mc-Graw Hill Education (2020)
2. B.S. Grewal, numerical methods in engineering science with
programs in C, C++ and MATLAB(10th edition) Khanna Publisher
(2020)
3. E Balaguruswamy, Numerical Methods, McGraw Hill (2017)
4. P. Kandasamy , K. Thilagavathy and K. Gunavathy., Numerical
Methods, S Chand & Co Ltd (2016)
5. S. P. Venkateshan, Prasanna Swaminathan, Computational
Methods in Engineering, Ane Books (2014)
6. VN Vedamurthy & SN Iyengar, Numerical Methods, S Chand & Co
Ltd (2014)
7. AK Jaiswal and Anju Khandelwal, Computer Based Numerical and
Statistical Techniques, New Age International (2009)
8. Gilbert Strang, Computational Science and Engineering, Wellesley-
Cambridge Press (2007)
9. Joe D Hoffman, Numerical Methods for Engineers and Scientists,
Second Edition, Marcel Dekker (2001)
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CODE ADVANCED FLUID CATEGORY L T P CREDIT

22ITME009 MECHANICS PROGRAMME 3 0 0 3
CORE

Preamble:

The objectives of the course are:

1. To impart knowledge of various basic principles and equations of fluid

flow.

2. To analyse the applications of Navier Stokes equations

3. To understand flow in circular pipes and the concept of boundary

layer interaction.

4. To apply the fundamental laws to one dimensional compressible

isentropic flow for thedesign of convergent and divergent nozzles.

5. To solve the problems of compressible flow in constant area duct

involving friction and heat transfer along with the flow mechanisms in
normal/oblique shocks.

Course Outcomes:

After the completion of the course the student will be able to

CO 1 Explain the fundamental concepts of fluid flow, understand the flow

fields and the concept of boundary layer interaction.
CO 2 Explain the fundamental concepts involved in compressible flow
CO 3 Formulate and solve typical problems in one dimensional isentropic
compressible flow by use of the appropriate equations and tables.
CO 4 Solve typical problems of flow in constant area duct with friction
CO 5 Solve typical problems of flow in constant area duct with heat
transfer
CO 6 Calculate the change in flow properties across normal and oblique
shock waves.

Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes

PO 1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO 7
CO 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0
CO 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 0
CO 3 3 2 3 3 3 2 0
CO 4 3 0 3 3 3 0 0
CO 5 3 0 3 3 3 0 0
CO 6 3 0 3 3 3 0 0
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Assessment Pattern

Bloom’s Category End Semester

Examination (%)
Apply 70%
Analyse 20%
Evaluate 10%
Create

Mark distribution

Total CIE ESE ESE

Marks Duration

100 40 60 2.5 hours

Continuous Internal Evaluation Pattern:

Micro project/Course based project: 20 marks

Course based task/Seminar/Quiz: 10 marks

Test paper, Test paper shall include minimum 80% of the syllabus) :10
marks

End Semester Examination Pattern:

There will be two parts; Part A and Part B. Part A contain 5 numerical
questions (such questions shall be useful in the testing of knowledge, skills,
comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, evaluation and
understanding of the students), with 1 question from each module, having 5
marks for each question. Students shall answer all questions. Part B
contains 7 questions (such questions shall be useful in the testing of overall
achievement and maturity of the students in a course, through long answer
questions relating to theoretical/practical knowledge, derivations, problem
solvingand quantitative evaluation), with minimum one question from each
module of which student shall answer any five. Each question can carry 7
marks. Total duration of the examination will be 150 minutes.
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Course Level Assessment Questions

Course Outcome 1 (CO1):

1. Explain Reynolds transport theorem
2. Derive Plane Poiseuille flow from Navier Stokes equations.
3. Explain Blasius solution and Von Karmann Momentum Integral equation.
Course Outcome 2 (CO2):
1. Represent various flow regimes on steady flow adiabatic ellipse.
2. List the various conservation laws governing the compressible flow
3. Define Mach cone and Mach Angle
Course Outcome 3 (CO3)
1. Express stagnation enthalpy in terms of static enthalpy and velocity of
flow
2. Explain the phenomenon of choking in isentropic flow.
3. Write applications of convergent nozzles and convergent-Divergent nozzles
Course Outcome 4 (CO4):
1. Describe the phenomenon of frictional chocking
2. Differentiate between Fanno flow and Isothermal flow
3. Explain the significance of critical length in Fanno flow
Course Outcome 5 (CO5):
1. Explain the process of thermal choking in Rayleigh flow
2. Prove that at the maximum entropy point in a Rayleigh line, the Mach
number is unity.
3. Locate the maximum enthalpy point in Rayleigh flow
Course Outcome 6 (CO6):
1. State and prove Prandtl-Mayer relationship for a normal shock wave.
2. What is an expansion fan? How does it occur in supersonic flow?
3. Explain why shock is impossible in subsonic flow.
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

MODEL QUESTION PAPER

APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

ADVANCED FLUID MECHANICS-22ITME009

Maximum: 60 Marks Duration: 2.5

hours

PART A

Answer all questions. Each question carries 5 marks

1. Using RTT, derive the continuity equation in integral form. What are
the assumptions?

2. With suitable assumptions, explain Plain Poiseuille flow from

incompressible Navier stokes equation.

3. Explain Blasius solution and Von Karmann momentum integral

equation

4. Draw and explain the steady flow adiabatic ellipse and mark the
ranges of incompressible, subsonic, supersonic and hypersonic flows.

5. Air enters a constant area pipe with velocity 150 m/s temperature
60° C and pressure 0.5 MN/m2 respectively. If 180 kJ/ kg of heat is
added to the pipe, find final pressure, final Mach number, change in
stagnation pressure and change in entropy.

(5 X 5 = 25 Marks)

PART B

Answer any five questions

1. Derive the general form of Reynolds Transport theorem by

imagining a system and a coinciding control volume. With the help
of continuity equation, express the Navier Stokes equation in terms
of the material derivative. Also express the x-component of
incompressible Navier Stokes equation explaining each term.
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

2. Applying suitable boundary conditions derive the solution of Plane

Poiseuille flow from Navier Stokes equation. Hence derive the
relation between average velocity and maximum velocity.

3. Show that the axial velocity profile in a fully developed laminar pipe
flow is having parabolic variation along the radial direction.

4. A plate of 600 mm length and 400 mm wide is immersed in a fluid

of sp.gr. 0.9 and kinematic viscosity ν = 10-4 m2/s. The fluid is
moving with a velocity of 6 m/s. Determine 1) Boundary layer
thickness 2) Shear stress at the end of the plate 3) Drag force on
one side of the plate

5. Derive an expression for sonic velocity of sound in terms of the

difference of specific heats and the ratio of specific heats for a gas
in a medium.

6. Derive an expression for Mach number downstream of a shock.

Hence obtain the expression for pressure ratio across a normal
shock.

7. Prove that in Rayleigh flow, at the point of maximum entropy and

maximum enthalpy, the values of Mach number are 1.0 and 1/√γ
respectively.

(5 X 7 = 35 Marks)
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Syllabus

Module 1- Fluid Flow-Basic Concepts and Fundamentals

Description of Fluid motion – Lagrangian and Eulerian approaches, Velocity,

gradient of velocity, rate of strain, stress, Newton's law of viscosity,
Stokeshypothesis, acceleration, temporal acceleration, convective
acceleration.Basic equations of fluid flow: Reynold’s transport equation-
integral and differential formulations, integral form of the equations of
continuity, momentum and energy equations, use of integral equations,
differential form of these equations. Navier-Stokes equation for
incompressible flow, Stream function, rotation, vorticity, stream function-
vorticity formulation, potential function, equation of potential flow.

Module 2- Solution of Incompressible Navier Stokes Equations

Some exact solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations: Plane Poiseuille flow:

velocity distribution, maximum velocity, volume flow rate, average velocity,
shear stress distribution, maximum shear stress, pressure drops in terms of
average velocity.Couette flow: velocity distribution, maximum velocity,
volume flow rate, average velocity, shear stress distribution, maximum
shear stress, Plane Couette flowCombined Poiseuille and Couette flow.

Module 3- Flow in Pipes and Boundary Layer Theory

Hagen Poiseuille equations for velocity and discharge through a pipe,

maximum velocity, volume flowrate, average velocity, shear stress
distribution, maximum shear stress, pressure drops in terms of average
velocity derivation of friction factor for laminar flow Boundary layer theory,
Boundary layer thickness, Displacement thickness andmomentum
thickness, Prandtl boundary layer equations, Blasius solution forflow over a
flat plate, Momentum integral equations.Vortex shedding and introduction
to turbulent flow.

Module 4- Introduction to Compressible Flow

Fundamentals of compressible flow: Concept of continuum-system and

control volume approach- conservation of mass, momentum and energy-
Mach number and its significance- Mach waves- Mach cone and Mach
angle- physical difference between incompressible, subsonic, sonic and
supersonic flows- static and stagnation states- relationship between
stagnation temperature, pressure, density and enthalpy in terms of Mach
number- Reference states in compressible fluid flows - adiabatic energy
equation-representation of various flow regimes on steady flow adiabatic
ellipse.
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

One Dimensional Isentropic flow: General features of isentropic flow-

Comparison of adiabatic and isentropic process- One dimensional isentropic
flow in ducts of varying cross-section- nozzles and diffusers- mass flow rate
in nozzles- critical properties and choking- area ratio as function of Mach
number- Impulse function- operation of nozzle under varying pressure ratios
–over expansion and under expansion in nozzles-Applications of convergent
divergent nozzles- Use of gas dynamics tables.

Module 5- Fanno, Rayleigh Flows and Normal/Oblique Shocks

Flow in constant area duct with friction (Fanno flow): Fanno curve and
Fanno flow equations - Fanno line on h-s and p-v diagram- variation of flow
properties- variation of Mach number with duct length- Chocking due to
friction- isothermal flow in constant area duct with friction.

Flow through constant area duct with heat transfer (Rayleigh Flow):
Rayleigh line on h-s and p-v diagram-location of maximum enthalpy point-
thermal chocking-and maximum heat transfer- variations of flow properties.

Normal shock Waves: Development of shock wave- governing equations-

Strength of shock waves- Normal Shock on T-S diagram -Prandtl-Mayer
relation, Rankine-Hugoniot relation- Mach number in the downstream of
normal shock- variation of flow parameters across the normal shock -normal
shock in Fanno and Rayleigh flows- working formula- curves and tables

Oblique shock waves: weak and strong oblique shocks-shock polar diagram-
expansion waves-Oblique shock waves supersonicflow over a compression
and expansion corner.
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

COURSE PLAN

Module Topic No. of

Lectures
1 FluidFlow-Basic Concepts and Fundamentals
1.1 Description of fluid motion – Lagrangian and 3
Eulerian approaches, Velocity, gradient of velocity,
rate of strain, stress, Newton's law of viscosity,
Stokeshypothesis, acceleration, temporal
acceleration, convective acceleration
1.2 Basic equations of fluid flow: Reynold’s transport 3
equation-integral and differential formulations,
integral form of the equations of continuity,
momentum and energy equations
1.3 Navier-Stokes equation for incompressible flow, 2
Stream function, rotation, vorticity, stream
function-vorticityformulation, potential function,
equation of potential flow
2 Solution of Navier Stokes Equations
2.1 Some exact solutions of the Navier-Stokes 3
equations: Plane Poiseuille flow: velocity
distribution, maximum velocity,volume flow rate,
average velocity, shear stress distribution,
maximum shear stress, pressure drops in terms of
average velocity
2.2 Couette flow: velocity distribution, maximum 3
velocity, volume flow rate, average velocity, shear
stress distribution, maximum shear stress, Plane
Couette flow
2.3 Combined Poiseuille and Couette flow (Basics only) 2
3 Flow in Pipes-Boundary layer Theory
3.1 Derivation of Hagen Poiseuille equations for velocity 3
and discharge through apipe, maximum velocity,
volume flow rate, average velocity, shear stress
distribution, maximum shear stress, pressure drops
in terms of average velocity derivation of friction
factor for laminar flow.
3.2 Boundary layer theory, Boundary layer thickness, 3
Displacement thickness andmomentum thickness,
Prandtl boundary layer equations, Blasius solution
for
flow over a flat plate, Momentum integral equations
3.3 Vortex shedding, introduction to turbulent flow, 2
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

mean and fluctuating components (Basics only)

4 Introduction to Compressible flow:
4.1 Concept of continuum systemand control volume 2
approach- conservation of mass, momentum and
energy- stagnation state- compressibility
4.2 Wave propagation- Acoustic velocity-Mach number- 3
effect of Mach number on compressibility- Pressure
coefficient-physical difference between
incompressible, subsonic and supersonic flows-
Mach cone-sonic boom reference
Velocities-Impulse function-adiabatic energy
equation representation of various flow regimes on
steady flow adiabatic ellipse.
4.3 One dimensional steady isentropic flow- Adiabatic 3
and isentropic flow of aperfect gas- basic equations-
Area-Velocity relation using 1D approximation
nozzleand diffuser-mass flow rate-choking in
isentropic flow-flow coefficients and efficiency of
nozzle and diffuser- working tables-charts and
tables forisentropic flow.
5 Fanno flow, Rayleigh flow and Normal Shocks
5.1 Flow in a constant area duct with friction (Fanno 2
Flow) – GoverningEquations- Fanno line on h-s and
P-v diagram- Fanno relation for a perfectgas-
Chocking due to friction-Isothermal flow
(elementary treatment only)-working tables for
Fanno flow
5.2 Flow through constant area duct with heat transfer 3
(Rayleigh Flow)-Governing equations- Rayleigh line
in h-s and P-v diagram-Rayleigh relationfor perfect
gas- maximum possible heat addition-location of
maximum
enthalpy point- thermal chocking- working tables
for Rayleigh flow.
5.3 Irreversible discontinuity in supersonic flow- one 3
dimensional shockwave- stationary normal shock-
governing equations- Prandtl- Meyerrelations-
Shock strength- Rankine- Hugoniot Relation-
Normal Shock on
Fanno, Rayleigh curves- working formula- curves
and tables-moving normalshock (elementary
treatment only)- operation of nozzle under
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

varyingpressure ratios- two-dimensional shock

waves- Oblique shock waves supersonic
flow over a compression and expansion corner
(basic idea only).

Reference Books

1. Kundu, Pijush K., and Ira M. Cohen. Fluid Mechanics. 6th ed.
Academic Press, 2015.
2. Gupta. V & Gupta. S, Fluid Mechanics and its Applications, Wiley
Eastern Ltd.
3. White F.M., Viscous Fluid Flow, McGraw Hill.
4. S.M Yahya, Gas Dynamics, New Age International Publishers.
5. Balachandran P., Fundamentals of Compressible Fluid Dynamics,
Prentice Hall India Learning Private Limited.
6. Rathakrishnan E., Gas Dynamics, Prentice Hall India.

Data Book

1. Yahya S. M., Gas Tables, New Age International.

2. Balachandran P., Gas Tables, Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Limited.

 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CODE IC ENGINE CATEGORY L T P CREDIT

22ITME010 COMBUSTION AND PROGRAMME 3 0 0 3
POLLUTION CORE

Preamble:

The objectives of the course are:

1. To impart an awareness regarding the chemistry f fuel air mixtures

and their combustion

2. To study the combustion mechanism inCI engines

3. To study the combustion mechanism in SI engines

4. To study the utilization of alternate fuels in IC engines

5. To study about engine emissions and emission standards

6. To study about emission control mechanisms

Course Outcomes:

After the completion of the course the student will be able to

CO 1 To impart an awareness regarding the chemistry of fuel air mixtures

and their combustion
CO 2 To study the combustion mechanism in CI engines
CO 3 To study the combustion mechanism in SI engines
CO 4 To study the utilization of alternate fuels in IC engines
CO 5 To study about engine emissions and emission standards
CO 6 To study about emission control mechanisms

Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes

PO 1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO 7
CO 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0
CO 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 0
CO 3 3 2 3 3 3 2 0
CO 4 3 0 3 3 3 0 0
CO 5 3 0 3 3 3 0 0
CO 6 3 0 3 3 3 0 0
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Assessment Pattern

Bloom’s Category End Semester

Examination (%)
Apply 70%
Analyse 20%
Evaluate 10%
Create

Mark distribution

Total CIE ESE ESE

Marks Duration

100 40 60 2.5 hours

Continuous Internal Evaluation Pattern:

Micro project/Course based project: 20 marks

Course based task/Seminar/Quiz: 10 marks

Test paper shall include minimum 80% of the syllabus):10 marks

End Semester Examination Pattern:

There will be two parts; Part A and Part B. Part A contain 5 numerical
questions (such questions shall be useful in the testing of knowledge, skills,
comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, evaluation and
understanding of the students), with 1 question from each module, having 5
marks for each question. Students shall answer all questions. Part B
contains 7 questions (such questions shall be useful in the testing of overall
achievement and maturity of the students in a course, through long answer
questions relating to theoretical/practical knowledge, derivations, problem
solvingand quantitative evaluation), with minimum one question from each
module of which student shall answer any five. Each question can carry 7
marks. Total duration of the examination will be 150 minutes.
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Model Question Paper

APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

IC ENGINE COMBUSTION AND POLLUTION-22ITME010

Maximum: 60 Marks Duration: 2.5

hours

PART A

Answer all questions. Each question carries 5 marks

1. Define Damkohler number. What is role of Damkohler number in SI

engine flame characterization?

2. Discuss the effect of engine operating variables on the flame speed of

S.I. engine.

3. Discuss the overall spray structure of a diesel fuel spray and the effect
of swirl on the spray structure.

4. List 4 promising alternate fuels for I.C. engines and their advantages
over conventional I.C. engine fuels.

5. “Soot is much more of a problem in Diesel engine exhaust than petrol

engine exhaust.” Is this statement true? Substantiate your answer

(5 X 5 = 25 Marks)

PART B

Answer any five questions

1. Deriveanexpressionforthelossinavailabilityduringtheisentropicexpa
nsion process of a constant volume cycle.

2. Determine the exhaust gas composition in terms of mole fraction

for the combustion of C6H12 with air, for an equivalence ratio of
0.9.

3. Derive an expression for the net heat release rate of a DI engine in

terms pressure and volume change, stating all assumptions.
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

4. List the abnormal combustion phenomena in S.I. engines and

briefly describe the cause of each.

5. Show the stages of combustion in a C.I engine on a pressure –

crank angle diagram and explain the processes happening in each
stage.

6. With the aid of a block diagram, explain any one production

process for biodiesel.

7. List and explain the sources of non-exhaust emissions in

automobiles and the methods to reduce or eliminate them.

(5 X 7 = 35 Marks)
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

SYLLABUS

Module 1

Engine design and operating parameters. Thermo chemistryof fuel-air

mixtures. Properties of working fluids- unburned mixture composition,
burned mixture charts, Exhaust gas composition.

Module 2

Ideal models of engine cycles, Availability analysis of engine processes.

Combustion in SI engines-Thermodynamic analysis, Flame structure and
speed, Cyclic variations in combustion. Abnormal combustion

Module 3

Combustion in CI engines-Phenomenological model of CI engine combustion.

Analysis of cylinder pressure data, fuel spray behaviour. Abnormal
combustion.

Module 4

Utilization of alternate fuels in IC engines-biodiesel, hydrogen, LPG, Natural

gas. HCCI combustion, ASTM specifications. Electric vehicles.

Module 5

Engine emission and air pollution-Genesis and formation of pollutants. SI

engine emission control technology. CI engine emission control technology
,fuel quality, emission standards
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

COURSE PLAN

Module Topic No. of

Lectures
1.1 Engine design and operating parameters 2
1.2 Thermo chemistryof fuel-air mixtures 2
1.3 Properties of working fluids- unburned mixture 4
composition, burned mixture charts, Exhaust gas
composition.
2.1 Ideal models of engine cycles, Availability analysis of 3
engine processes.
2.2 Combustion in SI engines-Thermodynamic analysis, 3
Flame structure and speed, Cyclic variations in
combustion
2.3 Abnormal combustion 2
3.1 Combustion in CI engines-Phenomenological model 3
of CI engine combustion.
3.2 Analysis ofcylinder pressure data, fuel spray 3
behaviour
3.3 Abnormal combustion 2
4.1 Utilization of alternate fuels in IC engines-biodiesel, 4
hydrogen, LPG, Natural gas
4.2 HCCI combustion, ASTM specifications. 2
4.3 Electric vehicles 2
5.1 Engine emission and air pollution-Genesis and 2
formation of pollutants
5.2 SI engine emission control technology 3
5.3 CI engine emission control technology ,fuel quality, 3
emission standards

Reference Books

1. Heywood JB, IC Engine fundamentals, McGrawhillbookCo, 1989

2. B PPundir, Engine emissions, Narosa publishing house, 2007
3. Ganesan, Internal combustion engines, Tata-McgrawHill Publishers,
2002
4. FObert,IC Engines and air pollution, Intexteducationalpublishers,1973
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

PROGRAM
ELECTIVE I
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

221EME048 ADVANCED CATEGORY L T P CREDIT

THERMODYNAMICS AND PROGRAM 3 0 0 3
COMBUSTION ELECTIVE
1

Preamble: Nil

Pre-requisites: Thermodynamics, Basic chemistry.

Course Outcomes:

After the completion of the course the student will be able to

CO 1 Apply first and second laws of thermodynamics to thermodynamic

systems and cycles
CO 2 Understand and develop thermodynamic relations
CO 3 Understand different equations of state and apply equations of state
for calculation of thermodynamic properties
CO 4 Appy first law of thermodynamics to combustion process
CO 5 Appy second law of thermodynamics to combustion process

Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes

PO 1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO 7
CO 1 3 1 2 1 1 1 1
CO 2 3 1 2 1 1 1 1
CO 3 3 1 2 1 1 1 1
CO 4 3 1 3 3 1 1 1
CO 5 3 1 3 3 1 1 1

Assessment Pattern

Bloom’s Category End Semester

Examination
Apply 30
Analyse 15
Evaluate 15
Create -

Mark distribution

Total CIE ESE ESE

Marks Duration

100 40 60 2.5 hours

 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Continuous Internal Evaluation Pattern:

Preparing a review article based on peer reviewed original publications

(minimum 10publications shall be referred): 15 marks

Course based task/Seminar/Data collection and interpretation: 15 marks

Test paper, 1 no. : 10 marks

Test paper shall include minimum 80% of the syllabus.

End Semester Examination Pattern:

The end semester examination will be conducted by the respective College.

There will be two parts; Part A and Part B. Part A will contain 5
numerical/short answer questions with 1 question from each module,
having 5 marks for each question (such questions shall be useful in the
testing of knowledge, skills, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis,
evaluation and understanding of the students). Students should answer all
questions. Part B will contain 7 questions (such questions shall be useful in
the testing of overall achievement and maturity of the students in a course,
through long answer questions relating to theoretical/practical knowledge,
derivations, problem solving and quantitative evaluation), with minimum
one question from each module of which student should answer any five.
Each question can carry 7 marks.
Note: The marks obtained for the ESE for an elective course shall not
exceed 20% over the average ESE mark % for the core courses. ESE marks
awarded to a student for each elective course shall be normalized
accordingly. For example if the average end semester mark % for a core
course is 40, then the maximum eligible mark % for an elective course is
40+20 = 60 %.
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Model Question paper

Name :
Reg No
APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

FIRST SEMESTER M.TECH. DEGREE EXAMINATION

Department: MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Specialisation: M.Tech in Internal Combustion Engines and
Turbo
machinery
221EME048ADVANCED THERMODYNAMICS AND
COMBUSTION

Time:3 hours Max.Marks: 60

Answer all five questions in Part A
Answer any five questions in part B
(Advanced Thermodynamics data book can be permitted)

PART A

1. Helium is expanded in a turbine from 1500 kPa and 3008C to 100 kPa
and 258C. Determine the maximum work this turbine can produce, in
kJ/kg. Does the maximum work require an adiabatic turbine?

2. Describe the inversion line and the maximum inversion temperature.

3. What is an equation of state? What are the advantages and limitations of

the ideal gas equation of state?

4. A fuel mixture with molar composition 70% CH4, 20% CO, 5% O2 and 5 %
N2 is burned with 20% excess air. Determine the air-fuel ratio on mass basis
and mole basis

5. Determine the percentage dissociation of carbon dioxide into carbon

monoxide and oxygen at 3000 K at a pressure of one atmosphere. What
happens to the percentage dissociation of carbon dioxide with increase in
temperature?
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

PART B

6.Steam enters a turbine steadily at 3 MPa and 4508C at a rate of 8 kg/s

and exits at 0.2 MPa and 1508C, (Fig. 8–44). The steam is losing heat to the
surrounding air at 100 kPa and 258C at a rate of 300 kW, and the kinetic
and potential energy changes are negligible. Determine (a) the actual power
output,(b) the maximum possible power output, (c) the second-law
efficiency, (d) the exergy destroyed, and (e) the exergy of the steam at the
inlet conditions.

7.Derive an expression for the specific heat difference Cp -Cv for (a) an ideal
gas, (b) a van der Waals gas, and (c) an incompressible substance.

8. Compare the ideal gas equation of state and the van der Waal equation of
state. How can you determine the Van der Waals constants from the critical
properties of a pure substance?

9. The equilibrium constant, Kp, for the reaction CO(g) + H2O(g) CO2 (g)
+ H2 (g) at 1 bar and 298 K is 1.1582 X105. Assuming that the enthalpy of
combustion remains constant in the temperature range from 298 K to
1000 K, estimate the value of ‘Kp’ at 1 bar and 1000 K.

10. Explain the term adiabatic flame and temperature. Derive the necessary
expression to estimate the adiabatic flame temperature in the case of a
steady flow adiabatic combustion reaction

11. Derive the van Hoff equation and discuss its significance in chemical
equilibrium

12. Gaseous fuel C12H26 and air enters a diesel engine at 25 °C. 200
percent theoretical air is used. Products of combustion leave at 600 K. The
heat loss from the engine is 93 MJ/kmol . Determine the work transfer for a
fuel flow rate of 1 kmol per hour.
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Syllabus

Module 1

Review of basic thermodynamics: Basic definitions – System,

thermodynamic properties, work and heat, Zeroth, First and Second laws of
thermodynamics, applications of laws in analysing thermodynamic systems
and cycles, Exergy-Second law efficiency, Exergy balance of closed system
and control volume, Second law analysis of power cycles.

Module 2

Gibbs function and Helmholtz functions, Mathematical condition for exact

differentials, Maxwell relations. Relations for change in internal energy,
enthalpy change, entropy change of ideal gases and real gases. Specific heat
relations, Joule-Thomson expansion and Joule-Thomson coefficient

Module 3

Thermodynamic equations of state: Ideal gas equation of state, Inter

molecular forces-internal energy, Electric nature of atoms and molecules,
attractive forces, Inter molecular potential function and repulsive forces,
chemical forces, Principle of corresponding states, Generalized
compressibility charts, Van der Waals equation of state, virial equation of
state, determination of parameters for mixtures.

Module 4

Properties of gases & gas mixtures – Ideal and real gases, Enthalpy of
formation – Heat of reaction –Combustion equations- theoretical & excess
air, stoichiometric & equivalence ratio Air fuel ratio from analysis of
products, First law for reaction systems–Adiabatic flame temperature.

Module 5

Second law analysis of reaction systems- Concept of chemical equilibrium –

Degree of reaction–Chemical potential and equilibrium constant –Law of
mass action – Vant Hoff’s equation – Change in Gibbs free energy and
equilibrium constant, equilibrium composition of a chemical reaction, effect
of non-reacting gases. Chemical equilibrium for simultaneous reactions
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Course Plan (For 3 credit courses, the content can be for 40 hrs and for 2
credit courses, the content can be for 26 hrs. The audit course in third
semester can have content for 30 hours).

No Topic No. of
Lectures
1 Module 1 Review of basic thermodynamics
1.1 Review of basic thermodynamics: Basic definitions – 1
System, thermodynamic properties
1.2 Work and heat, Zeroth, First and Second laws of 2
thermodynamics,
1.3 applications of laws in analysing thermodynamic 2
systems and cycles
1.4 Exergy-Second law efficiency, Exergy balance of closed 3
system and control volume, Second law analysis of
power cycles
2 Module 2 Thermodynamic relations
2.1 Gibbs function and Helmholtz functions, 1
Mathematical condition for exact differentials
2.2 Maxwell relations 1
2.3 Relations for change in internal energy, enthalpy 3
change, entropy change of ideal gases and real gases.
2.4 Specific heat relations, Joule-Thomson expansion and 3
Joule-Thomson coefficient
3 Thermodynamic equations of state
3.1 Ideal gas equation of state- Applications and 1
limitations
3.2 Inter molecular forces-internal energy, Electric nature 2
of atoms and molecules, attractive forces, Inter
molecular potential function and repulsive forces,
chemical forces
3.3 Principle of corresponding states, Generalized 1
compressibility charts
3.4 Van der Waals equation of state, virial equation of 2
state
3.5 Determination of parameters for mixtures. 2
4 Gas mixtures. Heat of combustion, Equivalence ratio and
application of first law to combustion process
4.1 Properties of gases & gas mixtures – Ideal and real 2
gases
4.2 Enthalpy of formation – Heat of reaction 1
4.3 Combustion equations- theoretical & excess air, 3
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

stoichiometric & equivalence ratio Air fuel ratio from

analysis of products
4.4 First law for reaction systems–Adiabatic flame 2
temperature.
5 Second law analysis of reaction systems
5.1 Concept of chemical equilibrium – Degree of reaction– 2
Chemical potential and equilibrium constant
5.2 Law of mass action – Vant Hoff’s equation – Change in 4
Gibbs free energy and equilibrium constant,
equilibrium composition of a chemical reaction
5.3 Effect of non-reacting gases. Chemical equilibrium for 2
simultaneous reactions

Reference Books

1. P K. Nag, Engineering Thermodynamics, McGraw-Hill Education, 5th Ed.,

2013.

2. Yunus A. Cengel, Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, McGraw-

Hill Education, 8th Ed., 2014.

3. M J. Moran, H N. Shapiro, D D. Boettner, M B.Bailey, Fundamentals of

Engineering Thermodynamics, Wiley Global Education,7th Ed., 2010.

4 CPArora, Thermodynamics, McGraw-Hill Education, 26th Reprint., 2014.

5.Milo D Koretsky, Engineering and Chemical Thermodynamics, Wiley, 2nd

edition, 2013
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CODE FLUID FLOW AND GAS CATEGORY L T P CREDIT

221EME049 DYNAMICS PROGRAM 3 0 0 3
ELECTIVE 1

Course Outcomes:

After the completion of the course the student will be able to

CO 1 Define the concept of compressible fluid flow.

CO 2 Identify flow through duct and nozzles under various conditions.

CO 3 Develop the concepts of normal shocks and oblique in fluid flow

CO 4 Explain Adiabatic flow through constant area duct with friction

CO 5 Explain Flow through constant area duct with heat transfer

Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes

PO 1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO 7
CO 1 3 3 2

CO 2 3 2

CO 3 2 2 2 2

CO 4 2 2

CO 5 2 2

Assessment Pattern

Bloom’s Category End Semester

Examination
Apply 80%
Analyse 20%
Evaluate
Create

Mark distribution

Total CIE ESE ESE

Marks Duration

100 40 60 2.5 hours

 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Continuous Internal Evaluation Pattern:

Preparing a review article based on peer reviewed original publications

(minimum 10publications shall be referred): 15 marks

Course based task/Seminar/Data collection and interpretation: 15 marks

Test paper, 1 no. : 10 marks

Test paper shall include minimum 80% of the syllabus.

End Semester Examination Pattern:

The end semester examination will be conducted by the respective College.

There will be two parts; Part A and Part B. Part A will contain 5
numerical/short answer questions with 1 question from each module,
having 5 marks for each question (such questions shall be useful in the
testing of knowledge, skills, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis,
evaluation and understanding of the students). Students should answer all
questions. Part B will contain 7 questions (such questions shall be useful in
the testing of overall achievement and maturity of the students in a course,
through long answer questions relating to theoretical/practical knowledge,
derivations, problem solving and quantitative evaluation), with minimum
one question from each module of which student should answer any five.
Each question can carry 7 marks.
Note: The marks obtained for the ESE for an elective course shall not
exceed 20% over the average ESE mark % for the core courses. ESE marks
awarded to a student for each elective course shall be normalized
accordingly. For example if the average end semester mark % for a core
course is 40, then the maximum eligible mark % for an elective course is
40+20 = 60 %.

Model Question Paper

APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

FIRST SEMESTER M.TECH DEGREE EXAMINATION

221EME049 FLUID FLOW AND GAS DYNAMICS

Mechanical Engineering
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Time:2.5 hours Max.Marks: 60

Answer all five questions. Part ‘A’ of each question is compulsory.

Each question carries 5 marks.

Use of Approved Data Book is permitted

Q No. Part-A

1. Derive adiabatic steady flow elliptic energy equation. Represent various

flow regimes on steady flow adiabatic ellipse.

2. Show that pressure coefficient in compressible fluids varies as a function

of Mach number.

3. Can shock waves develop in a subsonic flow? Justify your answer.

4. Prove that at the point of maximum entropy Mach number is unity

on the Fanno curve.

5. Citing suitable examples explain the Rayleigh flow.

Q No. Part-B

Answer any five questions from Part ‘B’.

Each question carries 7 marks.

6. Starting suitable assumptions prove the law of conservation of energy for

a control volume.

7. The conditions of air (γ = 1.4, Cp = 1.0 kJ/kg) the entry of a nozzle are p =
2bar, T= 330K and C =145 m/s. If the exit pressure is 1.5 bar, determine for the
isentropic flow the Mach number at entry and exit, flow rate and maximum
possible flow rate.

8. Explain how the analysis for a normal shock wave can be used for the analysis
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

of an oblique shock wave

9. State and prove Prandtl-Mayer relationship for a Normal Shock Wave

10. Air at an inlet temperature of 600C flows with subsonic velocity through an
insulated pipe having inside diameter of 50 mm and a length of 5m.The pressure
at the exit of pipe is 101kPa and the flow is chocked at the end of the pipe. If the
mean friction factor is 4f=0.005, determine the inlet Mach number, exit
temperature and the mass flow rate.

11. Air fuel mixture enters a combustion chamber with an initial velocity of 150
m/s, pressure of 4 bar and temperature of 410K. The Mach number at the exit of
the combustion chamber is 0.8. (Take =1.3, Cp=1.14 kJ/kg K, calorific value of
fuel as 43 MJ/kg.) find 1) The entry Mach number ii) Stagnation pressure loss iii)
Exit temperature and pressure

12. Derive an expression for maximum possible heat transfer in Rayleigh flow
in terms of Mach number.
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

SYLLABUS

Module I (7 hours)

Introduction to compressible flow – continuity, momentum and energy

equations for compressible flow – equation for acoustic velocity – Mach
number – flow regimes – Mach angle – Mach cone – wave propagation in
incompressible, subsonic, sonic and supersonic flows.

Module II (7 hours)

One dimensional isentropic flow with variable area – stagnation properties –

reference velocities – dimensionless Mach number M*- Compressibility factor
& effect of Mach number on compressibility – impulse function and thrust –
area velocity relation – chocking – mass flow rate for chocked flow –
operation of convergent and convergent-divergent nozzle under varying
pressure ratio – over expanded and under expanded mode.

Module III (12 hours)

Flow with normal shock waves – Prandtl-Mayer relation - Rankine-Hugoniot

equations – change of entropy across normal shock – impossibility of a
shock in subsonic flow.

Flow with oblique shock waves – nature of flow through oblique shock waves
– Prandtl’s equation - Rankine- Hugoniot equations – change of entropy
across oblique shock – oblique shock relations from the normal shock
equations – θβm curves – shock polar diagram.

Module IV (7 hours)
Adiabatic flow through constant area duct with friction – equation of fanno
line – illustration of fanno line on h-s diagram – chocking due to friction,
effect of friction on flow parameters Isothermal flow with friction-governing
equations.

Module V (7 hours)

Flow through constant area duct with heat transfer – equation of Rayleigh
line – illustration of Rayleigh line on h- s diagram – condition for maximum
heat transfer - thermal chocking, effect of heat transfer on flow parameters.
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Course Plan

No Topic No. of
Lectures
1 Introduction to compressible flow
1.1 Continuity, momentum and energy equations for 3
compressible flow
1.2 Equation for acoustic velocity – Mach number – flow 1
regimes – Mach angle – Mach cone
1.3 Wave propagation in incompressible, subsonic, sonic 3
and supersonic flows.

2 One dimensional isentropic flow with variable area

2.1 Stagnation properties – reference velocities – 3
dimensionless Mach number M*- Compressibility
factor & effect of Mach number on compressibility
2.2 Impulse function and thrust – area velocity relation – 1
chocking – mass flow rate for chocked flow
2.3 Operation of convergent and convergent-divergent 3
nozzle under varying pressure ratio – over expanded
and under expanded mode.
3 Flow with normal shock waves and oblique shock waves
3.1 Prandtl-Mayer relation - Rankine-Hugoniot equations 5
– change of entropy across normal shock –
impossibility of a shock in subsonic flow.
3.2 Nature of flow through oblique shock waves – 2
Prandtl’s equation
3.3 Rankine- Hugoniot equations – change of entropy 5
across oblique shock – oblique shock relations from
the normal shock equations – θβm curves – shock
polar diagram.
4 Adiabatic flow through constant area duct with friction
4.1 Equation of fanno line – illustration of fanno line on h- 2
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

s diagram
4.2 Chocking due to friction, effect of friction on flow 2
parameters
4.3 Isothermal flow with friction-governing equations. 3
5 Flow through constant area duct with heat transfer
5.1 Equation of Rayleigh line – illustration of Rayleigh line 2
on h- s diagram
5.2 Condition for maximum heat transfer 2
5.3 Thermal chocking, effect of heat transfer on flow 3
parameters.

Reference Books

1. P. Balachandran, fundamentals of compressible fluid dynamics, PHI

learning pvt. Ltd

2. A. H. Shapiro, dynamics and thermodynamics of compressible flow,

ronald press

3. S.M. Yahya, Fundamentals of compressible fluid flow with aircraft and

rocket propulsion, New Age International publishers

4. M.j. Zucro&d.h. Holfman, gas dynamics, Mcgraw-hill publishing company

5. ZoebHussain, Gas Dynamics

 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

COURSE COURSE NAME CATEGORY L T P CREDIT

CODE
22IEME050 DIRECT ENRGY PROGRAM 3 0 0 3
CONVERSION SYSTEMS ELECTIVE
I

Course Outcomes:

After successful completion of the course, the student will be able to:

CO 1 Compare and contrast various sources of energy and different direct

and indirect energy conversion techniques
CO 2 Describe the principle of working of thermoelectric generators and
thermionic generators
CO 3 Describe the principle of working of MHD generators and fuel cells
CO 4 Describe the principle of working and characteristics of silicon solar
cells and panels
CO 5 Analyse the performance of thermoelectric generators, thermionic
generators, MHD generators, fuel cells and solar PV cells
CO 6 Design simple stand alone and grid connected solar PV power
systems

Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes

PO 1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO 7
CO 1 2 2 2
CO 2 2 2 2
CO 3 2 2 2 2
CO 4 2 2 2 2 2
CO 5 2 2 2 2 2
CO 6 2 2 3 3

Assessment Pattern

Bloom’s Category End Semester

Examination
Remember/Understand 20%
Apply 20%
Analyse 30%
Evaluate 20%
Create 10%

Mark distribution:

Total CIE ESE ESE

Marks Duration

100 40 60 2.5 hours

 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Continuous Internal Evaluation Pattern:

 Preparation of a review article based on peer : 15 marks

reviewed original publications (minimum 10
publications shall be referred)
 Course based task/seminar/data collection : 15 marks
and interpretation
 Internal test – 1 No (Portion for test: : 10 marks
Minimum 80% of the syllabus)
Total : 40 marks

End Semester Examination Pattern:

The end semester examination will be conducted by the respective College.
There will be two parts; Part A and Part B. Part A will contain 5
numerical/short answer questions with 1 question from each module,
having 5 marks for each question (such questions shall be useful in the
testing of knowledge, skills, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis,
evaluation and understanding of the students). Students should answer all
questions. Part B will contain 7 questions (such questions shall be useful in
the testing of overall achievement and maturity of the students in a course,
through long answer questions relating to theoretical/practical knowledge,
derivations, problem solving and quantitative evaluation), with minimum
one question from each module of which student should answer any five.
Each question can carry 7 marks.
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Model Question Paper

APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University

FIRST SEMESTER M.TECH. DEGREE EXAMINATION xxxxxxx 202x
Internal Combustion Engines and Turbomachinery
22IEME050 DIRECT ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEMS
Time : 2½ hours Max. Marks: 60

PART A
(Answer all the five questions from Part A)
Module 1
1. What are the various sources of energy? Explain various 5
techniques for the conversion of energy into useful work with marks
regard any four sources.
Module 2
2. Explain Seebeck, Peltier and Thomson effects and their 5
significance with regard to thermoelectric generator marks
Module 3
3. Explain the basic principle of working of semiconductor solar PV 5
cells marks
Module 4
4. Explain the need for ‘seeding’ in MHD engines 5
marks
Module 5
5. Explain the Faraday and Hall configuration with regard to MHD 5
generators. marks
PART B
(Answer any five questions from Part B)
1. What are stored and transitional forms of energy? Explain with 7
the support of two examples each. marks
2. Find the maximum value of the figure of merit of a p-n 7
thermoelectric generator with Seebeck coefficient of n and p legs marks
are respectively 168 μV/K and 210 μV/K, resistivity of n and p
legs are respectively 15 μΩm and 19 μΩm and thermal
conductivity of n and p legs are respectively 1.5 W/mK and 1.15
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

W/mK.
3. Explain the various losses in thermionic generators 7
marks
4. An MHD duct consists of ionized gas with velocity, v = 600 i + 100 7
j + 0 k. A magnetic field of 3.2 T is applied in the k direction. The marks
conductivity of gas is 60 mho/m and the mean collision time of
the electrons with neutral atoms in gas is 10-10s. The coefficient
of performance in Hall configuration is 0.65. Calculate the Hall
parameter, Hall current density, Faraday current density and
power density delivered to the load in Hall and Faraday
configurations.
5. Derive the expression for the ideal efficiency of a fuel cell. Also, 7
compute the ideal efficiency of a fuel cell using H2 as fuel and O2 marks
as oxidant, at standard state
6. What you mean shading effect in solar cells? Explain series and 7
parallel connection of solar cells and methods used to avert marks
shading effect.
7. Design an independent solar PV power system for a house with 7
four 10 W LED lamps, three 60 W ceiling fans, one 210 litre 5 marks
star refrigerator, one LED television of 105 cm screen size and a
water pump of 0.75 HP. The PV module selected are with 18 V,
6.5 A, 110 Wp, Isc - 7.95 A and Voc - 19.5 V. Make rational
assumptions.
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

SYLLABUS

Sem
Module Contents Hours Exam
Marks %

1 Basic science of energy conversion: 6 20

Introduction – energy, disorder and energy,
sources of energy – renewable and non-
renewable, types of energy - stored energy and
transitional energy, forms of stored and
transitional energy. Energy conversion- direct
and indirect energy conversion, efficiency of
energy conversion, Carnot efficiency, serial
efficiency
2 Thermoelectric generators & Thermionic 10 20
generators: Introduction – Seebeck, Peltier
and Thomson effects and relationship between
them. Basic theory of thermoelectric
generators, semiconductor thermoelectric
generators, materials, analysis of
thermoelectric generators – figure of merit,
efficiency, maximum power and maximum
efficiency. Thermionic engines: Principle of
working of thermionic engines, Rechardson-
Dushman equation, vacuum thermionic
generators – energy level diagram, gaseous
thermionic generators
3 MHD Generators: Principle of working, 7 20
ionisation and seeding, Faraday and Hall
configurations. Performance of Faraday MHD
generators – power developed in the MHD
duct, power delivered to the load, actual and
ideal efficiencies
4 Fuel cells: Introduction, principle of working 7 20
of hydrogen fuel cells, classification of fuel
cells, working of major types of fuel cells (PEM
fuel cell, phosphoric acid fuel cell, molten
carbonate fuel cell and solid oxide fuel cell).
Fuel cell performance - Nernst Potential,
losses in fuel cells, actual cell voltage, ideal
efficiency.
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

5 Solar Photovoltaics: Introduction to solar 10 20

energy – solar radiation, solar insolation and
solar irradiation. Principle of working of solar
cells, semiconductor solar cells – junction
photovoltaics, working of a semiconductor
solar cell, band gap voltage and barrier
voltage, photo current and load current,
equivalent circuit, solar cell materials and
manufacture. Performance of solar cells and
panels – current-voltage characteristics of
solar cell, effect of temperature, fill factor,
series and parallel connection of solar cells,
shading of cells and protection diodes, design
of simple solar power systems.
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Course Plan:

Hours of
No Topic
Lecture
1 Basic science of energy conversion
1.1 Introduction – energy, disorder and energy, sources of 3
energy – renewable and non-renewable, types of
energy - stored energy and transitional energy, forms
of stored and transitional energy
1.2 Energy conversion- direct and indirect energy 3
conversion, efficiency of energy conversion, Carnot
efficiency, serial efficiency
2 Thermoelectric generators & Thermionic generators
2.1 Introduction – Seebeck, Peltier and Thomson effects 1
and relationship between them
2.2 Basic theory of thermoelectric generators, 4
semiconductor thermoelectric generators, materials,
analysis of thermoelectric generators – figure of merit,
efficiency, maximum power and maximum efficiency
2.3 Thermionic engines: Principle of working of thermionic 2
engines, Rechardson-Dushman equation, vacuum
thermionic generators – energy level diagram, gaseous
thermionic generators
2.4 Performance of thermionic generators – losses in 3
thermionic generators, condition for optimum
performance, efficiency of thermionic generators
3 MHD Generators
3.1 Principle of working, ionisation and seeding, Faraday 4
and Hall configurations
3.2 Performance of Faraday MHD generators – power 3
developed in the MHD duct, power delivered to the
load, actual and ideal efficiencies
4 Fuel cells
4.1 Introduction, principle of working of hydrogen fuel 4
cells, classification of fuel cells, working of major types
of fuel cells (PEM fuel cell, phosphoric acid fuel cell,
molten carbonate fuel cell and solid oxide fuel cell)
4.2 Fuel cell performance - Nernst Potential, losses in fuel 3
cells, actual cell voltage, ideal efficiency
5 Solar Photovoltaics
5.1 Introduction to solar energy – solar radiation, solar 1
insolation and solar irradiation
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

5.2 Principle of working of solar cells, semiconductor solar 4

cells – junction photovoltaics, working of a
semiconductor solar cell, band gap voltage and barrier
voltage, photo current and load current, equivalent
circuit, solar cell materials and manufacture.
5.3 Performance of solar cells and panels – current-voltage 5
characteristics of solar cell, effect of temperature, fill
factor, series and parallel connection of solar cells,
shading of cells and protection diodes, design of
simple solar power systems

Reference Books

1. R K Singh, M Tabatabaian, Direct Energy Conversion Technologies,

Mercury Learning and Information, 2019

2. P K Nag, Power plant engineering, 4th ed, McGraw Hill Education India

3. Shripad T. Revankar and Pradip Majumdar, Fuel Cells Principles,

Design, and Analysis, CRC Press, 2014

4. EG & G Technical services, US Department of Energy, Fuel Cell

Handbook, 7th edition, 2004,
https://www.netl.doe.gov/sites/default/files/netl-
file/FCHandbook7.pdf
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CODE HEAT TRANSFER AND CATEGORY L T P CREDIT

221EME054 HEAT EXCHANGER IN PROGRAMME 3 0 0 3
POWER PLANTS ELECTIVE 1

Course Outcomes:

After the completion of the course the student will be able to

CO 1 To solve problems involving heat conduction for steady state with

and without heat generation
CO 2 To Estimate heat transfer for unsteady conduction and heat transfer
through fins for various conditions
CO 3 To solve problems involving heat convection for external and
internal flows and to understand the significance of non
dimensional numbers
CO 4 To Estimate radiation heat transfer between two bodies
CO 5 To Design and evaluate heat exchangers and fins to determine its
performance

Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes

PO 1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO 7
CO 1
CO 2
CO 3
CO 4
CO 5

Assessment Pattern

Bloom’s Category End Semester

Examination
Apply 25%
Analyse 30%
Evaluate 30%
Create 15%

Mark distribution

Total CIE ESE ESE

Marks Duration

100 40 60 2.5 hours

 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Continuous Internal Evaluation Pattern:

 Preparation of a review article based on peer : 15 marks

reviewed original publications (minimum 10
publications shall be referred)
 Course based task/seminar/data collection : 15 marks
and interpretation
 Internal test – 1 No (Portion for test: : 10 marks
Minimum 80% of the syllabus)
Total : 40 marks

End Semester Examination Pattern:

The end semester examination will be conducted by the respective College.
There will be two parts; Part A and Part B. Part A will contain 5
numerical/short answer questions with 1 question from each module,
having 5 marks for each question (such questions shall be useful in the
testing of knowledge, skills, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis,
evaluation and understanding of the students). Students should answer all
questions. Part B will contain 7 questions (such questions shall be useful in
the testing of overall achievement and maturity of the students in a course,
through long answer questions relating to theoretical/practical knowledge,
derivations, problem solving and quantitative evaluation), with minimum
one question from each module of which student should answer any five.
Each question can carry 7 marks.
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

SYLLABUS

MODULE : 1

General heat conduction equation in Cartesian, cylindrical and spherical co-

ordinates, Composite geometries, Variable thermal conductivity , Uniform
heat generation, Extended surfaces, Two and three dimensional heat
conduction , Numerical and analytical methods.

MODULE : 2

Unsteady heat conduction; Lumped heat systems, Infinite and semi-infinite

bodies, Numerical and analytical methods, Periodic variation of surface
temperature, Moving boundaries.

MODULE: 3

Newton’s law of cooling, dimensional analysis applied to forced and free

convection, dimensionless numbers and their physical significance,
empirical correlations for free and forced convection, Continuity, momentum
and energy equations, thermal and hydrodynamic boundary layer, Blasius
solution for laminar boundary layer, General solution for Von-Karman
integral momentum equation

MODULE :4

Radiation heat transfer , Basic laws of radiations, Emissive power , Stefan –

Boltzmann, Lambert’s, Wien’s and Kirchhoff’s laws , Emissivity, Radiation
intensity - Radiative exchange between black isothermal surfaces, diffuse
grey surfaces, Reflecting surfaces, Radiation shape factor; Shape factor
algebra, Radiation shields, Combined convective and radiation, Electrical
network analogy solution, Radiosity; Solar radiation, Radiation from gases
and vapour

MODULE:5

Heat exchanger: Classification, heat exchanger analysis, LMTD for parallel

and counter flow exchanger, condenser and evaporator, overall heat transfer
coefficient, fouling factor, correction factors for multi pass arrangement,
effectiveness-NTU method for parallel and counter flow heat exchanger,
introduction of heat pipe and compact heat exchanger.
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

COURSE PLAN

No Topic No. of
Lectures
1 Module 1
1.1 General heat conduction equation in Cartesian, 3
cylindrical and spherical co-ordinates,
1.2 Composite geometries, Variable thermal conductivity 2
, Uniform heat generation
1.3 Extended surfaces 2
1.4 Two and three dimensional heat conduction, 2
Numerical and analytical methods.

2 Module 2
2.1 Unsteady heat conduction; Lumped heat systems, 3
Infinite and semi-infinite bodies
2.2 Numerical and analytical methods 3
2.3 Periodic variation of surface temperature, Moving 1
boundaries.
3 Module 3
3.1 Newton’s law of cooling, dimensional analysis 4
applied to forced and free convection, dimensionless
numbers and their physical significance, empirical
correlations for free and forced convection
3.2 Continuity, momentum and energy equations, 4
thermal and hydrodynamic boundary layer
3.3 Blasius solution for laminar boundary layer, General 3
solution for Von-Karman integral momentum
equation

4 Module 4
4.1 Radiation heat transfer , Basic laws of radiations, 1
Emissive power , Stefan – Boltzmann, Lambert’s,
Wien’s and Kirchhoff’s laws
4.2 , Emissivity, Radiation intensity - Radiative exchange 3
between black isothermal surfaces, diffuse grey
surfaces, Reflecting surfaces
4.3 Radiation shape factor; Shape factor algebra, 2
Radiation shields
4.4 Combined convective and radiation, Electrical 2
network analogy solution, Radiosity; Solar radiation
Radiation from gases and vapour
5 Module 5
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

5.1 Heat exchanger: Classification, heat exchanger 1

analysis, LMTD for parallel and counter flow
exchanger
5.2 Condenser and evaporator, overall heat transfer 1
coefficient, fouling factor, correction factors for multi
pass arrangement
5.3 Effectiveness-NTU method for parallel and counter 2
flow heat exchanger
5.4 Introduction of heat pipe and compact heat 1
exchanger

Reference Data Books

Heat and Mass Transfer data book: C.P. Kothandaraman, S. Subramanya,

New age International Publishers,2014

Reference Books

1.Nag P.K., Heat and Mass Transfer, McGrawHill, 2011

2.Holman J.P, “Heat transfer”, Mc Graw-Hill, 10th. Ed.,2009.

3.Yunus A. Cengel, “Heat and Mass Transfer: Fundamentals and

Applications” McGraw-HillHigher Education; 6th edition,2019.

4.Frank P. Incropera and David P. Dewitt, Heat and Mass Transfer, John
Wiley and sons,2011
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

PROGRAM
ELECTIVE II
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

221EM051 ENERGY CONSERVATION CATEGORY L T P CREDIT

IN THERMAL SYSTEMS PROGRAM 3 0 0 3
ELECTIVE2

Preamble: Basic knowledge of heat transfer

Course Outcomes:

After the completion of the course the student will be able to

CO 1 To study the different measures for energy conservation

CO2 Aware of financial aspects as far as Energy Conservation Schemes
are concerned.
CO 3 Acquire the skills for the energy conservation and management in
the thermal energy systems
CO 4 Exposure to the most used energy planning systems
CO 5 Exposure to the most used energy management systems
CO 6 To study about the economics of energy projects

Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes

PO 1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO 7
CO 1 2 2 2
CO 2 2 2 2
CO 3 2 2 2 2
CO 4 2 2 2 2 2
CO 5 2 2 2 2 2
CO 6 2 2 3 3

Assessment Pattern

Bloom’s Category End Semester

Examination
Remember/Understand 30%
Apply 20%
Analyse 30%
Evaluate 10%
Create 10%

Mark distribution:

Total CIE ESE ESE

Marks Duration

100 40 60 2.5 hours

 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Continuous Internal Evaluation Pattern:

Preparation of a review article based on peer : 15 marks

reviewed original publications (minimum 10
publications shall be referred)
Course based task/seminar/data collection and : 15 marks
interpretation
Internal test – 1 No (Portion for test: Minimum : 10 marks
80% of the syllabus)
Total : 40 marks

End Semester Examination Pattern:

The end semester examination will be conducted by the respective College.

There will be two parts; Part A and Part B. Part A will contain 5
numerical/short answer questions with 1 question from each module,
having 5 marks for each question (such questions shall be useful in the
testing of knowledge, skills, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis,
evaluation and understanding of the students). Students should answer all
questions. Part B will contain 7 questions (such questions shall be useful in
the testing of overall achievement and maturity of the students in a course,
through long answer questions relating to theoretical/practical knowledge,
derivations, problem solving and quantitative evaluation), with minimum
one question from each module of which student should answer any five.
Each question can carry 7 marks.
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Model Question paper:

APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University

FIRST SEMESTER M.TECH. DEGREE EXAMINATION
Internal Combustion Engines and Turbomachinery
22IEME051 ENERGY CONSERVATION IN THERMAL SYSTEMS
Time : 2½ hours Max. Marks: 60

PART A
Answer all the five questions (5x5=25 marks)

1. Mention any five energy conservation principles

2. 1kg of wood contains 15% moisture and 7% hydrogen by weight. Find

water evaporated during complete combustion of 1 kg of wood.

3. Mention the advantages of thermic fluid heaters compared to boilers.

4. A cooling tower cools 1500 m3/h of water from 45 oC to 39 oC. Wet bulb
temperature of air is 29 oC. Cycle of concentration is 3.Find the evaporation
loss of water and make up water required.

5. With schematic diagrams explain the heat recovery devices i)Heat pipe
ii)heat wheel

PART B

Answer any five questions (5x7=35 marks)

6. A project need an investment of Rs 100000.The discount rate is 8%.The

cash flows generated for 6 years is given by Rs
21000,23000,19000,20000,22000,19000. Calculate IRR. Comment on the
result.

7. Steam required for a process is 6 TPH at 10 bar. The constituents in a

fuel are Carbon-84%, Hydrogen-11 %, Oxygen-1%, Sulphur-2% and ash
2%.Specific heat of flue gas-0.27 kCal/kg. Calorific value of fuel-10000
kCal/kg. Specific heat of super heated water vapour is 0.45 kCal/kg oC.
Percentage of oxygen in flue gas is 6%.Flue gas temperature is 240 oC and
ambient temperature 30 oC .Radiation and other losses are 2%.Calculate
efficiency by indirect method
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

8. A hot reservoir is approximated as a cube having side 3m.The reservoir is

maintained at 60 oC by providing good insulation. Ambient temperature is
30 oC. It is decided to extract the heat from this surface by providing an air
jacket. Find the temperature rise available to the air. When air flow rate is
2000 m3/h. Specific heat capacity of air is 1.005 kJ/kg and density of air is
1.2 kg/m3

9. A 5MW DG set is operating at 70% load. A waste heat recovery boiler

installed to recover heat from the exhaust gas to generate the steam at 12
bar. Find the quantity of steam generated in a year. Flue gas temperature is
500 oC. Flue gas temperature after waste heat recovery is 250 oC. Specific
heat of flue gas is 0.25 kCal/kgoC . Density of diesel 850 kg/m3.Air fuel ratio
is 30 . Fuel consumption 4 kWh/litre. Feed water temperature 30 oC.
Operating hours in a year is 8000

10. A process industry is equipped with a steam power plant generating

1,00,000 units/day and a separate low-pressure boiler generating at an
average steam production of 8.3 Tons of steam/hour at enthalpy of 630
kcal/kg for process heating. The feed water temperature to the boiler is
70oC. The efficiencies of the steam power plant and boiler are 29% and
75%respectively. Coal is used in both cases and calorific value of coal is
3800 kcal/kg.The management proposes to commission a cogeneration
plant retaining the coal as fuel.The expected energy utilization factor of the
cogeneration plant is 75%. Calculate coal savings with the new cogeneration
plant.

11. The steam flow rate from a boiler is 120 TPH. Efficiency of boiler is
84%.The TDS in the boiler feed water was 200 ppm. But due to lack of
maintenance TDS level increased to 400 ppm. Find the energy loss from the
boiler. Make up water added is 10%.Temperature of blow down water is
200oC.Boiler feed water temperature is 50 oC. Maximum permissible limit of
TDS is 3000 ppm

12. In a steel industry, the composition of blast furnace gas by volume is as

follows

CO – 27%, H2 - 2%, CO2 – 11%, N2 - 60%.

i) Calculate the stoichiometric air for combustion

ii) If 3,00,000 Nm3/hr of gas is available and is to be co-fired in a coal fired

boiler.

How much coal it can replace if the GCV of coal is 4300 kcal/kg.
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Syllabus

MODULE 1

Role of Bureau of Energy Efficiency in Indian energy sector-Principles of

Energy Conservation. Energy costs-fuel costs, power costs- specific energy
consumption. Economic evaluation of energy projects-Breakeven point-
compound interest-NPV method-IRR method

MODULE 2

Energy conservation in boilers-Types of fuel used - properties of fuel: oil,

coal and gas. Stoichiometry, Boiler efficiency-performance of boiler. Heat
Loss Estimation, Steam Traps, Steam Piping & Distribution

MODULE 3

Energy conservation in Thermic Fluid Heaters. Insulation and refractory’s.

Thermal energy storage. Energy conservation in furnaces.

MODULE 4

Energy conservation in refrigeration and air conditioning systems- EER /

SEC Evaluation. Types & Applications of Cooling Towers, Basics,
Performance Analysis. DG Set – Performance Prediction, Cost of Power
Generation. Energy conservation in Compressors

MODULE 5

Cogeneration – Principles & Operation, Power Ratio. Economics of

Cogeneration Scheme, Case Study on Cogeneration, Waste Heat Recovery.
Heat wheel, regenerator, recuperator and Heat pipe
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Course Plan

No Topic No. of
Lectures
1 MODULE 1 8 hours
1.1 Role of Bureau of Energy Efficiency in Indian energy 2 hours
sector-Principles of Energy Conservation
1.2 Energy costs-fuel costs, power costs- specific energy 3 hours
consumption
1.3 Economic evaluation of energy projects-Breakeven 3 hours
point-compound interest-NPV method-IRR method
2 MODULE 2 8 hours
2.1 Energy conservation in boilers-Types of fuel used - 3 hours
properties of fuel: oil, coal and gas
2.2 Stoichiometry, Boiler efficiency-performance of boiler 3hours
2.3 Heat Loss Estimation, Steam Traps, Steam Piping & 2 hours
Distribution
3 MODULE 3 8 hours
3.1 Energy conservation in Thermic Fluid Heaters 2 hours
3.2 Insulation and refractory’s 2 hours
3.3 Thermal energy storage 2 hours
3.4 Energy conservation in furnaces 2 hours
4 MODULE 4 8 hours
4.1 Energy conservation in refrigeration and air 2 hours
conditioning systems- EER / SEC Evaluation
4.2 Types & Applications of Cooling Towers, Basics, 2 hours
Performance Analysis.
4.3 DG Set – Performance Prediction, Cost of Power 2 hours
Generation.
4.4 Energy conservation in Compressors. 2 hours
5 MODULE 5 8 hours
5.1 Cogeneration – Principles & Operation, Power Ratio 2 hours
5.2 Economics of Cogeneration Scheme, Case Study on 3 hours
Cogeneration, Waste Heat Recovery.
5.3 Heat wheel, regenerator, recuperator and Heat pipe 3 hours

Text Books

1.Diamant R.M.E., “Total Energy”, Pergamon, Oxford, 1970.

2. Trivedi P.R., Julka K.R., “Energy Management”, Commonwealth
Publication, New Delhi, 1997.
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Reference Books

1. Hamies “Energy Auditing and Conservation; Methods Measurements,

Management and Case study”, Hemisphere, Washington, 1980.

2. Handbook on Energy Efficiency, TERI, New Delhi, 2001.

3. Write Larry C., “Industrial Energy Management and Utilization”,

Hemisphere Publishers,
4. Washington, 1988.
3. Guide book for National Certification Examination for Energy
Managers and Energy Auditors (Could be downloaded from
www.energymanagertraining.com)
4. Practical guide to energy conservation – a ready reckoner on energy
conservation measures; Petroleum Conservation Research Association
(2009).
5. Reay DA,Industrial energy conservation; Pergamon Press (1979).
.
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CODE DESIGN AND CATEGORY L T P CREDIT

221EME055 OPTIMIZATION OF PROGRAM 3 0 0 3
THERMAL SYSTEMS ELECTIVE
2

Preamble:

Most of the systems we encounter in our life have energy transfer in various
forms. One needs to design these equipment/devices to consume minimum
output. There are other factors such as cost and reliability that also need to
be considered. Optimization helps to design the equipment by taking all
these parameters into account. The objective of this course is to perform
analysis of all the parameters and their effect on the performance of thermal
equipment and select the optimum conditions.

Course Outcomes:

After the completion of the course the student will be able to

CO 1 Evaluate thermal systems based on life-cycle economics

CO Perform a thermal system simulation and solve for a workable
2 solution using the method of successive substitution
CO Apply any multi regression technique to design a heat exchanger
3 system
CO Perform thermal system optimization and evaluate the solution
4 based on the objective function
CO Apply genetic algorithm approach to optimize a thermal system
5

Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes

PO 1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO 7
CO 1 1 3 3 1 2
CO 2 2 3 2 3 1
CO 3 2 2 3 3 1
CO 4 2 3 2 3 2
CO 5 2 3 2 2 3

Assessment Pattern

Bloom’s Category End Semester

Examination (Marks)
Apply 30
Analyse 15
Evaluate 10
Create 5
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Mark distribution

Total Marks CIE ESE ESE Duration

100 40 60 2.5 hours

Continuous Internal Evaluation Pattern:

Preparation of a review article based on peer : 15 marks

reviewed original publications (minimum 10
publications shall be referred)
Course based task/seminar/data collection and : 15 marks
interpretation
Internal test – 1 No (Portion for test: Minimum : 10 marks
80% of the syllabus)
Total : 40 marks

End Semester Examination Pattern:

The end semester examination will be conducted by the respective College.

There will be two parts; Part A and Part B. Part A will contain 5
numerical/short answer questions with 1 question from each module,
having 5 marks for each question (such questions shall be useful in the
testing of knowledge, skills, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis,
evaluation and understanding of the students). Students should answer all
questions. Part B will contain 7 questions (such questions shall be useful in
the testing of overall achievement and maturity of the students in a course,
through long answer questions relating to theoretical/practical knowledge,
derivations, problem solving and quantitative evaluation), with minimum
one question from each module of which student should answer any five.
Each question can carry 7 marks.

Note: The marks obtained for the ESE for an elective course shall not exceed
20% over the average ESE mark % for the core courses. ESE marks awarded
to a student for each elective course shall be normalized accordingly. For
example if the average end semester mark % for a core course is 40, then
the maximum eligible mark % for an elective course is 40+20 = 60 %.
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Model Question paper

PART A

Answer all questions. Each question carries 5 marks

1. Differentiatethe terms ‘optimal system’ and ‘workable system’?

2. What are the different classes of system simulation

3. What do you understand by method of least square

4. Classify various optimisation methods

5. Mention the uses of dynamic programming

PART B

Answer any five questions. Each question carry 7 marks

6. Explain the steps involved in formulating the design problem

7. The operating point of a centrifugal pump is to be determined. The

pump performance curve and the system load characteristics are
given as follows.

Pump: ΔP = 240 x 103 – 43.8 x 102 Q2

Load: ΔP = 40 x 103 + 156.2 x 103 Q1.8
Where ΔP is the static pressure rise in Pa and Q is the discharge in
m3/s.

(1) Using the successive substitution method for 2 unknowns,

determine the operating point of the pump.
Start with an initial guess value of Q = 0.4 m3/s. Decide on
your own stopping criterion.
(2) At the operating point, if the pump efficiency is known to be
86%, what is the electrical power required for the pump?

8. An engineer requires 4800, 5810 and 5690 m3 of sand, fine gravel and
coarse gravel respectively for a building project. There are three pits
from where these materials can be sourced. The composition of these
pits is

Sand Fine Coarse

% gravel % gravel %

Pit 52 30 18
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Pit 20 50 30
2

Pit 25 20 55
3

Determine how many m3 must be hauled from each pit in order to

meet the engineer’s needs, using the Gauss Seidel method. For
uniformity you may denote the quantity hauled from Pits 1, 2 and 3
as x, y and z. Start with an initial guess value of x= y= z= 2000 m3.
Perform at least 8 iterations and report the sum of the squares of the
residues of the three variables at the end of very iteration. Show the
entire process on a Tabular column.

9. The thermal diffusivity of water in m2/s varies with temperature (T) as

shown in the Table given below

T (K) Thermal diffusivity, m2/S

300 22.5 x 10-6

350 29.9 x 10-6

400 38.3 x 10-6

450 47.2 x 10-6

(a) Using Newton's divided difference method appropriate for 4 data

points derive an exact fit to the thermal diffusivity as a function of
temperature.

(b) Using the above fit, estimate the diffusivity at 382 K.

(c) Compare the result obtained in (b) with a quadratic interpolation

10. Consider the cooling of an aluminium plate of dimensions 150 x 150 x

3 (all in mm). The plate loses heat by convection from all its faces to
still air. Radiation from the plate can be neglected. The plate can be
assumed to be spatially isothermal. The ambient temperature is
constant at T∞=30°C. The temperature time response of the plate,
based on experiments is given below.

Time (t), s Temperature (T), C

0

1 10 98.5
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

2 40 96.1

3 80 90.2

4 120 85.9

5 180 82.8

6 240 75.1

The temperature excess, θ = T-T∞ is known to vary as θ / θi= exp (-t/τ)

where θi is the initial temperature excess given by (Ti-T∞) and τ
=mCP/hA, the time constant. With the data given above, perform a
linear least squares regression and obtain estimates of θi and τ. Also,
determine the correlation coefficient.

11. Explain the steps involved in genetic algorithm

12. The cost of engines plus fuel for a cargo ship (in lakhs of rupees per
year for 100 tons of cargo carried) varies with speed and is given by
0.2 x2 where x is the speed of the ship in m/s. The fixed costs of hull
and crew (again in the same units) are given by 450/x. Using the
Golden Section method, determine the operating speed of the ship for
minimum total cost. Start with an original interval of uncertainty of 4
≤ x ≤ 16 m/s and carry out evaluations to reduce the final uncertainty
to 0.26 m or less.
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Syllabus

Module 1

Introduction- Introduction to design and specifically system design-

Morphology of design with a flowchart- Market analysis, profit, time value of
money, discounted cash flow technique (with examples)- Concept of
workable design, workable system and optimal design (with practical
example).

Module 2

System simulation- Basic classification- Successive substitution method

with examples. Newton Raphson method – one unknown (with examples).
Newton Raphson method – multiple unknowns (with examples). Gauss
Seidel method - examples. Rudiments of finite difference method for partial
differentialequations (with example).

Module 3

Regression and Curve Fitting- Need for regression in simulation and

optimization- Best fit and exact fit- Exact fit - Lagrange interpolation,
Newton's divided difference (examples)- Least square regression - theory,
Linear regression with one and more unknowns (examples)- Power law forms
(examples)- Gauss Newton method for nonlinear least squares regression
(examples).

Module 4

Optimization- Part 1- Introduction to optimization- Formulation of

optimization problems (examples)- Calculus techniques – Lagrange
multiplier method (proof, examples)- Search methods – Concept of interval of
uncertainty, reduction ratio, reduction ratios of simple search techniques
like exhaustive search, dichotomous search,Fibonacci search and Golden
section search (numerical examples)- Method of steepest ascent/ steepest
descent, conjugate gradient method (examples)

Module 5

Optimization- Part 2- Geometric programming (examples)- Dynamic

programming (examples)- Linear programming – two variable problem –
graphical solution- New generation optimization techniques – Genetic
algorithm and simulated annealing (examples)- Introduction to Bayesian
framework for optimization (examples)
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Course Plan

No Topic No. of
Lectures
1 Introduction
1.1 Introduction to design and specifically system design 2
1.2 Morphology of design with a flowchart 2
1.3 Market analysis, profit, time value of money, 2
discounted cash flow technique (with examples)
1.4 Concept of workable design, workable system and 2
optimal design (with practical example)
2 System simulation
2.1 Basic classification 1
2.2 Successive substitution method with examples. 1
2.3 Newton Raphson method – one unknown (with 1
examples)
2.4 Newton Raphson method – multiple unknowns (with 1
examples)
2.5 Gauss Seidel method - examples. 1
2.6 Rudiments of finite difference method for partial 2
differentialequations (with example).
3 Regression and Curve Fitting
3.1 Need for regression in simulation and optimization 1
3.2 Best fit and exact fit 1
3.3 Exact fit - Lagrange interpolation, Newton's divided 2
difference (examples)
3.4 Least square regression - theory, Linear regression 2
with one and more unknowns (examples)
3.5 Power law forms (examples) 1
3.6 Gauss Newton method for nonlinear least squares 2
regression (examples)
4 Optimization- Part 1
4.1 Introduction to optimization 1
4.2 Formulation of optimization problems (examples) 1
4.3 Calculus techniques – Lagrange multiplier method 1
(proof, examples)
4.4 Search methods – Concept of interval of uncertainty, 4
reduction ratio, reduction ratios of simple search
techniques like exhaustive search, dichotomous
search, Fibonacci search and Golden section search
(numerical examples)
4.5 Method of steepest ascent/ steepest descent, 1
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

conjugate
gradient method (examples)
5 Optimization- Part 2
5.1 Geometric programming (examples) 1
5.2 Dynamic programming (examples) 1
5.3 Linear programming – two variable problem –graphical 2
solution
5.4 New generation optimization techniques – Genetic 2
algorithm and simulated annealing (examples)
5.5 Introduction to Bayesian framework for optimization 2
(examples)

Reference Books

1. Design and optimization of thermal systems, Y.Jaluria, Mc Graw Hill,

1998.

2. Essentials of Thermal System Design and Optimization, Prof. C.

Balaji, Aue Books, New Delhi in India and CRC Press in the rest of the
world.

3. Elements of thermal fluid system design, L.C.Burmeister, Prentice

Hall, 1998.

4. Design of thermal systems, W.F.Stoecker, Mc Graw Hill, 1989.

5. Introduction to optimum design, J.S.Arora, Mc Graw Hill, 1989.

6. Optimization for engineering design - algorithms and examples,

K.Deb, Prentice Hall, 1995.
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CODE CATEGORY L T P CREDIT

221EME056 PROGRAM 3 0 0 3
FLUID POWER SYSTEMS ELECTIVE
2

Preamble:

Fluid power plays an important role in industry. Uses of fluid power

include machine tools, off-highway vehicles, aviation control, material
testing systems etc. Various aspects of Fluid power are covered in this
course which starts with emphasis on fluid mechanics and governing laws.
Then, pumps and motors are discussed while elucidating the effect of
cavitation and noise. This will be followed by a discussion on actuators and
specific cases of control valves such as Direction, Pressure and Flow control.
Students will also be familiarized with Servo and Electro hydraulic valves
briefly. Finally, the course will finish with emphasis hydraulic and
pneumatic circuits design and control.
Course Outcomes:

After the completion of the course the student will be able to

CO 1 Understand the terminology, functional role, applications and

industry practices related to fluid power systems
CO 2 Explain the different components used in fluid power system
CO 3 Visualize how a hydraulic/pneumatic circuit will work to
accomplish the function
CO 4 Design an appropriate hydraulic or pneumatic circuit or
combination circuit like electro-hydraulics, electro-pneumatics for a
given application.
CO 5 Select and size the different components of the circuit.
CO 6 Develop a comprehensive circuit diagram by integrating the
components selected for the given application.

Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes

PO 1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO 7
CO 1 - - 3 3 3 - -
CO 2 - - 2 3 3 - -
CO 3 - - 3 3 3 - -
CO 4 - - 3 3 3 - -
CO 5 3 - 3 3 3 - -
CO 6 3 - 3 3 3 - -
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Assessment Pattern

Bloom’s Category End Semester

Examination
Apply 25
Analyse 25
Evaluate 25
Create 25

Mark distribution

Total CIE ESE ESE

Marks Duration

100 40 60 2.5 hours

Continuous Internal Evaluation Pattern:

Preparation of a review article based on peer : 15 marks

reviewed original publications (minimum 10
publications shall be referred)
Course based task/seminar/data collection and : 15 marks
interpretation
Internal test – 1 No (Portion for test: Minimum : 10 marks
80% of the syllabus)
Total : 40 marks

End Semester Examination Pattern:

The end semester examination will be conducted by the respective College.

There will be two parts; Part A and Part B. Part A will contain 5
numerical/short answer questions with 1 question from each module,
having 5 marks for each question (such questions shall be useful in the
testing of knowledge, skills, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis,
evaluation and understanding of the students). Students should answer all
questions. Part B will contain 7 questions (such questions shall be useful in
the testing of overall achievement and maturity of the students in a course,
through long answer questions relating to theoretical/practical knowledge,
derivations, problem solving and quantitative evaluation), with minimum
one question from each module of which student should answer any five.
Each question can carry 7 marks.
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Note: The marks obtained for the ESE for an elective course shall not exceed
20% over the average ESE mark % for the core courses. ESE marks awarded
to a student for each elective course shall be normalized accordingly. For
example if the average end semester mark % for a core course is 40, then
the maximum eligible mark % for an elective course is 40+20 = 60 %.
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Model Question Paper

APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

FIRST SEMESTER M.TECH. DEGREE EXAMINATION

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Internal Combustion Engines and Turbo machinery

221EME056 FLUID POWER SYSTEMS

Time: 2½ hrs Max Marks: 60

PART A (Answer all questions)

1. List five applications of fluid power in the automotive industry.

2. Comment on the relative comparison in performance among gear,

vane, and Piston pumps.
3. Write a note on the ways in which directional control valves may be
actuated.

4. Discuss the reasons for considering the use of pneumatics instead of

hydraulics.

5. How do pneumatic actuators differ from hydraulic actuators?

(5X5 = 25)

PART B (Answer any 5 questions)

6. Explain the different types of fluids used in hydraulic systems and its
properties

7. With a neat sketch explain the working of an external gear pump

8. A hydraulic motor has a 100cm3 volumetric displacement. It has a

pressure rating of 140 bar, and receives oil from 0.001m3/s
theoretical flow rate pump. Find the motor speed, theoretical torque
and theoretical power.
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

9. With a neat circuit, explain the regenerative hydraulic circuit and its
application

10. With a neat sketch explain the basic pneumatic power system

11. With a neat sketch explain the sliding spool type valve

12. With a suitable pneumatic circuit explain the indirect control of

single acting cylinder.

(5X7=35)
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Syllabus

Module 1

Introduction to oil hydraulics and Pneumatics: their structure, advantages,

limitations and applications. Fluids for hydraulic system: types, properties,
and selection. ISO Symbols, energy losses in hydraulic systems

Module 2

Basic types and constructions of hydraulic pumps and motors. Pump and
motor analysis, Performance curves and parameters. Hydraulic actuators,
types and constructional details, lever systems, control elements – direction,
pressure and flow control valves. Valve configurations, General valve
analysis, valve lap, flow forces and lateral forces on spool valves. Series and
parallel pressure compensation flow control valves. Flapper valve analysis
and design.

Module 3

Proportional control valves and servo valves. Nonlinearities in control

systems (backlash, hysteresis, dead band and friction nonlinearities). Design
and analysis of typical hydraulic circuits. Regenerative circuits, high low
circuits, Synchronization circuits, and accumulator sizing.

Module 4

Intensifier circuits Meter-in, Meter-out and Bleed-off circuits; Fail Safe and
Counter balancing circuits, accessories used in fluid power system,
Filtration systems and maintenance of system. Components of pneumatic
systems; Direction, flow and pressure control valves in pneumatic systems

Module 5

Development of single and multiple actuator circuits. Valves for logic

functions, Time delay valve. Exhaust and supply air throttling. Examples of
typical circuits using Displacement – Time and Travel-Step diagrams. Will-
dependent control, Travel-dependent control and Time dependent control,
combined control, Program Control, Electropneumatic control and air-
hydraulic control, Ladder diagrams.
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Course Plan

No Topic No. of
Lectures
1 Module 1
1.1 Introduction to oil hydraulics and Pneumatics, their 3
structure, advantages, limitations and applications.
1.2 Fluids for hydraulic system: types, properties, and 3
selection.
1.3 ISO Symbols, energy losses in hydraulic systems 2
2 Module 2
2.1 Basic types and constructions of Hydraulic pumps 4
and motors. Pump and motor analysis. Performance
curves and parameters.
2.2 Hydraulic actuators, types and constructional details, 4
lever systems, control elements – direction, pressure
and flow control valves. Valve configurations, General
valve analysis, valve lap, flow forces and lateral forces
on spool valves. Series and parallel pressure
compensation flow control valves. Flapper valve
Analysis and Design.
3 Module 3
3.1 Proportional control valves and servo valves. 4
Nonlinearities in control systems (backlash,
hysteresis, dead band and friction nonlinearities).
3.2 Design and analysis of typical hydraulic circuits. 4
Regenerative circuits, high low circuits,
Synchronization circuits, and accumulator sizing.
4 Module 4
4.1 Intensifier circuits Meter-in, Meter-out and Bleed-off 4
circuits; Fail Safe and Counter balancing circuits,
accessories used in fluid power system, Filtration
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

systems and maintenance of system

4.2 Components of pneumatic systems; Direction, flow 4
and pressure control valves in pneumatic systems
5 Module 5
5.1 Development of single and multiple actuator circuits. 4
Valves for logic functions; Time delay valve; Exhaust
and supply air throttling;
5.2 Examples of typical circuits using Displacement – 4
Time and Travel-Step diagrams. Will-dependent
control, Travel-dependent control and Time dependent
control, combined control, Program Control,
Electropneumatic control and air-hydraulic control,
Ladder diagrams.
Reference Books

1. Anthony Esposito, “Fluid Power with applications”, Pearson

edition,2000 .
2. Majumdar S.R., “Oil Hydraulics”, Tata McGraw Hill, 2002 .
3. Majumdar S.R., “Pneumatic systems - Principles and Maintenance”,
Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi, 2005
4. John Watton, “Fundamentals of fluid power control”, Cambridge
University press, 2012.
5. Pippenger , John J &Koff Richard M: Fluid Power Controls New York:
McGraw Hill.
6. John Pippenger, Tyler Hicks, “Industrial Hydraulics”, McGraw Hill
International Edition, 1980.
7. Andrew Par, Hydraulics and pneumatics, Jaico Publishing House,
2005.
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CODE MICROSCALE AND CATEGORY L T P CREDIT

221EME057 NANOSCALE HEAT PROGRAMME 3 0 0 3
TRANSFER ELECTIVE - 2

Preamble
This course is designed to facilitate the students to acquire knowledge about
the fundamental concepts of energy transport, experimental methods and
applications at the micro and nanoscale.

Course Outcomes: After the completion of the course the student will be
able to
CO 1 To understand the concepts of microscale heat transfer and its
applications

CO 2 To understand and analyse microscale conduction heat transfer

CO 3 To understand and analyse microscale convection heat transfer
CO 4 To understand and analyse microscale radiation heat transfer
CO 5 To understand and analyse nanoscale heat transfer

Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes

PO 1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6
CO 1 3 1 1 - - 1

CO 2 3 3 2 - - 2

CO 3 3 1 1 - - 2

CO 4 2 2 2 - - 2

CO 5 3 2 2 - - 2

Assessment Pattern

End Semester
Bloom’s Category Examination
(Marks)
Apply 20
Analyse 20
Evaluate 10
Create 10
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Mark distribution

Total ESE
CIE ESE
Marks Duration

100 40 60 2.5 hours

Continuous Internal Evaluation Pattern:

Preparation of a review article based on peer : 15 marks

reviewed original publications (minimum 10
publications shall be referred)
Course based task/seminar/data collection and : 15 marks
interpretation
Internal test – 1 No (Portion for test: Minimum : 10 marks
80% of the syllabus)
Total : 40 marks

End Semester Examination Pattern:

The end semester examination will be conducted by the respective College.

There will be two parts; Part A and Part B. Part A will contain 5
numerical/short answer questions with 1 question from each module,
having 5 marks for each question (such questions shall be useful in the
testing of knowledge, skills, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis,
evaluation and understanding of the students). Students should answer all
questions. Part B will contain 7 questions (such questions shall be useful in
the testing of overall achievement and maturity of the students in a course,
through long answer questions relating to theoretical/practical knowledge,
derivations, problem solving and quantitative evaluation), with minimum
one question from each module of which student should answer any five.
Each question can carry 7 marks.

Note: The marks obtained for the ESE for an elective course shall not exceed
20% over the average ESE mark % for the core courses. ESE marks awarded
to a student for each elective course shall be normalized accordingly. For
example if the average end semester mark % for a core course is 40, then
the maximum eligible mark % for an elective course is 40+20 = 60 %.
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Model Question Paper

APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

FIRST SEMESTER M. TECH DEGREE EXAMINATION
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

221EME057 MICRO AND NANO SCALE HEAT TRANSFER

Time: 2.5 Hrs. Max. Marks: 60

Part A

(Answer all questions. Each question carries 5 marks)

1. Explain the relevance of Knudsen number in micro scale heat

transfer.
2. What do you mean by phonon dispersion?
3. Explain micro heat pipes with a neat sketch. Also comment on its
applications.
4. How does heat transfer vary from micro scale to nano scale?
5. Give a method of preparation of nano fluids.

Part B
(Answer any five. Each question carries 7 marks)

6. Explain the application of microscale heat transfer in MEMS.

7. Explain optical methods for measurement of heat conduction at the

microscale.

8. Evaluate the low-temperature behavior of the specific heat of a thin

film made of a monatomic solid. Assume that the film thickness is L,
which has q monatomic layers, i.e., L = q L0. The average acoustic
speed va may be assumed to be independent of temperature.

9. Derive the first order solution for velocity profile for gas flow in micro
tubes.
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

10.
Microchannels are directly etched into silicon in order to dissipate 100
Watts from a computer chip over an active surface area of 10 mm × 10
mm. The geometry is as shown in the sketch. Each of the parallel
microchannels has a width a = 50µm, depth b = 350µm, and a spacing
s = 40µm. The silicon thermal conductivity may be assumed to be k =
180 W/m-K. Assume a uniform heat load over the chip base surface
and a maximum water inlet temperature of 350C. Assume one-
dimensional steady state conduction in the chip substrate.

(i) Calculate the number of flow channels available for cooling.

(ii) Assuming the temperature rise of the water to be limited to

100C, calculate the required mass flow rate of the water.

(iii) Calculate the flow Reynolds number using the mean water
temperature for fluid properties.

11. Explain Chemical Vapor Deposition technique for synthesis of

nanomaterials.

12. Derive Boltzmann Transport Equation.

 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Syllabus

Module 1: Introduction to Microscale heat transfer and applications

Introduction to microscale heat transfer - Observations on deviations from

conventional theory – experimental and theoretical findings. Overview of
studies and comparison of results, Introductory ideas about single phase,
multiphase and gas flow in small channels
Contradictory observations and viewpoints in microchannel heat transfer-
Applications of microscale heat transfer – basic ideas on micro heat
exchangers and microscale heat sinks. Applications in electronics cooling,
biotechnology and MEMS.

Module 2: Microscale Conduction heat transfer

Conduction heat transfer at microscale – Space and time scales; Thermal

conductivity models; Conduction in thin films – investigations on
superconducting thin films; Conduction in integrated circuits and their
constituent films – current trends and future challenges-.Measurement of
heat conduction at the microscale -microscale thermometry techniques –
electrical and optical methods – thermo-reflectance thermometry. Thermal
characterization and heat transport in dielectric films – Heat conduction in
crystalline silicon films – Phonon dispersion.

Module 3: Microscale Convection heat transfer

Fundamentals of convective heat transfer in microtubes and channels –

Thermodynamic concepts, general laws and particular laws - Governing
equations and size effects. Single phase forced convection in microchannels
–Flow structure – entrance length – experimental

observations on flow and heat transfer characteristics –Theoretical

investigations – Forced convection in mixtures - Gas flow in microchannels.
Boiling and two- phase flow heat transfer in small channels – Boiling curve
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

and critical heat flux – flow patterns – Bubble dynamics and thermodynamic
aspects – Mathematical modeling and measurement of microscale convective
boiling; Applications of microchannel heat transfer – microchannel heat
sinks – micro heat pipes and micro heat spreaders – integration of
microchannel heat sinks and heat spreaders to silicon structures –
experimental and theoretical investigations.

Module 4: Radiation heat transfer at microscale and fundamentals of

heat transport at the nanoscale

Radiation heat transfer at microscale – macroscopic and microscopic

approach; Spatial and temporal microscales; Investigations of microscale
radiation – radiation interaction with microstructures and materials;
Radiation properties in the microscale regime.

Fundamentals of heat transport at the nanoscale – characteristic length

scales and heat transfer regimes; Conduction, radiation and convection in
the nanoscale; Applications of nanoscale heat transfer in microelectronics,
energy, nanomaterial synthesis, nano fabrication and biotechnology

Module 5: Nanoscale heat transfer

Nanofluids – preparation, thermophysical properties; Experimental methods

in nanoscale heat transfer – thermophysical property measurement –
Photothermal methods – Mixed optical and electrical heating methods;
Nanowires and carbon nanotubes.

Analytical tools – Boltzmann equation approach and Monte Carlo Simulation

of Boltzmann transport equation; The wave mechanisms - quantized
incoherent transport, molecular dynamics simulation and the fluctuation-
dissipation theorem approach.

Multicarrier and Multidimensional Transport – coupled electron-phonon

transport, multi length-scale and multidimensional transport – Challenges
and Future applications.
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Course Plan

No. of
No Topic
Lectures
1 Introduction to Microscale heat transfer and applications (7
Hours)
1.1 Introduction to microscale heat transfer -
Observations on deviations from conventional theory – 2
experimental and theoretical findings.
1.2 Overview of studies and comparison of results,
Introductory ideas about single phase, multiphase and
gas flow in small channels 3
Contradictory observations and viewpoints in
microchannel heat transfer
1.3 Applications of microscale heat transfer – basic ideas
on micro heat exchangers and microscale heat sinks.
2
Applications in electronics cooling, biotechnology and
MEMS.
2 Microscale Conduction heat transfer (9 Hours)
2.1 Conduction heat transfer at microscale – Space and
time scales; Thermal conductivity models; Conduction
2
in thin films – investigations on superconducting thin
films;
2.2 Conduction in integrated circuits and their
constituent films – current trends and future
challenges.Measurement of heat conduction at the
4
microscale -microscale thermometry techniques –
electrical and optical methods – thermo-reflectance
thermometry.
2.3 Thermal characterization and heat transport in
dielectric films – Heat conduction in crystalline 3
siliconfilms – Phonon dispersion
3 Microscale Convection heat transfer (9 Hours)
3.1 Fundamentals of convective heat transfer in
microtubes and channels – Thermodynamic concepts,
general laws and particular laws - Governing
equations and size effects. Single phase forced 3
convection in microchannels –Flow structure –
entrance length – experimental observations on flow
and heat transfer characteristics.
3.2 Theoretical investigations – Forced convection in
mixtures - Gas flow in microchannels. Boiling and 3
two- phase flow heat transfer in small channels –
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Boiling curve and critical heat flux – flow patterns –

Bubble dynamics and thermodynamic aspects
3.3 Mathematical modeling and measurement of
microscale convective boiling; Applications of
microchannel heat transfer – microchannel heat sinks
– micro heat pipes and micro heat spreaders –
3
integration of microchannel heat sinks and heat
spreaders to silicon structures – experimental and
theoretical investigations.

4 Radiation heat transfer at microscale and fundamentals of heat

transport at the nanoscale (7 Hours)
4.1 Radiation heat transfer at microscale – macroscopic
and microscopic approach; Spatial and temporal 2
microscales.
4.2 Investigations of microscale radiation – radiation
interaction with microstructures and materials; 2
Radiation properties in the microscale regime.
4.3 Fundamentals of heat transport at the nanoscale –
characteristic length scales and heat transfer regimes;
Conduction, radiation and convection in the
3
nanoscale; Applications of nanoscale heat transfer in
microelectronics, energy, nanomaterial synthesis,
nano fabrication and biotechnology.
5 Nanoscale heat transfer (8 Hours )
5.1 Nanofluids – preparation, thermophysical properties;
Experimental methods in nanoscale heat transfer –
thermophysical property measurement – Photothermal
3
methods – Mixed optical and electrical heating
methods; Nanowires and carbon nanotubes.

5.2 Analytical tools – Boltzmann equation approach and

Monte Carlo Simulation of Boltzmann transport
equation; The wave mechanisms - quantized
3
incoherent transport, molecular dynamics simulation
and the fluctuation-dissipation theorem approach.

5.3 Multicarrier and Multidimensional Transport –

coupled electron-phonon transport, multi length-scale
and multidimensional transport – Challenges and 2
Future applications.
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Reference Books

1. C B Sobhan, G P Peterson, Microscale and Nanoscale Heat Transfer-

Fundamentals and Engineering Applications, Taylor and
Francis/CRC, 2008.
2. Ju, Y.S., and Goodson, K. , Microscale Heat Conduction in Integrated
Circuits and their Constituent Films, Kluwer Academic Publishers,
Boston, 1999.
3. Satish, K., Srinivas, G., Dongqing, L., Stephane, C., and Michael R. K.,
Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow in Minichannels and Microchannels,
First Edition, Elsevier, 2005.
4. Chen, G., Nanoscale Energy Transport and Conversion, Oxford
University Press, 2005.
5. Mohamed Gad – el – Hak (ed.), The MEMS Handbook, Second Edition,
CRC Press, 2005.
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

IC ENGINE LAB CATEGORY L T P CREDIT

221LME004
LABORATORY 0 0 2 2
COURSES

Preamble: Nil

Course Outcomes: After the completion of the course the student will be
able to

CO 1 Acquire knowledge on engine and its components

CO 2 Analyse the performance and combustion characteristics of IC
engines with alternate fuels
CO 3 Analyse the emission characteristics of IC engines with alternate
fuels
CO 4 Understand the role of after treatment devices on the emission of
engines
CO 5 Analysis and simulation of IC engines using software

Mapping of Course Outcomes with Program Outcomes

PO 1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6
CO 1 3 2 2 3 2 3
CO 2 3 2 3 2 3 3
CO 3 2 1 3 1 2 3
CO 4 3 1 3 2 2 3
CO 5 3 2 3 3 3 3

Continuous Internal Evaluation (CIE) Pattern:

Total Marks: 100
Attendance 15 marks
Regular class work and Class Performance 60 marks
Continuous Assessment Test (Minimum 1 Test) 25 marks

Continuous Assessment Test Pattern

Continuous Assessment Test (Marks)
Bloom’s Taxonomy

Apply 15
Analyse 10

Syllabus

IC Engine Lab

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

1.Assembly of Engine and its Components

 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

2. Production of biodiesel using transesterification

3. Performance, Combustion and Emission Studies on S.I. Engine fuelled

with alternative fuels like CNG, alcohol

4. Performance, combustion and Emission Studies on C.I. Engines fuelled

with alternative fuels like biodiesel

5. Study on the effect of varying fuel injection pressure and fuel injection
Timing on the engine

Performance, Combustion and Emission

6. Study on the effect of preheating air and fuel on the Performance,

Combustion and Emission

Characteristics

7. Study of construction and principle of operation of Emission/Smoke

analyzers

8. Morse test on multi cylinder engines

9. Heat balance test on engines using alternate fuels

10. IC engine simulation software study

Software: Students must be trained in Software such as AVL Boost as part

of the Lab exercise
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Semester II

Discipline: MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Stream: ME5 (INTERNAL

COMBUSTION ENGINES AND
TURBO MACHINERY))
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

222TME100 DESIGN OF CATEGORY L T P CREDIT

EXPERIMENTS Discipline 3 0 0 3
Core

Preamble:
Investigators perform experiments in virtually all fields of inquiry, usually to
discover something about a particular process or system. In this course, you
will learn the basic concepts of experimental design, and the statistical
analysis of data. On completion of the course, you would be able to plan and
conduct experiments, and analyse the resulting data so that valid
conclusions can be drawn.

Course Outcomes:
After the completion of the course the student will be able to

CO 1 Perform statistical analysis of data.

CO 2 Conduct statistical hypothesis tests on mean and variance of
populations.
CO 3 Design and analyse single factor experiments.
CO 4 Design and analyse full and fractional factorial experiments.
CO 5 Apply Response Surface Methodology to optimise the response in an
experiment.
CO 6 Carry out an experimental project and analyse the results using
statistical software.

Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes

PO 1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO 7
CO 1 3 3 3 3 3 1 2
CO 2 3 3 3 3 3 1 2
CO 3 3 1 3 3 3 1
CO 4 3 1 3 3 3 1
CO 5 3 1 3 3 3 3
CO 6 3 2 3 3 3 1 3

Assessment Pattern

Bloom’s Category End Semester

Examination
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Apply 20%
Analyse 20%
Evaluate 10%
Create 10%

Mark distribution

Total CIE ESE ESE

Marks Duration

100 40 60 2.5 hours

Continuous Internal Evaluation Pattern: 40 Marks

Course based project/Mini project: 20 Marks.

(Identify a relevant problem and design experiments to be carried out.

Analyse the results using a software package like R, Minitab, Design Expert,
Python etc. and establish the results between the dependent and
independent variables.)

Course based task/ Quiz: 10 Marks

Test paper: 10 Marks

(Test paper shall include minimum 80% of the syllabus.)

End Semester Examination Pattern: 60 Marks

The end semester examination will be conducted by the University for Core
Courses. There will be two parts; Part A and Part B. Part A will contain 5
numerical/short answer questions with 1 question from each module,
having 5 marks for each question (such questions shall be useful in the
testing of knowledge, skills, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis,
evaluation and understanding of the students). Students should answer all
questions. Part B will contain 7 questions (such questions shall be useful in
the testing of overall achievement and maturity of the students in a course,
through long answer questions relating to theoretical/practical knowledge,
derivations, problem solving and quantitative evaluation), with minimum
one question from each module of which student should answer any five.
Each question can carry 7 marks.
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Model Question paper:

APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

SECOND SEMESTER M.TECH DEGREE EXAMINATION

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

222TME100: DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS

Max. Marks: 60 Duration: 2.5 Hours

PART A

Answer all the questions. Each question carries 5 marks Marks

1 Following data refer to 6 observations on natural frequency (in (5)

Hertz) of beams subjected to a load in an experiment: 230.66,
233.05, 232.58, 229.48, and 232.58. Construct a 90%
confidence interval for the data.

2 A cement manufacturer claims that the mean settling time of (5)

his cement is not more than 45 minutes. A random sample of
20 bags of cement selected and tested showed an average
settling time of 49.5 minutes with a standard deviation of 3
minutes. Test whether the company’s claim is true. Use 5 %
level of significance.

3 Describe the roles of randomization, replication and blocking (5)

in experimental design.

4 What are the model adequacy checks generally carried out in (5)
a factorial experimental design?

5 What are the advantages and limitations of fractional factorial (5)

designs?

PART B

Answer any five full questions. Each question carries 7 marks.

6 (a) The following data refer to the weights of 10 students (kg) in a (4)
class: 63, 64, 59, 58, 65, 70, 56, 68, 60 and 62. Construct a
normal probability plot of the data. Does it seem reasonable to
assume that the students’ weight is normally distributed?

(b) The following data refer to the number of sales of cakes on (3)
different days in a season. Represent the data as a box plot.

54, 60, 65, 66, 67, 69, 70, 72, 73, 75, 76
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

7 Fifteen adults between the ages of 35 and 50 participated in a (7)

study to evaluate the effect of diet and exercise on blood
cholesterol levels. The total cholesterol was measured for each
person initially, and then three months after participating in an
aerobic exercise program and switching to a low-fat diet.

Subject 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1
2

Before 26 240 258 295 251 245 287 314 260 279 283 24
5 0

After 22 231 227 240 238 241 234 256 247 239 246 21
9 8

The blood cholesterol level data are shown in the following table.

8 (7)
An agricultural officer wants to study the effect of four
different fertilizers on the yield (in tons) of a specific crop.
Since there might be variability from one plot to another plot,
he decides to use the randomized complete block design. The
data are presented in the table. Test whether the type of
fertilizer used has significant effect on the yield of the crop.
Plot Fertilizer
A B C D
1 100 150 120 70
2 80 70 110 100
3 68 90 85 78
4 125 138 60 124
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

9 An oil company wants to test the effect of four different blends (7)
of gasoline (A, B, C, D) on fuel efficiency. The company has
used four cars for testing the four types of fuel. To control the
variability due to cars and drivers, Latin square design has
been used. The collected data from the experiment is shown in
the table below. Analyse the data and test whether the four
blends of gasoline, cars and the drivers significantly affect the
fuel efficiency.

Driver Cars

I II III IV

1 D = 15.5 B = 33.9 C = 13.2 A = 29.1

2 B = 16.3 C = 26.6 A=19.4 D = 22.8

3 C = 10.8 A = 31.1 D = 17.1 B = 30.3

4 A = 14.7 D = 34.0 B = 19.7 C = 21.6

10 The yield of a chemical process is being studied. The two most (7)
important variables are thought to be the pressure and
temperature. Three levels of each factor are selected, and a
factorial experiment with two replicates is performed. The
yield data are given in the table below. Analyse the data and

Temperature Pressure (psi)

(oC)
200 215 230

150 90.4 90.7 90.2

90.2 90.6 90.4

160 90.1 90.5 89.9

90.3 90.6 90.1

170 90.5 90.8 90.4

90.7 90.9 90.1

draw conclusions. Use α = 0.05

11 A 23 factorial design was used to develop a nitride etch (7)

process on a plasma etching tool. The design factors are the
gap between the electrodes (A), the gas flow (B), and the power
applied to the cathode (C). Each factor is run at two levels,
and the design is replicated twice. The response variable is the
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

etch rate for silicon nitride. The data are given in the table
below. Analyse the data to identify the significant factors and
interactions.

Coded factors Etch rate

A B C Replicatio Replicatio
n1 n2

-1 -1 -1 550 604

1 -1 -1 669 650

-1 1 -1 633 601

1 1 -1 642 635

-1 -1 1 1037 1052

1 -1 1 749 868

-1 1 1 1075 1063

1 1 1 729 860

12 The yield of a melting furnace in a foundry is suspected to be (7)

affected by the temperature ‘T’ and melting time ‘M’. The data
of this experiment with one replication in different treatment
combinations are summarized in the table below. Further, five
replications are taken at the centre point. Fit a first order
response surface for this problem to determine the optimum
settings for the temperature and melting time at a significance
level of 0.05.

Melting time
60 min. 66 min.
400oC 75 77
Temperature
410oC 80 84
Centre point 1 79
replications 2 78
Temperature 3 76
(405oC) 4 79
Melting time (63 5 80
min)
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Syllabus:

Module 1

Introduction to Design of Experiments: One factor at a time experiments

and designed experiments; Role of DoE in experimentation. Application of
software packages for designing experiments.
Basic statistical concepts: Probability distributions; pdf and cdf; mean and
variance. Normal and Student’s t distributions; Normal probability plot.
Tables and charts to represent data; Stem and leaf; Box plot; Pareto chart.
Sampling distribution of the mean: Central Limit Theorem. Constructing
Confidence Intervals for a single mean, variance, and difference of two
means.

Module 2

Hypothesis Testing: Hypothesis testing of single means. Testing of two

means - with known and unknown population variance. Paired t-test.
Testing of variances. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA).

Module 3

Single Factor Experiments: Completely randomized design. Replication,

Randomization, Blocking. Randomized complete block design. Latin square
design.
Model adequacy checking: Residual plots.

Module 4

Factorial experiments: Two and three factors full factorial experiments. 2-

level full factorial experiments. Effects and contrasts; Yate’s algorithm.
Single replicate case. Addition of central points to the 2k design. Blocking
and confounding in the 2k factorial design.

Module 5

Fractional Factorial Experiments: 2-level fractional factorial design. One-

half fraction of the 2k design. Alias structures in fractional factorial designs;
Confounding; Design resolutions.
Response Surface Methodology: Central Composite Design.
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Course Plan

No. Topic No. of

Lectures
1 Introduction to Design of Experiments
1.1 One factor at a time experiments and designed 1
experiments; Role of DoE in experimentation.
1.2 Application of software packages for designing 1
experiments.
1.3 Basic statistical concepts; Probability distributions; 1
pdf and cdf; mean and variance.
1.4 Normal and Student’s t distributions; Normal 1
probability plot.
1.5 Tables and charts to represent data; Stem and leaf; 1
Box plot; Pareto chart.
1.6 Sampling distribution of the mean; Central Limit 1
Theorem.
1.7 Constructing Confidence Intervals for a single mean, 2
variance, and difference of two means.
2 Hypothesis Testing
2.1 Hypothesis testing of single means. 2
Testing of two means - with known and unknown 2
population variance.
2.2 Paired t-test. 1
2.3 Testing of variances. 1
2.4 Analysis of Variance. 2
3 Single Factor Experiments
3.1 Completely randomized design. 2
3.2 Replication, Randomization, Blocking. 1
3.3 Randomized complete block design. 2
3.4 Latin square design. 1
3.5 Model adequacy checking; residual plots. 2
4 Factorial experiments
4.1 Two and three factors full factorial experiments. 2
4.2 2k full factorial experiments. 2
4.3 Effects and contrasts; Yate’s algorithm. 1
4.4 Single replicate case. 1
4.5 Addition of central points to the 2k design. 1
4.6 Blocking and confounding in the 2k factorial design. 1
5 Fractional Factorial Experiments
5.1 2-level fractional factorial design. 2
5.2 Alias structures in fractional factorial designs; 2
Confounding; Design resolutions.
5.3 Response Surface Methodology. 2
5.4 Central Composite Design. 2
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Reference Books

1. Montgomery, D. C. (2001). Design and analysis of experiments,

John Wiley, New York.
2. Montgomery, D. C. & Runger, G. C. (2007). Applied Statistics and
Probability for Engineers, John Wiley, New York.
3. Krishnaiah, K. & Shahabudeen, P. (2012). Applied Design of
Experiments and Taguchi Methods, PHI, New Delhi.
4. George, E. P., et al. (2005). Statistics for experimenters: design,
innovation, and discovery, John Wiley, New York.
5. Panneerselvam, R. (2012), Design and Analysis of Experiments,
PHI, New Delhi
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

222TME005 TURBOMACHINERY CATEGORY L T P CREDIT

Discipline 3 0 0 3
Core

Course Outcomes:

After the completion of the course the student will be able to

CO 1 Interpret and apply performance laws to turbomachines of different

types.
CO 2 Analyse flow through two-dimensional turbine and compressor
cascade
CO 3 Analyse Axial flow turbine and Determine stage reaction of axial flow
turbine
CO 4 Analyse Axial flow Compressors and Determine Stage losses and
efficiencies of Axial flow Compressor
CO 5 Explain Stall and Surge Phenomena
CO 6 Analyse Three dimensional flows in Axial flow turbine

Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes

PO 1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO 7
CO 1 3 3 2
CO 2 3 3 2
CO 3 3 3 2
CO 4 3 3 2
CO 5 3 3 2
CO 6 3 3 2

Assessment Pattern

Bloom’s Category End Semester

Examination (%)
Apply 30
Analyse 50
Evaluate 20
Create

Mark distribution

Total CIE ESE ESE

Marks Duration

100 40 60 2.5 hours

 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Continuous Internal Evaluation Pattern: Evaluation shall only be based

on application, analysis or design-based questions (for both internal and
end semester examinations).

Continuous Internal Evaluation: 40 marks

Micro project/Course based project: 20 marks

Course based task/Seminar/Quiz: 10 marks

Test paper, 1 no: 10 marks

The project shall be done individually. Group projects not permitted. Test
paper shall include minimum 80% of the syllabus.

End Semester Examination Pattern:

The end semester examination will be conducted by the University. There
will be two parts; Part A and Part B. Part A contain 5 numerical questions
(such questions shall be useful in the testing of knowledge, skills,
comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, evaluation and
understanding of the students), with 1 question from each module, having 5
marks for each question. Students shall answer all questions. Part B
contains 7 questions (such questions shall be useful in the testing of overall
achievement and maturity of the students in a course, through long answer
questions relating to theoretical/practical knowledge, derivations, problem
solving and quantitative evaluation), with minimum one question from each
module of which student shall answer any five. Each question can carry 7
marks. Total duration of the examination will be 150 minutes.
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Model Question paper

Name :

Reg No

MODEL QUESTION PAPER

APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

SECOND SEMESTER M.TECH. DEGREE EXAMINATION

Course Code:222TME005

Internal combustion Engines and Turbomachinery

Course name
TURBOMACHINERY

Time:2.5 hours Max. Marks: 60

Answer all Five questions from PART A.

Any Five questions from PART ‘B

Q.no. PART A Marks

1. An air compressor has eight stages of equal pressure ratio 5

1.35.The flow rate through the compressor and its overall
efficiency are 50 kg/s and 82 percent respectively .If the
conditions of air at entry are 1 bar and t1=400 C determine
Polytropic efficiency

2. A compressor cascade has the following data

Velocity of air at entry =75 m/s

Air angle at entry =480

Air angle at exit =250

 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Pitch -chord ratio=1.1

Stagnation pressure loss= 11mm W G

Density of air =1.25 kg/m3

Determine Drag coefficient 5

3 An axial turbine stage has the following data 5

Nozzle exit air angle α2=700

Rotor blade air angles β2=β3=540

Mean diameter of the blade rings=1m

Speed =3000rpm

Aspect ratio of the blade rows=1.0

Compute the total to total efficiency

4 Draw the inlet and outlet triangles for an axial flow 5

compressor for which given (a) Degree of reaction =0.5 b)
inlet blade angle =400 (c)axial velocity of flow which is
constant throughout = 125m/s (d) RPM =6500 (e) Radius =
0.2m. Calculate the power required in kW at an air flow rate
= 15kg/s. Find fluid angles at inlet and outlet. Blade speed
is same at exit and inlet.

5 A ninety degree IFR stage has the following data: 5

Total-to-static pressure ratio P01/P3=3.5

Exit pressure 1 bar

Stagnation temperature at entry 6500 c

Blade-to-isentropic speed ratio σ =0.66

Rotor diameter ratio d3/d2 =0.45

Rotor speed N=16000rpm

Nozzle exit air angle α2=200

 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Nozzle efficiency ηN =0.95

Rotor width at entry b2=5cm

Determine

a) the rotor diameter,

b) the rotor blade exit air angle

6 PART B 7

Derive Euler compressor equation

Derive the equation for the lift coefficient for an axial 7

7 compressor cascade

8 Briefly describe two dimensional cascades 7

9. Draw velocity triangles at the entry and exit for the fifty 7
percent reaction turbine for maximum utilization factor

10 Explain Surging in compressor 7

11. Write notes on blade row interaction effects in an axial flow 7

turbine

12. Write notes on blade row interaction effects in an axial flow 7

turbine
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Syllabus

MODULE: 1 Introduction to turbo-machines, definition and classification,

Dimensional analysis and performance laws, incompressible fluid analysis,
variable geometry turbomachines, compressible fluid analysis. Euler work,
rothalpy and relative velocity, efficiency of turbines and compressors,
polytropic efficiency, flow unsteadiness.

MODULE: 2 Two dimensional cascades: cascade nomenclature, lift and

drag, circulation and lift, losses and efficiency, compressor and turbine
cascade performance, nominal deflection, fluid deviation

MODULE: 3 Axial flow turbines: velocity diagram, multistage turbines, stage

losses and efficiency, stage reaction, diffusion within blade rows, efficiencies
and characteristics, turbine blade cooling.

MODULE: 4 Axial flow compressors: velocity diagram, stage loss and

efficiency, mean line calculation, off-design performance, multistage
compressor performance, stall and surge phenomena.

MODULE: 5 Three-dimensional flows in axial turbines: theory of radial

equilibrium, indirect and direct problems, compressible flow through a fixed
blade row, constant specific mass flow, free vortex turbine stage.
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Course Plan

No Topic No. of
Lectures
1
1.1 Introduction to turbo-machines, definition and 2
classification, Dimensional analysis and performance
laws, incompressible fluid analysis, variable geometry
turbomachines, compressible fluid analysis
1.2 Euler work, rothalpy and relative velocity, efficiency of 2
turbines and compressors
1.3 polytropic efficiency, flow unsteadiness. 2
2
2.1 Two dimensional cascades: cascade nomenclature 2
2.2 lift and drag, circulation and lift, 2
2.3 compressor and turbine cascade performance, nominal 2
deflection, fluid deviation
3
3.1 Axial flow turbines: velocity diagram Multistage turbines 2
stage losses and efficiency
3.2 stage reaction, diffusion within blade rows 2
3.3 efficiencies and characteristics, turbine blade cooling 2
4
4.1 Axial flow compressors: velocity diagram, stage loss and 2
efficiency
4.2 mean line calculation, off-design performance, 2
4.3 multistage compressor performance, stall and surge 2
phenomena.
5
5.1 Three-dimensional flows in axial turbines: theory of radial 2
equilibrium, indirect and direct problems,
5.2 compressible flow through a fixed blade row, constant 2
specific mass flow
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

5.3 free vortex turbine stage. 2

Reference Books

1. S. L. Dixon, Cesare A. Hall, Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics of

Turbo machinery, Butterworth Heinemann, 7th Ed., 2013.

2. V. Ganesan, Gas Turbines, Tata McGraw Hill, 3rd Ed., 2010.

3. S. M. Yahya: Turbines, Compressors and Fans, Tata McGraw-Hill, 4th

Ed., 2011.

4. P. Hill, C. Peterson, Mechanics and Thermodynamics of Propulsion,

Pearson, 2nd Ed., 2010s
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

PROGRAM
ELECTIVE III
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CODE COMPUTATIONAL FLUID CATEGORY L T P CREDIT

222EME047 DYNAMICS PROGRAM 3 0 0 3
ELECTIVE
3

Preamble:

Computational Fluid Dynamics or CFD plays an important role in

research and industry. It is the analysis of systems involving fluid flow, heat
transfer and associated phenomena such as chemical reactions by means of
computer-based simulation. Some of its application areas are aerodynamics
of aircraft and vehicles, combustion in internal combustion engines and gas
turbines, flows inside rotating passages etc. Finally, the course will finish
with the concepts of turbulence that are necessary for a full appreciation of
the finer details of CFD in many engineering applications.

Course Outcomes:

After the completion of the course the student will be able to

CO 1 Understand the governing equations in various fluid flow and

heat transfer problems.
CO 2 Apply the various discretization methods, solution procedures
and analyse the errors, consistency, convergence and stability
problems of different explicit and implicit techniques.
CO 3 Perform the modelling of steady state heat transfer problems with
Finite Volume method.
CO 4 Perform the modelling of unsteady state heat transfer problems
with Finite volume method and explain the different boundary
conditions.
CO 5 Explain the various turbulent modelling methods.

Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes

PO 1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO 7
CO 1 - - 2 3 - - -
CO 2 - - 3 3 - - -
CO 3 3 - 3 3 3 - -
CO 4 3 - 3 3 3 - -
CO 5 3 - 3 3 3 - -

Assessment Pattern

Bloom’s Category End Semester

Examination (%)
Apply 25
Analyse 25
Evaluate 25
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Create 25
Mark distribution

Total CIE ESE ESE

Marks Duration

100 40 60 2.5 hours

Continuous Internal Evaluation Pattern:

Preparing a review article based on peer reviewed Original 15 marks

publications (minimum 10 Publications shall be referred):
Course based task/Seminar/Data Collection and 15 marks
interpretation:
Test paper, 1 no.: 10 marks
Test paper shall include minimum 80% of the syllabus.

End Semester Examination Pattern:

The end semester examination will be conducted by the respective College.

There will be two parts; Part A and Part B. Part A will contain 5
numerical/short answer questions with 1 question from each module,
having 5 marks for each question (such questions shall be useful in the
testing of knowledge, skills, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis,
evaluation and understanding of the students). Students should answer all
questions. Part B will contain 7 questions (such questions shall be useful in
the testing of overall achievement and maturity of the students in a course,
through long answer questions relating to theoretical/practical knowledge,
derivations, problem solving and quantitative evaluation), with minimum
one question from each module of which student should answer any five.
Each question can carry 7 marks.
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Model Question paper

APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

SECOND SEMESTER M.TECH. DEGREE EXAMINATION
Department of Mechanical Engineering
222EME047COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS
Time: 2½ hrs Max Marks: 60

PART A (Answer all questions)

1. Using Reynolds transport theorem, obtain the integral form of

conservation of energy.
2. Obtain the finite difference expression for a third order derivative with
central finite difference scheme, second order.
3. Discuss the exact solution of steady, one-dimensional, convection and
diffusion equation.
4. Discuss the stability criterion for the explicit scheme for unsteady
one-dimensional heat conduction equation.
5. Why is the direct numerical simulation of turbulent flows difficult?

(5X5 = 25)

PART B (Answer any 5 questions)

6. Show that work-done by body force cannot give rise to heating or

cooling.

7. Consider the modified heat equation =𝑎 .Discretize the equation

using both Explicit and Implicit finite difference schemes.

8. With suitable examples, explain the four basic rules of finite volume
formulation.
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

9. Discuss the Explicit, Crank-Nicolson and Fully implicit Schemes for

solving unsteady one-dimensional heat conduction equation with no-
source term.

10. Derive the Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes equations for the mean
fields.

11. Obtain the broad range of length and time scales in a turbulent flow
in terms of Reynolds number of the flow.

12. Explain the finite difference formulation of Crank–Nicolson method

applied to 1D linear diffusion problem.

(5X7=35)
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Syllabus
Module 1

Conservation laws of fluid motion and boundary conditions, Governing

equations in fluid flow and heat transfer, Navier Stokes equation, Transport
equations, Classification of physical behaviour, Equilibrium problems,
Marching problems, Elliptic equations, Parabolic equations, Hyperbolic
equations

Module 2

Application of Finite Difference Methods, Discretization, Taylor series

method, Central differencing, Forward and Backward differencing, Explicit,
Implicit and Semi-Implicit Techniques, Crank Nicolson scheme, Estimation
of truncation and discretization errors. Criteria for numerical stability,
Convergence analysis

Module 3

Flux formulation for Finite Volume Method, One dimensional steady state
diffusion, Two- and three-dimensional steady state diffusion problems,
Steady one-dimensional convection and diffusion, Central differencing,
Upwind differencing scheme, QUICK and SIMPLE Algorithms

Module 4

Finite volume method for unsteady flow, One dimensional unsteady heat
conduction, Explicit, Crank Nicolson and Fully Implicit scheme

Modeling of flow problems, Implementation of Boundary conditions, Inletand

Outlet Boundary conditions, Wall Boundary condition, Symmetry and
Periodic Boundary conditions

Module 5

Turbulence and its modeling, Transition to turbulence, Jet flow, Turbulence

kinetic energy, Free turbulent flows, Viscous sub layer, Log-law layer, Outer
layer, k-Є model, k-ω model, Spalart Allmaras model, LES model and DNS
model.
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Course Plan

No Topic No. of
Lectures
1 Module 1
1.1 Conservation laws of fluid motion and boundary 4
conditions, Governing equations in fluid flow and heat
transfer, Navier Stokes equation, Transport equations
1.2 Classification of physical behaviour, Equilibrium 4
problems, Marching problems, Elliptic equations,
Parabolic equations, Hyperbolic equations
2 Module 2
2.1 Application of Finite Difference Methods, 5
Discretization, Taylor series method, Central
differencing, Forward and Backward differencing,
Explicit, Implicit and Semi-Implicit Techniques, Crank
Nicolson scheme
2.2 Estimation of truncation and discretization errors. 3
Criteria for numerical stability, Convergence analysis
3 Module 3
3.1 Flux formulation for Finite Volume Method, One 5
dimensional steady state diffusion, Two- and three-
dimensional steady state diffusion problems, Steady
one-dimensional convection and diffusion
3.2 Central differencing, Upwind differencing scheme, 3
QUICK and SIMPLE Algorithms
4 Module 4
4.1 Finite volume method for unsteady flow, One 4
dimensional unsteady heat conduction, Explicit,
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Crank Nicolson and Fully Implicit scheme

4.2 Modeling of flow problems, Implementation of 4
Boundary conditions, Inlet and Outlet Boundary
conditions, Wall Boundary condition, Symmetry and
Periodic Boundary conditions
5 Module 5
5.1 Turbulence and its modeling, Transition to turbulence, 4
Jet flow, Turbulence kinetic energy, Free turbulent
flows, Viscous sub layer, Loglaw layer, Outer layer
5.2 k-Є model, k-ω model, Spalart Allmaras model, LES 4
model and DNS model.

Reference Books

1. H.K Versteeg & W. Malalasekera –“An Introduction to Computational

FluidDynamics‖”, Pearson Education Ltd, 2007, Second Edition

2. John D Anderson Jr –“Computational Fluid Dynamics‖”, McGraw Hill

Education ,1995

3. Suhas.V. Patankar –“Numerical Heat transfer and Fluid Flow”,

Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, 1980

4. K.Muralidhar & T Sundararajan - “Computational Fluid Flow and Heat

Transfer”, Narosa Publishing House ,1995

5. C.A.J.Fletcher “Computational Technique for Fluid Dynamics” ,Volume

1- Springer-Verlag, 1988 6. Klaus A Hoffmann- ― Computational Fluid
Dynamics for Engineers‖- Engineering Education System,1993, Second
Edition
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CODE ADVANCED FINITE CATEGORY L T P CREDIT

222EME048 ELEMENT ANALYSIS
PROGRAMM 3 0 0 3
E ELECTIVE
3

Preamble:

This course helps students in basic understanding of FEA, Preprocessing,

solution and post processing. It also gives basic concepts of discretization of
solution domain into a finite element mesh, assembly of element equations and
boundary condition, solution for nodal unknowns and derived quantities over
each element and finite element mesh refinement and convergence. This course
provides implementation and application of FEM in 1-D, 2-D and 3D static and
dynamic structural analysis and heat conduction.

Course Outcomes:

After the completion of the course the student will be able to

CO 1 Understand the fundamental ideas of the FEM like meshing,

solution and post processing
CO 2 Know the behavior and usage of each type of elements covered in
this course
CO 3 Be able to prepare a suitable FE model for structural mechanical
analysis problems
CO 4 Be able interpret and evaluate the quality of the results

Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes

PO 1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6
CO 1 3 2 3 2 2
CO 2 3 2 3 2 2
CO 3 3 2 3 2 2
CO 4 3 2 3 2 2

Assessment Pattern

Bloom’s End Semester

Category Examination
Remember
Understand 20
Apply 20
Analyze 20
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Evaluate
Create

Mark distribution

Total CIE ESE ESE

Marks Duration

100 40 60 2.5 hours

Continuous Internal Evaluation Pattern:

Preparing a review article based on peer reviewed Original 15 marks

publications (minimum 10
Publications shall be referred):
Course based task/Seminar/Data Collection and 15 marks
interpretation:
Test paper, 1 no.: 10 marks
Test paper shall include minimum 80% of the syllabus.

End Semester Examination Pattern:

The end semester examination will be conducted by the respective College.

There will be two parts; Part A and Part B. Part A will contain 5
numerical/short answer questions with 1 question from each module,
having 5 marks for each question (such questions shall be useful in the
testing of knowledge, skills, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis,
evaluation and understanding of the students). Students should answer all
questions. Part B will contain 7 questions (such questions shall be useful in
the testing of overall achievement and maturity of the students in a course,
through long answer questions relating to theoretical/practical knowledge,
derivations, problem solving and quantitative evaluation), with minimum
one question from each module of which student should answer any five.
Each question can carry 7 marks.

Course Level Assessment Questions

 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Course Outcome 1 (CO1):

1. Discuss about the basic concepts of FEM.

2. Classify boundary conditions in detail.

3. What is meant by post processing?

Course Outcome 2 (CO2)

1. Explain important properties of CST elements.

2. Define LST element.

3. Classify different types of elements used in FEM.

Course Outcome 3 (CO3)

1. Develop the expression of the stiffness matrix for the truss element.

2. Determine the element mass matrix for 1-D dynamic structural analysis
problem.

3. Develop stiffness matrix equation for 1-D heat conduction element.

Course Outcome 4 (CO4)

1. Why is it difficult to analyze plane stress elasticity?

2. How can an accurate representation of irregular domains be

accomplished?

3. How can I interpret results in FEM?

Model Question paper

 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Reg. No.: ...........................

Name:...................................
A

APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

MODEL QUESTION PAPER

SECOND SEMESTER M.TECH DEGREE EXAMINATION

222EME048 – ADVANCED FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS

Time: 2.5 hrs. Max. Marks: 60

PART – A
(ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS, EACH QUESTION CARRIES 5 MARKS)

1. Explain the basic concepts of FEM.

2. Briefly explain about the patch test.

3. Briefly explain about practical Considerations in Modeling.

4. Differentiate between CST and LST elements.

5. Briefly explain about isoparametric formulation.

PART – B
(ANSWER ANY FIVE FULL QUESTIONS, EACH QUESTION CARRIES 7
MARKS)
6. Derive the stiffness matrix for linear bar finite elements.
7. Explain about different types of refinements in detail.
8. Derive the Plane Stress and Plane Strain Stiffness Equations for 2-D
elements.
9. Derive stiffness matrix for CST 2-D element.
10. Derive natural coordinates system for 1-D line element.
11. Derive interpolation function for an isoparametric element.
12. Explain method of weighted residuals (Galerkin) with an example.
Syllabus
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Module 1

Matrix algebra in FEM, Methods of solution of simultaneous equations,

Basic concepts of FEM, Virtual work and variational methods, Introduction
to the Stiffness (Displacement) Method, Spring, Bar elements and torsion
element, Development of truss equations (Stiffness matrix, load vectors)

Module 2

Development of Euler beam equations, Frame and grid equations,

Transformation of coordinates, Interpolation functions for general element
formulation. Patch test, different type of refinements (h, p and r)

Module 3

Development of the Plane Stress and Plane Strain Stiffness Equations,

Practical Considerations in Modeling, Interpreting Results and Examples of
Plane Stress/Strain Analysis

Module 4

Development of the CST, Linear-Strain Triangle Equations, Method of

weighted residuals (Galerkin), Boundary conditions (Neumann, Dirichlet and
Robin), Plate Bending Element

Module 5

Axisymmetric Elements, Natural coordinates systems, Isoparametric

Formulation, Three-Dimensional Stress Analysis, Lagrange and Serendipity
Elements, Structural Dynamics, Mass matrix computation, Evaluation of
Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors, Modal space

Course Plan
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

No Topic No. Of
Lectures
1 Module 1 8 hrs
1.1 Matrix algebra in FEM, Methods of solution of simultaneous 8 hrs
equations, Basic concepts of FEM, Virtual work and
variational methods, Introduction to the Stiffness
(Displacement) Method, Spring, Bar elements and torsion
element, Development of truss equations (Stiffness matrix,
load vectors)
2 Module 2 8 hrs
2.1 Development of Euler beam equations, Frame and grid 8 hrs
equations, Transformation of coordinates, Interpolation
functions for general element formulation. Patch test,
different type of refinements (h, p and r)
3 Module 3 8 hrs
3.1 Development of the Plane Stress and Plane Strain Stiffness 8 hrs
Equations, Practical Considerations in Modeling,
Interpreting Results and Examples of Plane Stress/Strain
Analysis
4 Module 4 8 hrs
4.1 Development of the CST, Linear-Strain Triangle Equations, 8 hrs
Method of weighted residuals (Galerkin), Boundary
conditions (Neumann, Dirichlet and Robin), Plate Bending
Element
5 Module 5 8 hrs
5.1 Axisymmetric Elements, Natural coordinates systems, 8 hrs
Isoparametric Formulation, Three-Dimensional Stress
Analysis, Lagrange and Serendipity Elements, Structural
Dynamics, Mass matrix computation, Evaluation of
Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors, Modal space

Reference Books
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

1. Fundamentals of FEM by David V Hutton, McGraw Hill

2. A First Course in the Finite Element Method Fifth Edition - Daryl L.
Logan - Thomson
3. An introduction to the Finite Element Method, 3rdEdn. Reddy J. N.
4. Finite element procedures K. J. Bathe, PHI
5. The Finite element methods in engineering, S S Rao
6. Introduction to finite elements in engineering, T. R.Chandrupatla and
Ashok D. Belegundu PHI
7. Elementary Finite Elements Method, Desai C. S.
8. The Finite Element Method, Zienkiewicz O. C.
9. Applied finite element analysis, Larry J.Segerlind
10. Finite Element Method, R. D. Cook
11. Finite Element Method, C.S. Krishnamurthy
12. Basics of FEM- Solid Mechanics, Heat transfer and Fluid mechanics,
Dubuque I A and W C Brown.
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CODE MULTI PHASE FLOW CATEGORY L T P CREDIT

222EME049 Programme 3 0 0 3
Elective 3

Preamble: This course contains various multiphase Flow model theory and
Computational methods. This course helps M Tech graduate to understand
various Multi Phase Flow models and apply the models to compute the
surface heat transfer and its effects on pressure, temperature and
concentration of various phases, in the fields of heat transfer with phase
change, various combustion processes etc.

Course Outcomes:

After the completion of the course the student will be able to

CO 1 Describe the basic terminologies, methods of analyses and

conservation equations pertaining to general two-phase, one-
dimensional flow.
CO 2 use various correlations pertaining to homogeneous flow models to
determine pressure drop and heat transfer in two phase flow.
CO 3 Describe various physical phenomena in Pool boiling and
convective boiling like vapour nucleation, bubble growth, effect of
critical heat flux conditions
CO 4 Describe various physical phenomena in subcooled and saturated
boiling.
CO 5 Distinguish various regimes in dropwise and film condensation.
CO 6 Suggest methods of improving heat transfer coefficients in
condensation and boiling phenomena.

Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes

PO 1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO 7
CO 1 3 3 2
CO 2 3 3 2
CO 3 3 3 2
CO 4 3 3 2
CO 5 3 3 2
CO 6 3 3 2

Assessment Pattern

Bloom’s Category End Semester

Examination
Apply 40
Analyse 10
Evaluate 10
Create 0
Mark distribution
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Total CIE ESE ESE

Marks Duration

100 40 60 2.5 hours

Continuous Internal Evaluation Pattern:

Preparing a review article based on peer reviewed Original 15 marks

publications (minimum 10 Publications shall be referred):
Course based task/Seminar/Data Collection and 15 marks
interpretation:
Test paper, 1 no.: 10 marks
Test paper shall include minimum 80% of the syllabus.

End Semester Examination Pattern:

The end semester examination will be conducted by the respective College.

There will be two parts; Part A and Part B. Part A will contain 5
numerical/short answer questions with 1 question from each module,
having 5 marks for each question (such questions shall be useful in the
testing of knowledge, skills, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis,
evaluation and understanding of the students). Students should answer all
questions. Part B will contain 7 questions (such questions shall be useful in
the testing of overall achievement and maturity of the students in a course,
through long answer questions relating to theoretical/practical knowledge,
derivations, problem solving and quantitative evaluation), with minimum
one question from each module of which student should answer any five.
Each question can carry 7 marks.
Special Note on the course:
Numerical problems can be solved only with the support of suitable formulae
data book, specially prepared for the course and be permitted for the
examination.
Course Level Assessment Questions
Course Outcome 1 (CO1):
1. Differentiate between bubbly flow and slug flow.
2. What do the terms (i) local time averaged gas fraction and (ii)
instantaneous area average gas fraction mean?
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

3Differentiate between the homogeneous model and drift flux flow

model in two phase flow analyses.
Course Outcome 2 (CO2)
1. A vertical tubular test section is to be is to be installed in an
experimental high pressure water loop. The tube is 10.16 mm ID
and 3.66m long heated uniformly over its length. The flow rate of
water is 0.108 kg/s with a power of 100kW applied to the tube. The
water inlet conditions are 204 degrees Celsius and 68.9 bar.
Calculate the pressure drop over the test section using the
homogeneous model.
2. Estimate the friction pressure gradient in a 13.3 cm bore return
tube for the following conditions.
Fluid: steam-water
Pressure: 180 bar
Mass flow of stem: 12.23 kg/s
Mass flow of water:2.78 kg/s.
Course Outcome 3 (CO3):
1. Discuss about the superheat requirements for vapour nucleation.
2. Explain the Simple Bubble Dynamics in Convective boiling process.
Course Outcome 4 (CO4):
Explain the mechanism of partial subcooled boiling.
Course Outcome 5 (CO5):
Discuss the various second order effects on the critical heat flux.
Course Outcome 6 (CO6):
Discuss the conditions influencing critical heat flus in convective
boiling phenomenon.
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Model Question paper

APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

SECOND SEMESTER M. TECH DEGREE EXAMINATION
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Thermal and Fluid Sciences
222EME049- MULTI-PHASE FLOW

Time: 2.5 hrs Max. Marks: 60

(Use of Multi-Phase Flow correlations sheet and property tables/chart

and Steam tables is permitted. The correlations list is to be prepared
from reference book, and shall be authenticated to be used for the end
semester examination. )

Part A

(Answer all questions. Each question carries 5 marks).

1. A liquid flow upwards in a vertical channel heated from its walls. Give a
description on various flow patterns, starting from single phase liquid, up
to single phase vapour.

2. Discuss the superheat requirement of vapour nucleation.

3. Give a description on the pressure-volume-temperature surface for a

pure surface with special references to stable equilibrium and unstable
equilibrium states.

4. Give a description on the growth of void fraction in subcooled boiling

under uniform heat flux forced convection inside a tube.

5. Enlist the assumptions made by Nusselt on the analysis of film

condensation on a planar surface.

Part B

(Answer any five questions. Each question carries 7 marks)

6. Derive mass conservation, momentum and energy equations for a

simplified one-dimensional stratified single component flow in an inclined
pipe. State the simplification assumptions made during the derivation of
the conservation equations.

7. A vertical tubular test section is to be is to be installed in an

experimental high pressure water loop. The tube is 10.16 mm ID and
3.66m long heated uniformly over its length. The flow rate of water is
0.108 kg/s with a power of 100kW applied to the tube. The water inlet
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

conditions are 204 degrees Celsius and 68.9 bar. Calculate the pressure
drop over the test section using the Martinelli-Nelson model. (Two phase
flow data book for equations and properties tables for water are
permitted)
8. Explain various stages in a pool boiling curve.

9. Discuss the basic processes of boiling with reference to the conditions to

be satisfied for the following phenomena - (i) vapour formation, (ii)
superheat requirement for vapour nucleation and homogeneous
nucleation.

10. Discuss various stages of subcooled boiling process with due

significance to the onset of subcooled nucleate boiling, partial subcooled
boiling and fully developed subcooled boiling.

11. Give a description on the mechanism of heat transfer in areas where the
heat transfer exceeds the critical heat flux, showing four regions of the
heat transfer mechanisms.

12. Discuss the various methods for improving the heat transfer coefficient
in condensation.
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Syllabus and Course Plan (For 3 credit courses, the content can be for 40
hrs and for 2 credit courses, the content can be for 26 hrs. The audit course
in third semester can have content for 30 hours).

No Topic No. of
Lectures
1.1 Introduction-Definition and meaning of a multi-phase
flow, definitions and equations of terminologies used in
multi-phase flow – local time average gas fraction,
instantaneous line average gas fraction, instantaneous area
1
or (volume) average gas fraction.
Methods of analysis of multi-phase flow - correlations,
simple analytical models, Differential analysis, Integral
analysis, Universal phenomena.
1.2 Flow patterns – factors influencing flow patterns. General
flow pattern models – Flow patterns in vertical co-current
flow, vertical heated channels, horizontal co-current flow.
Flow pattern maps and transitions for - vertical flow, 3
horizontal flow. Taitel Unified flow pattern model – stratified
to non-stratified, bubbly flow transition, transition to
annular flow, annular flow to wispy annular flow.
1.3 two-phase, one-dimensional conservation equations - Mass,
momentum and energy equations. Evaluation of pressure 2
gradient using momentum equation and energy equation.
1.4 Homogeneous flow model – assumptions, derivation, two
2
phase friction factor. Two phase multiplier.
2.1 Correlations used for homogeneous flow models –
Martinelli-Nelson correlation, The Thom correlation and
their application to experimental observations. 2
Influence of imposed heat flux on void fraction and
pressure gradient.
2.2 Correlations used for drift flux model, bubbly flow model,
4
slug flow, annular flow, wispy annular flow.
2.3 Correlations for pressure losses in contractions, 2
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

enlargements, orifices, bends and valves.

3.1 Pool and Convective Boiling – Thermodynamics of
vapour/liquid systems.
Basic Process of boiling – vapour formation, superheat
requirements for vapour nucleation, homogeneous
3
nucleation, heterogeneous nucleation, nucleation at solid
surface, sizing of active nucleation sites.
Simple bubble dynamics – bubble growth, bubble
detachment and frequency.
3.2 Pool boiling – pool boiling curve. Nucleation, heat transfer,
Nucleate boiling correlations, heat transfer mechanism, 3
critical heat flux, transition boiling, Film boiling.
3.3 Convective boiling – Regimes of heat transfer, the boiling
map, critical heat flux conditions for forced convection 2
boiling.
4.1 Subcooled boiling – Single phase liquid heat transfer, the
onset of subcooled nucleate boiling, partial subcooled 2
boiling, fully developed subcooled boiling.
4.2 Void fraction and pressure drop in subcooled boiling:
Void fraction in subcooled boiling – the highly subcooled
region, the point of departure of vapour bubbles from the
3
heated surface, the low subcooled region.
Pressure drop in subcooled boiling – the slightly subcooled
region, the highly subcooled region.
4.3 Saturated boiling: Saturated forced convective boiling in a
round tube, suppression of saturated nucleated boiling, the
2
two-phase forced convection region, correlations for
saturated forced convection, limitations to flow boiling.
4.4 Heat transfer in areas exceeding critical flux – transition
boiling, film boiling, heat transfer in liquid deficient region, 1
correlations.
5.1 Critical heat flux in forced convective flow – vertical uniform 2
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

heat flux flow, correlations, influence of system pressure on

critical heat flux, second order effects on critical heat flux.
5.2 Condensation: the basic processes of condensation – film
condensation on a planar surface- the Nusselt equation for
a laminar film, improvements to the original Nusselt theory, 3
the influence of turbulence, condensation on horizontal
tubes, condensation withing a vertical tube
5.3 Dropwise condensation – basic theory. 1
5.4 Methods of improving heat transfer coefficient in
1
condensation.
5.5 Conditions Influencing the performance of boiling and
1
condensing systems.

Reference Books
1. John G Collier and John R Thome, “Convective Boiling
&Condensation”, Third edition, McGraw Hill, 1996
2. G. W. Wallis, "One-Dimensional Two-Phase Flow"
3. Y. Y. Hsu,R. W. Graham, “Transport Processes in Boiling &Two Phase
Flow"
4. L.S. Tong, Y.S.Tang,"Boiling Heat Transfer And Two Phase Flow",
Tayloir &Francis
5. A.F.Mills, V. Ganesan, "Heat Transfer", Second edition, 2009, Pearson
Education.
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CODE HYDRO AND THERMAL CATEGORY L T P CREDIT

222EME050 TURBO MACHINES Programme 3 0 0 3
Elective 3

Course Outcomes:

After the completion of the course, the student will be able to:

CO 1 Differentiate the working and efficiencies of impulse and reaction

turbines.
CO 2 Select a centrifugal pump for best efficiency condition
CO 3 Perform the thermodynamic analysis of gas turbines
CO 4 Perform the analysis of centrifugal and radial flow compressors
CO 5 Describe the geometry of combustion chambers of gas turbines
CO 6 Select steam turbines for specific applications

Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes

PO PO PO PO 4 PO 5 PO PO PO PO PO PO PO
1 2 3 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
CO 1 3 3 2 2
CO 2 3 3 2 2
CO 3 3 3 3 3
CO 4 3 3 3 3
CO 5 3 3 3 2
CO 6 3 3 3 2

Assessment Pattern

Bloom’s Category End Semester

Examination
Apply 30%
Analyse 30%
Evaluate 40%
Create -

Mark distribution

Total CIE ESE ESE

Marks Duration

100 40 60 2.5 hours

Continuous Internal Evaluation Pattern:

Preparing a review article based on peer reviewed Original 15 marks

publications (minimum 10 Publications shall be referred):
Course based task/Seminar/Data Collection and 15 marks
interpretation:
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Test paper, 1 no.: 10 marks

Test paper shall include minimum 80% of the syllabus.

End Semester Examination Pattern:

The end semester examination will be conducted by the respective College.

There will be two parts; Part A and Part B. Part A will contain 5
numerical/short answer questions with 1 question from each module,
having 5 marks for each question (such questions shall be useful in the
testing of knowledge, skills, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis,
evaluation and understanding of the students). Students should answer all
questions. Part B will contain 7 questions (such questions shall be useful in
the testing of overall achievement and maturity of the students in a course,
through long answer questions relating to theoretical/practical knowledge,
derivations, problem solving and quantitative evaluation), with minimum
one question from each module of which student should answer any five.
Each question can carry 7 marks.
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Model Question paper

Name :

Reg. No.:

MODEL QUESTION PAPER

APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

SECOND SEMESTER M.TECH. DEGREE EXAMINATION

Course Code: 222EME050

HYDRO AND THERMAL TURBOMACHINES

Time:2.5 hours Max. Marks: 60

Answer all Five questions from Part A.

Any Five questions from Part B

Part A Marks

1. Explain the nozzle and flow regulating arrangement in a Pelton 5

turbine.

2. Explain the operating characteristic curves of a centrifugal 5

pump.

3. What is surging of a centrifugal compressor? 5

4. Derive the expression for optimum pressure ratio for maximum 5

efficiency of an actual Joule-Brayton gas turbine.

5. What are the main losses in steam turbines? 5

 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Part B

6. The following data are for a Francis turbine which is to be 7

designed for a power output of 6000 kW under a net head of 90

m while running at a speed of 700 rpm:

Ratio of the width of runner to external diameter of runner = 0.1

Ratio of the external diameter to the inner diameter of the runner
=2
Flow ratio = 0.28, Hydraulic efficiency = 95%, Mechanical
efficiency = 85%,
Circumferential area occupied by the thickness of vanes = 10%
Assuming the constant velocity of flow, calculate (a) the inlet
guide vane angle, (b) the inlet runner blade angle, and c) the
runner blade angle at the outlet.

7. Describe in brief the components of a Francis turbine. 7

8. A centrifugal pump running at 1000 rpm delivers water against a 7

net head of 7m. The blade angle at the outlet is 28o with the
direction of peripheral velocity. The diameter and width at the
outlet of impeller are 0.25 m and 50 mm respectively. Calculate
(a) discharge and (b) power required for running the pump.
Assume manometric and overall efficiency as 90% and 75 %
respectively.

9. 20 m3/s of air at 1 bar and 15 oC is to be compressed in a 7

centrifugal compressor through a pressure ratio 1.5:1. The
compression follows the law pV1.5= constant. The velocity of flow
at the inlet and outlet remains constant and equal to 60 m/s. If
the inlet and outlet impeller diameters are, respectively, 0.6 m
and 1.2 m, and speed of rotation is 5000 rpm, find (a) the blade
angles at the inlet and outlet of the impeller and the angle at
which air enters the impeller casing, and (b) breadth of the
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

impeller blade at the inlet and outlet. It may be assumed that no

diffuser is fitted and the whole pressure increase occurs in the
impeller and that the blades have a negligible thickness. Assume
pre-whirl at the inlet to be zero.

10. In an intercooled Joule Brayton cycle power plant, 30 kg/s of air 7

is supplied at 1 bar, 27 OC. Compression of th air is achieved to
10 bar in two stages with perfect intercooling in between at
optimum pressure. The maximum temperature in cycle is 1000K.
First stage expansion of gas in the turbine occurs up to 3 bar.
Gas is subsequently reheated up to 995 K before being sent to
second stage. Fuel used for heating in combustion chamber has
a calorific value of 42,000 Kj/kg. Considering a constant Cp of
1.0032 Kj/kg.K throughout the cycle, determine the net output,
thermal efficiency and the air fuel ratio. The isentropic efficiency
values of compression and expansion are 85 % and 90%,
respectively.

11. The nozzles of an impulse turbine stage receive steam at 16 bar, 7

350 OC and discharge is at 12 bar. The nozzle angle is 18 OC and
nozzle efficiency is 97%. The turbine runs at the speed, which is
required for maximum work. The inlet angle of the blade is
designed such that steam enters without shock. The blade angle
at the exit is 5 o less than that at the inlet. The blade friction
coefficient is 0.88 and flow rate of steam is 1340 kg/hr.
Calculate (a) axial thrust, (b) diagram power, and (c) diagram
efficiency.

12. The steam leaving the moving blade row is at 1.5 bar, 0.88 dry at 7
a certain point in a Parson’s turbine running at 3000 rpm. The
axial velocity of flow at the inlet of the moving blade row is 0.65
times the mean blade velocity, whereas that at the exit from the
row is 0.7 times the mean blade velocity. The outlet angles of bot
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

fixed and moving bladed are 22O measured from the plane of
rotation. The ratio of height of the moving blades at the outlet to
the mean diameter is 0.1. The mass flow rate of steam is 6.5
kg/s, determine (a) the height of the moving blades at the outlet,
and (b) power developed in the blade row.
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Syllabus

Module 1: Classification of hydraulic turbines-Euler equation for hydro0-

turbines- efficiencies of a turbine-Pelton wheel: construction, parts-analysis
of Pelton wheel-reaction turbine-Francis turbine: construction-parts-
analysis of Francis turbines-Kaplan turbine-construction-parts-analysis of
Kaplan turbine-draft tube-comparison of turbines-performance
characteristics of turbine-selection of turbines.

Module 2: Centrifugal pump-centrifugal pump-axial flow pumps-mixed flow

pump-parts of centrifugal pumps-general pumping system-analysis of
centrifugal pumps-analysis of axial flow pumps- -performance
characteristics of actual centrifugal pumps-performance characteristics of
axial pumps-performance characteristics of mixed flow pumps- work done-
manometric head—efficiencies–discharge—power required to drive –
multistage pumps -specific speed of CP—selection of pumps based on
specific speed and head—concept of NPSH–(net positive suction head)-
cavitation—priming.

Module 3: Centrifugal compressors: analysis of centrifugal compressor,

velocity triangles-stage parameters-losses and efficiencies-performance
characteristics-Radial Flow Turbines: Types of inlet flow radial turbines
(IFR), thermodynamics of IFR turbine-Efficiency-Mach number relations,
loss coefficient, off-design operating conditions- losses- pressure ratio limits.

Module 4: Gas turbines-classification- simple and actual Joule-Brayton

cycle- actual Joule-Brayton cycle with heat exchanger and with intercooling-
thermodynamic analysis, open and closed cycles- cycle analysis- losses and
efficiency-Combustion chambers of gas turbines – requirements, factors
affecting design and performance-combustion process, geometry-
combustion zones-combustion chamber arrangements- limiting factors in
combustion chambers.

Module 5: Steam turbines-steam turbine types and controls-compounding

of steam turbines- analysis of simple impulse turbine staging-analysis of
pressure compounding-analysis of velocity compounding-losses in steam
turbines-reheat factor and condition line-design of multistage turbines-
turbine selection.
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Course Plan

No Topic No. of
Lectures
1 Hydraulic turbines
1.1 Classification of hydraulic turbines-Euler equation for 2
hydro turbines- Efficiencies of a turbine.

1.2 Pelton wheel: construction-parts-analysis of Pelton 2

wheel-reaction turbine. Francis turbine: construction-
parts-analysis of Francis turbines

1.3 Kaplan turbine-construction-parts-analysis of Kaplan 2

turbine-draft tube-comparison of turbines-
performance characteristics of turbine-selection of
turbines.

2 Hydraulic pumps
2.1 Centrifugal pump-centrifugal pump-axial flow pumps- 2
mixed flow pump-parts of centrifugal pumps

2.2 General pumping system-analysis of centrifugal 2

pumps-analysis of axial flow pumps.

2.3 Performance characteristics of actual centrifugal 2

pumps-performance characteristics of axial pumps-
performance characteristics of mixed flow pumps
2.4 work done- manometric head—efficiencies – 2
discharge—power required to drive –multistage pumps
-
2.5 Specific speed of CP—selection of pumps based on 2
specific speed and head—concept of NPSH–(net
positive suction head)-cavitation—priming
3 Centrifugal compressors:
3.1 Analysis of centrifugal compressor, velocity triangles- 2
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

3.2 Sage parameters-losses and efficiencies-performance 2

characteristics-.

3.3 Radial Flow Turbines: Types of inlet flow radial 2

turbines (IFR), thermodynamics of IFR turbine.

3.4 Efficiency, Mach number relations, loss coefficient, off- 2

design operating conditions, losses, pressure ratio
limits.

4 Gas turbines
4.1 Classification- simple and actual Joul-Brayton cycle- 2
actual Joul-Brayton cycle with heat exchanger and
with intercooling-

4.2 Thermodynamic analysis, open and closed cycles, 2

cycle analysis, losses and efficiency-

4.3 Combustion chambers of gas turbines – requirements, 2

factors affecting design and performance,

4.4 Combustion process, geometry, combustion zones, 2

combustion chamber arrangements, limiting factors in
combustion chambers.

5 Steam turbines
5.1 Steam turbine types and controls-compounding of 2
steam turbines

5.2 Analysis of simple impulse turbine staging-analysis of 2

pressure compounding
5.3 Analysis of velocity compounding-losses in steam 2
turbines-reheat factor and condition line-design of
multistage turbines- turbine selection.
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Reference Books

1. Yahya, S. M., Turbines, Compressors and Fans, Tata McGraw-Hill,

1983.

2. Shepherd, D. G., Principles of Turbomachinery, Macmillan Publishing

Company, 1957.

3. Manesh Dubey, BVSSS Prasad, Turbomachinery, Tata McGraw-Hill

4. Dixon, S. L., Fluid Mechanics, Thermodynamics of Turbomachinery,

Third Edition, Pergamon Press, 1978.

5. Ganesan V.,Gas Turbines, Tata McGraw-Hill Education, New Delhi

6. Cohen,H, Rogers,G,E.C, and Saravanamuttoo, H.I.H., Gas Turbine

Theory, Longman Group Ltd., 1980

7. Hydraulics and Fluid mechanics - Dr.P.N.Modi & Dr.S.M.Seth

8. Hydraulics, Fluid mechanics and fluid machines – S.Ramamurtham

9. Hydraulic and Hydraulic machines – Dr. Jagadish Lal

 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

PROGRAM
ELECTIVE IV
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CODE SIMULATION OF IC CATEGORY L T P CREDIT

222EME053 ENGINES Programme 3 0 0 3
Elective 4

Preamble:

Basic thermodynamics knowledge on combustion

Know the stages of combustion in SI engine and CI engines

Know the various pollutant formations in IC engines

Course Outcomes:

After the completion of the course the student will be able to

CO 1 Recall the working cycles for IC engines

CO 2 Create combustion models for IC engines
CO 3 Understand the SI engine combustion models
CO 4 Understand the CI engine combustion models
CO 5 Analyze the spry characteristics both in SI engine and CI engine
CO 6 Create the pollution formation models in IC engines

Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes

PO 1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO 7
CO 1 3
CO 2 3
CO 3 3
CO 4 3
CO 5 3
CO 6 3

Assessment Pattern

Bloom’s Category End Semester

Examination
Apply
Analyse 30
Evaluate 30
Create

Mark distribution

Total CIE ESE ESE

Marks Duration

100 40 60 2.5 hours

 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Continuous Internal Evaluation Pattern:

Preparing a review article based on peer reviewed Original 15 marks

publications (minimum 10 Publications shall be referred):
Course based task/Seminar/Data Collection and 15 marks
interpretation:
Test paper, 1 no.: 10 marks
Test paper shall include minimum 80% of the syllabus.

End Semester Examination Pattern:

The end semester examination will be conducted by the respective College.

There will be two parts; Part A and Part B. Part A will contain 5
numerical/short answer questions with 1 question from each module,
having 5 marks for each question (such questions shall be useful in the
testing of knowledge, skills, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis,
evaluation and understanding of the students). Students should answer all
questions. Part B will contain 7 questions (such questions shall be useful in
the testing of overall achievement and maturity of the students in a course,
through long answer questions relating to theoretical/practical knowledge,
derivations, problem solving and quantitative evaluation), with minimum
one question from each module of which student should answer any five.
Each question can carry 7 marks.
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Model Question paper

Subject code:222EME053

Subject Name:SIMULATION OF IC ENGINES

Time : 2.5 hours Max Mark :60

Part-A

Answer all questions.Each question carries 4 marks

1. Which are the different types of simulation models?

2. The exhaust gas of a hydrogen –fuelled engine contain 22.3%

H2O,7.44% O2,and 70.2% N2.At what equivalent ratio it is operating?

3. What is Magnussen model?

4. Which are the different methods for charging in CI engines?

5. What is Boltzmann-William equation?

Part B

Answer any 5 questions. Each carries 7 marks.

6. Explain the cycle analysis with ideal gas as the working fluid?

7. Explain the single zone and multi zone combustion models?

8. Explain any two SI engine combustion models?

9. Calculate the low temperature burned gas composition for the

combustion of 7g/s air with 0.48g/s ethanol .Assume K =3.5 ?

10. Explain any one combustion model in CI engines? What are the
factors affecting ignition delay in CI engine?

11. Explain Continuum droplet model and discrete droplet model?

12. Derive Boltzmann-William equation and solution?

13. Explain the different types of catalytic converts used for the emission
control?
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Syllabus and Course Plan

No Topic No. of
Lectures
1

1.1 Simulation principles- Model building, Types of models, 2

Governing equations of models,
1.2 Ideal models of engine processes: cycle analysis with 2
ideal gas as working fluid
1.3 Fuel-Air cycle analysis- SI engine and CI engine 2
simulation.
1.4 Availability relationships, Entropy change in ideal cycles, 2
Availability analysis of Ideal cycles, Effect of equivalence
ratio.
2
2.1 First law application to combustion: Energy and 2
enthalpy balances, Enthalpies of formation, heating
values, adiabatic combustion processes
2.2 Second law application to combustion: Entropy, 2
maximum work from an internal combustion engine and
efficiency.
2.3 Properties of working fluid: Unburned and burned 2
mixtures mixture composition.
2.4 Intake and exhaust flow models: Swirl, Squish and 2
Tumble flow, turbulent flow, turbulent models. Single
zone and multi zone models.
3
3.1 Combustion stages in SI engines, Difference between 2
premixed and diffusion combustion,
3.2 Thermodynamic analysis of SI engine combustion: 3
burned and unburned mixture states, Flame speed and
structure: Flame structure, Laminar burning speeds,
Flame propagation relations
3.3 Spark-ignition engine models, Direct-Injection Engine 3
models, Multi cylinder and complex engine system
models. Magnussen model, Flame surface density model.

4
4.1 Stages of combustion in compression ignition engines: 2
Types of combustion systems,
4.2 Phenomenological Combustion models: Multi spry 3
systems, fuel spray behavior, Ignition delay .Zero
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

dimensional heat release function, Stationary gas jet,

Packet models, Time scale models.
4.3 Charging of IC engines: Charging methods-Pressure 3
wave charging, Mechanical super charging, Turbo
charging. Simulation of charging-Turbo compressor, the
positive displacement charger.

5
5.1 Simulation of injection process: Single droplet processes- 3
Momentum exchange, Mass and Heat exchange process.
Spray statistics- Boltzmann-William equation and
solution, parcel start condition at the nozzle exit,
5.2 Modeling break up and Collision process. Spray 2
Modeling- Continuum droplet model and discrete droplet
model. Euler spray models
5.3 Exhaust after treatment: Catalytic converters-basic 3
equations, types of catalytic converters. Diesel
particulate filters-basic equations, Soot loading and
pressure losses. Regeneration and temperature
distribution. Dosing unit and system simulation.

Reference Books

1.Internal combustion engines fundamentals ,J.B.Hewood,TATAMcGRAW-

HILLEdition

2.Internal combustion engines ,ColinR.Ferguson and Allan T.Kirkpatric

Wiley Publications

3.Combustion engine
development,GunterP.Merker,ChristianSchwarz,RudigerTeichmann,Springer
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CODE ALTERNATE FUELS FOR CATEGORY L T P CREDIT

222EM054 IC ENGINES Programme 3 0 0 3
Elective 4

Preamble: To present in depth knowledge of Alternate fuel and energy

system and to address the underlying concepts and methods behind
alternate fuel and energy system.

The objectives of the course are:

1. To acquire complete knowledge on availability of possible alternate

fuels and their properties to use as fuel in CI and SI engines.
2. To develop knowledge all, the possible way of using alcohols as a fuel
IN IC engines.
3. To understand the challenges and difficulties in using vegetable oil as
an alternative fuel in internal combustion engines.
4. To identify the uses of hydrogen as fuel in IC engines as an alternative
for fossil fuels.
5. To understand the usefulness of natural acquiring gases towards IC
engines.

Course Outcomes:

After the completion of the course the student will be able to

CO 1 Explain the fundamental concepts of alternative fuels, properties

and testing methods of fuels
CO 2 Illustrate the production methods of alcohols and its properties
CO 3 Exemplify the characteristics of vegetable oils as fuel
CO 4 Demonstrate the production methods of hydrogen and its storage
CO 5 Illustrate the production methods of Biogas, Natural gas and LPG

Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes

PO 1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO 7

CO 1 3 - 1 - - - -

CO 2 3 - 1 - - - -

CO 3 3 - 1 - - - -

CO 4 3 - 1 - - - -

CO 5 3 - 1 - - - -
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Assessment Pattern

Bloom’s Category End Semester

Examination
Understand
Remember 40
Apply 20

Mark distribution

Total CIE ESE ESE

Marks Duration

100 40 60 2.5 hours

Continuous Internal Evaluation Pattern:

Preparing a review article based on peer reviewed Original 15 marks

publications (minimum 10 Publications shall be referred):
Course based task/Seminar/Data Collection and 15 marks
interpretation:
Test paper, 1 no.: 10 marks
Test paper shall include minimum 80% of the syllabus.

End Semester Examination Pattern:

The end semester examination will be conducted by the respective College.

There will be two parts; Part A and Part B. Part A will contain 5
numerical/short answer questions with 1 question from each module,
having 5 marks for each question (such questions shall be useful in the
testing of knowledge, skills, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis,
evaluation and understanding of the students). Students should answer all
questions. Part B will contain 7 questions (such questions shall be useful in
the testing of overall achievement and maturity of the students in a course,
through long answer questions relating to theoretical/practical knowledge,
derivations, problem solving and quantitative evaluation), with minimum
one question from each module of which student should answer any five.
Each question can carry 7 marks.
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Course Level Assessment Questions

Course Outcome 1 (CO1):

1. Explain the production technologies of biofuels
2. Explain the importance of biofuels and alternate fuels
Course Outcome 2 (CO2):
1. Explain the properties of alcohols as fuels and its production technology
2. List the various blending, dual fuel operation in SI and CI engines
3. Illustrating the performance, emission and combustion characteristics in
CI and SI engines
Course Outcome 3 (CO3)
1. Exemplify the different methods of using vegetable oils engines
2. Describing performance, emission and combustioncharacteristics of
vegetable oils
3. Illustrate therole of nano fluids, additives and cetane improvers in
vegetable oils
Course Outcome 4 (CO4):
1. Explain the combustive properties of hydrogen and production methods
of hydrogen
2. Differentiate between the methods of using hydrogen in SI and CI engines
3. Explain the performance, emission and combustion analysis of hydrogen
Course Outcome 5 (CO5):
1. Explain the production process of biogas, natural gas and LPG
2. Illustrate the modification required to usebiogas, natural gas and LPG in
SI and CI Engines
3. Explain the performance, emission and combustion analysis of biogas,
natural gas and LPG
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

MODEL QUESTION PAPER

APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

ALTERNATE FUELS FOR IC ENGINES

Maximum: 60 Marks Duration: 2.5 hours

PART A

Answer all questions. Each question carries 5 marks

1. With suitable case study explain the need for alternative fuels and
also explain the current world and Indian energy scenario on
alternative fuels use.

2. What are the advantages of alcohols as fuels? Explain the production

methods of alcohols and properties of alcohols as fuels.

3. Explain the different methods of using vegetable oils in IC engines

4. Discuss the production methods of hydrogen also explain the

combustive properties of hydrogen.

5. Illustrate the production methods of Biogas, Natural gas and LPG.

(5 X 5 = 25 Marks)

PART B

Answer any five questions

1. With the help of an example explain pyrolysis, gasification and

digestion.

2. Discuss the performance, emission and combustion analysis of

hydrogen in IC engines. Explain the hydrogen storage techniques.

3. Discuss the various methods of using alcohols as fuel in CI and SI

engines with the help of suitable sketch.

4. Illustrate the role of nano fluids, additives and cetane improvers for
the performance improvement of vegetable oils as fuel.

5. Discuss the properties of CO2 and H2S scrubbing in Biogas and

also explain the modification required in the engine to use in SI
and CI Engines.

6. With the help of an example discuss the emission characteristics of

various alternate fuels.
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

7. Explain the problems associated with various alternate fuels when

it is used in IC engines and also discuss the various solution
methods.

(5 X 7 = 35 Marks)
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

SYLLABUS

Module 1 ALTERNATIVE FUELS, PROPERTIES AND TESTING METHODS

OF FUELS

Need for alternative fuels. World and Indian energy scenario on alternative
fuels. Production technologies for biofuels for internal combustion engines‐
Pyrolysis, gasification, digestion

Module 2 ALCOHOLS AS FUELS

Alcohols as fuels. Production methods of alcohols. Properties of alcohols as

fuels. Methods of using alcohols in CI and SI engines. Blending, dual fuel
operation, surface ignition and oxygenated additives. Performance emission
and combustion characteristics in CI and SI engines.

Module 3 VEGETABLE OILS AS FUELS

Various vegetable oils and their important properties. Different methods of

using vegetable oils engines – Blending, preheating Transesterification and
emulsification of Vegetable oils ‐ Performance in engines – Performance,
Emission and Combustion Characteristics in diesel engines. Role of Nano
fluids, additives and cetane improvers for performance improvement of
vegetable oils as fuel.

Module 4 HYDROGEN AS ENGINE FUEL

Production methods of hydrogen. Combustive properties of hydrogen.

Problems associated withhydrogen as fuel and solutions. Different methods
of using hydrogen in SI and CI engines. Performance, emission and
combustion analysis in engines. Hydrogen storage ‐ safety aspects
ofhydrogen.

Module 5 BIOGAS, LPG AND NATURAL GAS AS FUELS

Production methods of Biogas, Natural gas and LPG. Properties studies.

CO2 and H2S scrubbingin Biogas., Modification required to use in SI and CI
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Engines‐ Performance and emissioncharacteristics of Biogas, NG and LPG in

SI and CI engines.

Text Books

1. Donald Klass, Biomass for Renewable Energy, Fuels, and Chemicals,

1998, Academic Press, ISBN: 978-0-12-410950-6.

2. Richard L Bechtold P.E., Alternative Fuels Guide book, Society of

Automotive Engineers, 1997 ISBN 0-76-80-0052-1.

Reference Books

1. AyhanDemirbas, ‘ Biodiesel A Realistic Fuel Alternative for Diesel

Engines’, Springer‐Verlag London Limited 2008,ISBN‐13:
9781846289941

2. Gerhard Knothe, Jon Van Gerpen, Jargon Krahl, The Biodiesel

Handbook, AOCS Press

3. Champaign, Illinois 2005.

4. Science direct Journals (Biomass & Bio energy, Fuels, Energy, Energy
conversionManagement, Hydrogen Energy, etc.) on biofuels.

5. Technical papers of SAE on Biofuels (Alcohols, vegetable oils, CNG,

LPG, Hydrogen,Biogas etc.)
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

COURSE PLAN

No Topic No. of
Lectures
1 ALTERNATIVE FUELS, PROPERTIES AND TESTING METHODS OF
FUELS
1.1 Need for alternative fuels. 2
1.2 World and Indian energy scenario on alternative fuels 3
1.3 Production technologies for biofuels for internal 3
combustion engines‐ Pyrolysis, gasification, digestion

2 ALCOHOLS AS FUELS
2.1 Alcohols as fuels. Production methods of alcohols. 2
Properties of alcohols as fuels.
2.2 Methods of using alcohols in CI and SI engines. 2
2.3 Blending, dual fuel operation, surface ignition and 2
oxygenated additives.
2.4 Performance emission and combustion characteristics in 2
CI and SI engines.
3 VEGETABLE OILS AS FUELS
3.1 Various vegetable oils and their important properties. 2
Different methods of using vegetable oils engines –
3.2 Blending, preheating Transesterification and 2
emulsification of Vegetable oils ‐
3.3 Performance in engines – Performance, Emission and 2
Combustion Characteristics in diesel engines.
3.4 Role of Nano fluids, additives and cetane improvers for 2
performance improvement of vegetable oils as fuel.
4 HYDROGEN AS ENGINE FUEL
4.1 Production methods of hydrogen. Combustive properties 3
of hydrogen.
4.2 Problems associated with hydrogen as fuel and 3
solutions. Different methods of using hydrogen in SI and
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CI engines.
4.3 Performance, emission and combustion analysis in 2
engines. Hydrogen storage ‐ safety aspects of hydrogen.
5 BIOGAS, LPG AND NATURAL GAS AS FUELS
5.1 Production methods of Biogas, Natural gas and LPG. 2
5.2 Properties studies. CO2 and H2S scrubbing in Biogas., 3
Modification required to use in SI and CI Engines‐
5.3 Performance and emission characteristics of Biogas, NG 3
and LPG in SI and CI engines.
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CODE ELECTRIC AND CATEGORY L T P CREDIT

222EM055 HYBRID VEHICLES Programme 3 0 0 3
Elective 4

Preamble: The aim of this subject is to offer the students a general

understanding of hybrid (internal combustion and electric motor)
propulsion system and an overview of fuel cell vehicles.
1. Explain about hybrid electric vehicles.

2. Describe the construction and working of hybrid electric drive trains

3. Explain the importance of energy storage in hybrid vehicles.

4. Discuss the important steps in sizing the drive system.

5. Explain the different types of fuel cells.

Course Outcomes: After the completion of the course the student will be
able to

CO1 Understand the construction and working of various hybrids

electric topologies.
CO2 Discuss the construction and working of various electric
motors
CO3 Explain the various energy storage systems available.

CO4 Explain the procedure to match electric motor and IC engine.

CO5 Understand the construction and working of various types of

fuel cells.
Mappingofcourseoutcomeswithprogramoutcomes

PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7

CO1 3 - 1 1 - - -
CO2 3 - 1 1 - - -

CO3 3 - 1 1 - - -

CO4 3 - 1 1 - - -

CO5 3 - 1 1 - - -

1. Slight (Low) 2.Moderate (Medium) 3. Substantial (High) No

Correlation‘-‘
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Assessment Pattern

Bloom’s Category End Semester

Examination
Understand
Remember 40
Apply 20

Mark distribution

Total CIE ESE ESE

Marks Duration

100 40 60 2.5 hours

Continuous Internal Evaluation Pattern:

Preparing a review article based on peer reviewed Original 15 marks

publications (minimum 10 Publications shall be referred):
Course based task/Seminar/Data Collection and interpretation: 15 marks

Test paper, 1 no.: 10 marks

Test paper shall include minimum 80% of the syllabus.

End Semester Examination Pattern:

The end semester examination will be conducted by the respective College.

There will be two parts; Part A and Part B. Part A will contain 5
numerical/short answer questions with 1 question from each module,
having 5 marks for each question (such questions shall be useful in the
testing of knowledge, skills, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis,
evaluation and understanding of the students). Students should answer all
questions. Part B will contain 7 questions (such questions shall be useful in
the testing of overall achievement and maturity of the students in a course,
through long answer questions relating to theoretical/practical knowledge,
derivations, problem solving and quantitative evaluation), with minimum
one question from each module of which student should answer any five.
Each question can carry 7 marks.
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Course Level Assessment

Questions

Course Outcome1 (CO1):

1. What are the various components of a hybrid vehicle?

2. What are various drive train topologies used in electric vehicles?

Course Outcome2 (CO2)

1. Explain the construction and working of PM DC motor?

2. Explain BL DC motor drive configuration.

Course Outcome3 (CO3):

1. What is the importance of energy storage in a hybrid electric vehicle?
2. How does Flywheel based energy storage work?

Course Outcome4 (CO4):

1. Howmatching of IC engine is done with electric machine in a hybrid
vehicle?
2. Whatare the factors affecting selection and sizing of storage systems in
hybrid vehicles?

Course Outcome5 (CO5):

1. Explain the working of alkaline fuel cell?

2. Explain how the construction and working of solid oxide fuel cell?

MODEL QUESTION PAPER

APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

HYBRID AND ELECTRIC VEHICLES

Maximum: 60 Marks Duration: 2.5
hours
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

PART A

Answer all questions. Each question carries 5 marks

1. How traction is achieved in Hybrid Electric vehicles? What are the

advantages and disadvantages of hybrid electric vehicle?
2. What is the construction of PMDC motors? Explain is the
construction of BLDC motors?
3. What are the requirements for energy storage systems in HEV and
pure electric vehicle? Describe the analysis of a fuel cell-based
energy storage device.
4. How is power electronics sized for a hybrid electric vehicle? Explain
the procedure adopted in selecting the motor size for a hybrid
electric vehicle?
5. Explain the operating principle of a fuel cell. List the different types
of fuel cell systems available for HEVs.

(5 X 5 = 25 Marks)

PART B

Answer any five questions

1. Explain the power flow and control modes of series hybrid electric
vehicles with the help of suitable sketches also explain the various
drive train topologies used in electric hybrid vehicles? Explain
2. With the help of a neat sketch, explain the construction, working
and application of Brushless DC motor.
3. Explain the construction and working of the following fuel cells:(i)
phosphoric acid fuel cell (ii) Photon exchange membrane fuel cell

4. Design a hybrid electric vehicle including the selection of batteries

and electric motor (EM) with Parallel hybrid as base /core.

5. Explain fuel cell-based energy storage and its analysis ,With the
help of neat sketch explain the construction and working of Molten
Carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) .
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

6. With the help of an example discuss the emission characteristics of

various alternate fuels.

7. Write short note on ultra-capacitor energy storage

system and super conducting magnetic energy storage.

(5 X 7 = 35 Marks)

SYLLABUS

Module1

Introduction to hybrid electric vehicles: components, advantages and

disadvantages, application, social and environmental impacts. Hybrid Electric
Drive-trains: Basic concept of hybrid traction, introduction to various hybrid
drive-train topologies (Series, Parallel, Series –Parallel), power flow control in
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

hybrid drive-train topologies.

Module2

Electric Propulsion unit: Introduction to electric components used in hybrid

and electric vehicles, DC motors: Series wound, shunt wound, compound
wound and separately excited, AC motors: Induction, synchronous, brushless
DC motor, switched reluctance motors.

Module3

Energy Storage: Introduction to Energy Storage Requirements in Hybrid and

Electric Vehicles, Battery based energy storage, Fuel Cell based energy
storage, Super Capacitor based energy storage, Flywheel based energy
storage, Hybridization of different energy storage devices

Short Term Storage Systems: Flywheel Accumulators, Ultra capacitors,

Superconducting magnetic energy storage; Hydraulic Accumulators;
Hydraulic Pumps/Motors-Pneumatic Hybrid Engine Systems.

Module4

Sizing the drive system: Matching the electric machine and the internal
combustion engine (ICE), Sizing the propulsion motor, sizing the power
electronics, selecting the energy storage technology, Communications,
supporting subsystems

Module5

Fuel cell characteristics, fuel cell types: alkaline fuel cell. Proton exchange
Membrane; direct methanol fuel cell. Phosphoric acid fuel cell, molten
carbonate fuel cell, solid oxide fuel cell, hydrogen storage systems-
reformers; Fuel cell vehicles.

Text Books
1. Iqbal Hussein, “Electric and Hybrid Vehicles: Design
Fundamentals”, CRC Press,2003.
References
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

1. Mehrdad Ehsani, YimiGao, Sebastian E. Gay, Ali Emadi,

“Modern Electric, Hybrid Electric and Fuel Cell Vehicles:
Fundamentals, Theory and Design”,CRC Press,2004.

2. Mike Westbrook, “The Electric Car: Development &

Future of Battery-Hybrid & Fuel Cell Cars”, British library
Cataloguing in Publication Data.

3. John M. Miller, “Propulsion System for Hybrid Vehicle”,

The Institution of Engineers, London,UK,2004.

4. James Larminie, John Lowry – Electric vehicle technology explained

–John Wiley

COURSE PLAN

Lecture
No. Topic
Hours
1 Module1(7hours)

1.1 Introduction to hybrid electric vehicles: components, 3

advantages and disadvantages, application, social
and environmental impacts.
1.2 Hybrid Electric Drive – rains : Basic concept of hybrid 2
traction
1.3 Introduction to various hybrid drive – train 2
topologies, Power flow
Control in hybrid drive-train topologies
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

2 Module2(7hours)

2.1 Electric Propulsion unit: Introduction to electric 1

components used in Hybrid and electric vehicles
2.2 DC motors: Series wound and shunt wound 1
2.3 DC motors: Compound wound and separately excited 1
2.4 AC motors: Induction, synchronous 2
2.5 AC motors: brushless DC motor, switched reluctance 2
motors
3 Module3(7hours)

3.1 Energy Storage: Introduction to Energy Storage 1

Requirements in Hybrid and Electric Vehicles
3.2 Battery based energy storage 1
3.3 Fuel Cell based energy storage 1
3.4 Super Capacitor based energy storage 1
3.5 Flywheel based energy storage 1
Hybridization of different energy storage devices, Short
3.6 1
Term Storage Systems: Flywheel Accumulators
Ultra-capacitors, Superconducting magnetic energy
3.7 storage, Hydraulic Accumulators; Hydraulic 1
Pumps/Motors: Pneumatic Hybrid Engine Systems
4 Module4(7hours)

4.1 Sizing the drive system: Matching the electric machine 2

and the internal Combustion engine(ICE)
4.2 Sizing the propulsion motor 2
4.3 Sizing the power electronics 2

4.4 Selecting the energy storage technology, 1

Communications, supporting
subsystems
5 Module5(7hours)
5.1 Fuel cell characteristics, fuel cell types: alkaline fuel cell 1
5.2 Proton exchange Membrane 1
5.3 Direct methanol fuel cell 1
5.4 Phosphoric acid fuel cell 1
5.5 Molten carbonate fuel cell, 1
5.6 Solid oxide fuel cell 1
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

5.7 Hydrogen storage systems – reformers, Fuel cell vehicles 1

 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CODE ENGINE MANAGEMENT CATEGORY L T P CREDIT

222EM056 SYSTEMS Programme 3 0 0 3
Elective

Preamble: To explain the principle of engines and vehicle electronic

management system and different sensors used in the systems.
1. Explain about hybrid electric vehicles.

2. Describe the construction and working of hybrid electric drive trains

3. Explain the importance of energy storage in hybrid vehicles.

4. Discuss the important steps in sizing the drive system.

5. Explain the different types of fuel cells.

Course Outcomes: After the completion of the course the student will be able to

CO1 Understand the construction and working of electronic engine

management system
CO2 Discuss the construction and working of sensors used in
automobiles
CO3 Explain the details of SI engine management system.

CO4 Explain the details of CI engine management system.

CO5 Understand the construction and working of vehicle management

systems
Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes

PO PO PO PO PO PO
1 2 3 4 5 6
CO1 3 - 1 2 - -
CO2 3 - 1 - - -
CO3 3 2 1 - - -
CO4 3 - 1 2 - -
CO5 3 - 1 - - -

1. Slight (Low) 2.Moderate (Medium) 3. Substantial (High) No Correlation‘-‘

 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Assessment Pattern

Bloom’s Category End Semester

Examination

Understand 40
Apply 20

Mark distribution

Total CIE ESE ESE

Marks Duration

100 40 60 2.5 hours

Continuous Internal Evaluation Pattern:

Preparing a review article based on peer reviewed Original 15 marks

publications (minimum 10 Publications shall be referred):
Course based task/Seminar/Data Collection and 15 marks
interpretation:
Test paper, 1 no.: 10 marks
Test paper shall include minimum 80% of the syllabus.

End Semester Examination Pattern:

The end semester examination will be conducted by the respective College. There
will be two parts; Part A and Part B. Part A will contain 5 numerical/short answer
questions with 1 question from each module, having 5 marks for each question
(such questions shall be useful in the testing of knowledge, skills, comprehension,
application, analysis, synthesis, evaluation and understanding of the students).
Students should answer all questions. Part B will contain 7 questions (such
questions shall be useful in the testing of overall achievement and maturity of the
students in a course, through long answer questions relating to
theoretical/practical knowledge, derivations, problem solving and quantitative
evaluation), with minimum one question from each module of which student should
answer any five. Each question can carry 7 marks.
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Course Level Assessment

Questions

Course Outcome1 (CO1):

1. Illustrate the various electronic engine management system

2. Explain the modern control strategies?

Course Outcome2 (CO2)

1. Illustrate the various sensors used in modern automobile

Course Outcome3 (CO3):

1. Understanding the importance and components of SI engine control system
2. Illustrating the working of electronic ignition systems

Course Outcome4 (CO4):

1. Understanding the importance and components of CI engine control system

2. Illustrating the working CI engine ignition systems

Course Outcome5 (CO5):

1. Understanding the electronic vehicle management system

2. Illustrating the components of vehicle management system

 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

MODEL QUESTION PAPER

APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

ENGINE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

Maximum: 60 Marks Duration: 2.5 hours

PART A

Answer all questions. Each question carries 5 marks

1. Explain the components of an electronic engine management system,

and also explain the open and closed loop control strategies?
2. With the aid of a neat sketch explain the working of steering position,
tire pressure, brake pressure, steering torque, and fuel level sensors.
3. What are the salient features of Bosch L-Jetronic and LH-Jetronic
injection system.
4. With the help of a sketch explain the layout of the common rail fuel
injection system.
5. Explain the operating principle ABS system. List the different types of
Damping control used in modern vehicles.

(5 X 5 = 25 Marks)

PART B

Answer any five questions

1. Discuss the architecture of microprocessors used in automobiles,

differentiate between open and closed loop control strategies.
2. With the help of a neat sketch, explain the working and application of
fuzzy logic and adaptive controllers used in automobile.
3. Explain the construction and working of the following sensors:(i)
Exhaust oxygen level (two step and linear lambda), ii) knock, engine
temperature, iii) manifold temperature and pressure sensors and gyro
sensors

4. Write a short note on the working of components like fuel injector, fuel
pump, rail pressure limiter, flow limiter and EGR valves.
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

5. How the throttle positions, mass air flow and crank shaft position is
determined in a new generation vehicle.

6. Discuss the following term i) electronic ignition systems and spark

timing control ii)closed loop control of knock iii) Fuel control maps.

7. Explain the working of collision avoidance Radar warning system and

control algorithm for different operating modes of engine.

(5 X 7 = 35 Marks)
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

SYLLABUS

Module1

Fundamentals of Automotive Electronics

Components for electronic engine management system, open and closed loop
control strategies, PID control, Look up tables, introduction to modern control
strategies like Fuzzy logic and adaptive control. Switches, active resistors,
Transistors, Current mirrors/amplifiers, Voltage and current references,
Comparator, Multiplier. Amplifier, filters, A/D and D/A
converters.Microprocessor architecture, open and closed loop control
strategies, PID control, Look uptables, introduction to modern control
strategies like Fuzzy logic and adaptive control.Parameters to be controlled in
SI and CI engines and in the other parts of the automobile.

Module2

SENSORSInductive, Hall effect, hot wire, thermistor, piezo electric,

piezoresistive, based sensors.Throttle position, mass air flow, crank shaft
position, cam position, engine and wheel speed,steering position, tire
pressure, brake pressure, steering torque, fuel level, crash, exhaustoxygen
level (two step and linear lambda), knock, engine temperature, manifold
temperatureand pressure sensors, gyro sensors

Module3

SI ENGINE MANAGEMENT Three-way catalytic converter, conversion

efficiency versus lambda. Layout and working of SI engine management
systems like Bosch L-Jetronic and LH-Jetronic. Group and sequential
injection techniques. Working of the fuel system components. Cold start and
warm up phases, idle speed control, acceleration and full load enrichment,
deceleration fuel cutoff. Fuel control maps, open loop control of fuel injection
and closed loop lambda control. Electronic ignition systems and spark timing
control. Closed loop control of knock

Module4
CI ENGINE MANAGEMENT Fuel injection system parameters affecting
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

combustion, noise and emissions in CI engines. Pilot, main, advanced post

injection and retarded post injection. Electronically controlled Unit Injection
system. Layout of the common rail fuel injection system. Working of
components like fuel injector, fuel pump, rail pressure limiter, flow limiter,
EGR valves
Module5
VEHICLE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS ABS system, its need, layout and
working. Electronic control of suspension – Damping control, Electric power
steering, Supplementary Restraint System of air bag system – crash sensor,
seat belt tightening. Cruise control. Vehicle security systems- alarms, vehicle
tracking system. On board diagnostics. Collision avoidance Radar warning
system.Control algorithm for different operating modes of engine. Pollution
control devices. Integrated engine control system, Electromagnetic
compatibility – EMI Suppression techniques – Electronic dash board
instruments – On-board diagnosis system.

Text Books
1. Bosh“Automotive Sensors”, Robert Bosch GmbH, 2001.
2. William Ribbens, “Understanding Automotive Electronics – An
Engineering Perspective,” 7th Edition, Elsevier Butterworth-
Heinemann Publishers, 2012.
References
1. Robert Bosch "Diesel Engine Management" SAE Publications, 2006
2. Robert Bosch, "Gasoline Engine Management" SAE Publications, 2006.
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Course Plan

Lecture
No. Topic
Hours

1 Module1 FUNDAMENTALS OF AUTOMOTIVE ELECTRONICS (7hours)

1.1 Components for electronic engine management system, 3

open and closed loop control strategies, PID control, Look
up tables, introduction to modern control strategies like
Fuzzy logic and adaptive control. Switches, active
resistors, Transistors, Current mirrors/amplifiers,
1.2 Voltage and current references, Comparator, Multiplier. 2
Amplifier, filters, A/D and D/A converters.
Microprocessor architecture, open and closed loop control
strategies, PID control,
1.3 Look up tables, introduction to modern control strategies 2
like Fuzzy logic and adaptive control. Parameters to be
controlled in SI and CI engines and in the other parts of
the automobile.
2 Module 2 SENSORS (7hours)

2.1 Inductive, Hall effect, hot wire, thermistor, piezo electric, 2

piezoresistive, based sensors.
2.2 Throttle position, mass air flow, crank shaft position, cam 2
position, engine and wheel speed
2.3 Steering position, tire pressure, brake pressure, steering 1
torque, fuel level, crash,
2.4 Exhaust oxygen level (two step and linear lambda), 2
knock, engine temperature, manifold temperature and
pressure sensors, gyro sensors

3 Module 3 SI ENGINE MANAGEMENT (7hours)

3.1 Three-way catalytic converter, conversion efficiency 1

versus lambda. Layout and working of SI engine
management systems like Bosch L-Jetronic and LH-
Jetronic.
3.2 Group and sequential injection techniques. Working of 1
the fuel system components. Cold start and warm up
phases, idle speed control,
3.3 Acceleration and full load enrichment, deceleration fuel 1
cutoff. Fuel control maps, open loop control of fuel
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

injection and closed loop lambda control.

3.4 Electronic ignition systems and spark timing control. 1
Closed loop control of knock
4 Module 4 CI ENGINE MANAGEMENT (7hours)

4.1 Fuel injection system parameters affecting combustion, 2

noise and emissions in CI engines.
4.2 Pilot, main, advanced post injection and retarded post 2
injection. Electronically controlled Unit Injection system.
4.3 Layout of the common rail fuel injection system. 2

4.4 Working of components like fuel injector, fuel pump, rail 1

pressure limiter, flow limiter, EGR valves
5 Module 5 VEHICLE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS (7hours)
5.1 ABS system, its need, layout and working. Electronic 1
control of suspension – Damping control, Electric power
steering,
5.2 Supplementary Restraint System of air bag system – 1
crash sensor, seat belt tightening. Cruise control.
5.3 Vehicle security systems- alarms, vehicle tracking 1
system. On board diagnostics.
5.4 Collision avoidance Radar warning system. Control 1
algorithm for different operating modes of engine.
5.5 Pollution control devices. Integrated engine control 1
system, Electromagnetic compatibility –.
5.6 EMI Suppression techniques – Electronic dash board 2
instruments – On-board diagnosis system
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

INTER
DISCIPLINARY
ELECTIVE
 CODE Internet of CATEGORY L T P CREDIT
222EME103 INTERDISCIPLINARY 3 0 0 3
Things ELECTIVE

Preamble: Nil

Course Outcomes:

After the completion of the course the student will be able to

CO 1 Evaluate IoT enabling technologies

CO 2 Analyse protocols implemented for IoT connected devices.
CO 3 Design and develop Smart Devices using IoT
CO 4 Analyse the vulnerabilities for IoT and security requirements of IoT
CO 5 Apply IoT for various domains

PO 1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6
CO 1 2 2
CO 2 2 2
CO 3 2 2
CO 4 2 2
CO 5 3 3 3

Assessment Pattern

Bloom’s Category End Semester Examination

Apply 80%
Analyse 10%
Evaluate 10%
Create

Mark distribution

Total CIE ESE ESE

Marks Duration

100 40 60 2.5 hours

Continuous Internal Evaluation Pattern:

Continuous Internal Evaluation: 40 marks

Preparing a review article based on peer reviewed
 Original publications (minimum 10
publications shall be referred) : 15 marks
Course based task/Seminar/Data
collection and interpretation : 15 marks
Test paper, 1 no. : 10 marks
Test paper shall include minimum 80% of the syllabus.

End Semester Examination Pattern: (60 Marks)

The end semester examination will be conducted by the respective College. There will be two
parts; Part A and Part B. Part A will contain 5 numerical/short answer questions with 1 question
from each module, having 5 marks for each question (such questions shall be useful in the
testing of knowledge, skills, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, evaluation and
understanding of the students). Students should answer all questions. Part B will contain 7
questions (such questions shall be useful in the testing of overall achievement and maturity of
the students in a course, through long answer questions relating to theoretical/practical
knowledge, derivations, problem solving and quantitative evaluation), with minimum one
question from each module of which student should answer any five. Each question can carry
7 marks.

Syllabus

Module 1

Introduction to Internet of Things: An overview; Definition, scope and characteristics of IoT;

IoT enabling technologies; Structure of IoT; Major components. Sensor technology: sensor
types and applications, Actuators: principles and properties. Basics of IoT Networking,
Communication Protocols: MQTT, CoAP, AMQP

Module 2

Connectivity Technologies: Zigbee, Bluetooth, RFID. Wireless Sensor Network (WSN)

technology- concepts and applications. Machine-to-Machine Communications, IoT and M2M,
Interoperability in IoT.

Module 3

IoT device- definition and building blocks; Embedded platforms for prototyping, features and
IoT applications; Connecting things to embedded devices. Introduction to Arduino
Programming using an IDE (basics only), Integration of Sensors and Actuators with Arduino.

Module 4

Introduction to Raspberry Pi; Python programming; Interfacing Raspberry Pi with basic

peripherals; Implementation of IoT with Raspberry Pi (basics only). Cloud platforms for IoT;
Cloud security requirements

Module 5
Sensor-cloud, Industrial IoT(IIoT): Requirements of IIoT, applications. Case studies: Smart
grid, Smart parking, Remote vehicle diagnostics, Smart Irrigation, Health and fitness
monitoring.

Corse Plan

No Topic No. of Lectures

1 The Internet of Things: An overview

1.1 Introduction to Internet of Things, Definition, scope and 1

characteristics of IoT
1.2 IoT enabling technologies, Structure of IoT, Major components 2
1.3 Sensor technology, Actuators, principles and properties 2
1.4 Basics of IoT Networking, Communication Protocols 2
2 Architecture, design and connectivity principles

2.1 Connectivity Technologies 2

2.2 Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) technology, concepts and 2
applications
2.3 Machine-to-Machine Communications, IoT and M2M 2
2.4 Interoperability in IoT 1
3 Development of IoT platforms

3.1 IoT device, definition and building blocks 1

3.2 Embedded platforms for prototyping, Connecting things to 2
embedded devices
3.3 Introduction to Arduino Programming using an IDE 3
3.4 Integration of Sensors and Actuators with Arduino 3

4 IoT prototyping and security

4.1 Introduction to Raspberry Pi, Python programming 2

4.2 Interfacing Raspberry Pi with basic peripherals 3
4.3 Implementation of IoT with Raspberry Pi 2
4.4 Cloud platforms for IoT, Cloud security requirements 2
5 Case studies

5.1 Sensor-cloud 1
5.2 Industrial IoT(IIoT), Requirements of IIoT, applications 2
5.3 Case studies: Smart grid, Smart parking, Remote vehicle 3
diagnostics
5.4 Case studies: Smart Irrigation, Health and fitness monitoring. 2

Reference Books
1. Internet of Things: A Hands-On Approach by Arshdeep Bahga, Vijay Madisetti.
Universities press (India)
2. Internet of Things: Architecture and Design principles by Raj Kamal, Publisher: Mc
Graw Hill Education
3. The Internet of Things: Enabling Technologies, Platforms, and Use Cases, by Pethuru
Raj and Anupama C. Raman , CRC Press.
4. The Internet of Things by Samuel Greengard, The MIT Press Essential Knowledge
series.
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

222EME104 DIGITAL CATEGORY L T P CREDIT

PRODUCT DESIGN
INTERDISCIPLINARY 3 0 0 3
AND
ELECTIVE
MANUFACTURING

Preamble:

The focus of digital product design and manufacturing is the integration of

digital technology in design and manufacturing functions in creating new
products. It also envisages the use of digital tools such as virtual-augmented
reality and additive manufacturing in product design and manufacturing.

Course Outcomes:

After the completion of the course the student will be able to

CO 1 Demonstrate the principles of product development process and the

role of computers in it.
CO 2 Implement the principles of industrial design to develop new
products
CO 3 Apply the innovative digital tools in product design and development
CO 4 Apply the innovative digital tools in simulation and analysis at the
design stage
CO 5 Summarize the innovative prototyping techniques in design and
understand the industrial practices.

Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes

PO 1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6
CO 1 3
CO 2 3 2
CO 3 3
CO 4 3 2
CO 5 3 2

Assessment Pattern

Bloom’s Category End Semester

Examination
Apply 
Analyse 
Evaluate
Create
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Mark distribution

Total CIE ESE ESE

Marks Duration

100 40 60 2.5 hours

Continuous Internal Evaluation Pattern:

ELECTIVE COURSES

Continuous Internal Evaluation: 40 marks

Preparing a review article based on peer reviewed
Original publications (minimum 10 publications shall be referred):15
marks
Course based task/Seminar/Data collection and interpretation: 15
marks
Test paper, 1 no.:10 marks
Test paper shall include minimum 80% of the syllabus.

End Semester Examination Pattern: (60 Marks)

The end semester examination will be conducted by the respective Colleges.

There will be two parts; Part A and Part B. Part A will contain 5
numerical/short answer questions with 1 question from each module,
having 5 marks for each question (such questions shall be useful in the
testing of knowledge, skills, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis,
evaluation and understanding of the students). Students should answer all
questions. Part B will contain 7 questions (such questions shall be useful in
the testing of overall achievement and maturity of the students in a course,
through long answer questions relating to theoretical/practical knowledge,
derivations, problem solving and quantitative evaluation), with minimum
one question from each module of which student should answer any five.
Each question can carry 7 marks.
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Model Question paper

QP Code: Total Pages:

Reg No.:_______________ Name:__________________________

APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

SECOND SEMESTER M.TECH DEGREE EXAMINATION, Month & Year

Stream: MACHINE DESIGN

Course Code: 222EME104

Course Name: DIGITAL PRODUCT DESIGN AND MANUFACTURING

Max. Marks: 60 Duration: 2.5 Hours

PART A

Answer all questions, each carries 5 marks. Marks

1 Elaborate different phases in design. (5)

2 Explain the role of planning for product distribution. (5)

3 Explain how VR can be utilised in product development. (5)

4 Illustrate the role of virtual human in product (5)

development.

5 Differentiate between material extrusion and material (5)

jetting additive manufacturing techniques.

PART B

Answer any 5 full question, each question carries 7 marks.

6 Explain the concept of standardization in product design (7)

with the help of an example.

7 Explain the various aspects of human factors to be (7)

considered in product development.
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

8 Explain the importance of break-even analysis during (7)

design.

9 Illustrate with examples how VR and AR can be useful in (7)

product development.

10 Demonstrate in detail how the quality can be used in (7)

assessing an industrial design.
Demonstrate in detail how the quality can be used in
assessing an industrial design.
Demonstrate the significance of product digitalisation in
analysis and simulation.

11 Explain the role of aesthetics in product design. (7)

12 With the help of neat sketch explain the direct energy (7)
deposition method.
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

SYLLABUS

Module 1

Concept of Product Design: Definition of engineering design, design

constraints, different phases in design- conceptual design, embodiment
design, detail design, planning for manufacture, planning for distribution,
planning for use, Human factors design- ergonomics, anthropometry,
comfort criteria, concepts of size, texture and colour, Introduction to
product design, product design practices in industry.

Module 2

Tools for product design- drafting-modelling software CAE/CAD, computer

aided styling, production process- CAM interface, product development-
time and costs. Description of planning for product distribution, Economic
factors affecting design.

Module 3

Digital tool enabled design -I: Evolution of digital tools for product design
and manufacturing, 2D/3D models to digital mock-up and virtual
prototyping (VP). Virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR) and Mixed
reality, Implementation in product design and manufacturing. Interaction
technology, Visualisation technology, Visual display-types- head mounted,
organic LEDs, large volume displays, wall type, equipments, characteristics.

Module 4

Digital tool enabled design-II: AR-, tangible, collaborative; examples; AR

tracking technology and devices; interaction techniques, haptic technology,
olfactory technology. Product digitalization, analysis and simulation. Virtual
humans (VH)- for clothing, for ergonomics analysis, biomechanical models.

Module 5

Digital manufacturing: 3D printing- additive manufacturing technology-

Classification of additive manufacturing technologies: vat- photo
polymerisation, powder bed fusion, material jetting, sheet lamination,
material extrusion and direct energy deposition, infill lattice structures.
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Course Plan

No Topic No. of lectures

1 Product development process:
1.1 Concept of Product Design: Definition of engineering 2
design, design constraints

1.2 Different phases in design- conceptual design, 3

embodiment design, detail design, planning for
manufacture, planning for distribution, planning for
use

Human factors design- ergonomics, anthropometry, 1

comfort criteria, concepts of size, texture and colour

1.3 Introduction to product design, product design 2

practices in industry.
2 Embodiment design:
2.1 Tools for product design- drafting-modelling 4
software CAE/CAD, computer aided styling,
production process- CAM interface, product
development- time and costs.
2.2 Description of planning for product distribution, 4
economic factors affecting design.
3 Digital tool enabled design-I
3.1 Evolution of digital tools for product design and 2
manufacturing, 2D/3D models to digital mock-up,
virtual prototyping (VP).
3.2 Virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR) and 3
Mixed reality implementation in product design and
manufacturing.
3.3 Interaction technology, VR- immersive, non- 3
immersive, Visualisation technology, Visual display-
types- head mounted, organic LEDs, large volume
displays, wall type, equipments, characteristics.
4 Digital tool enabled design-II
4.1 AR- tangible, collaborative; examples; AR tracking 3
technology and devices; Interaction techniques,
Haptic technology, Olfactory technology
4.2 Product digitalization, Analysis and simulation. 2
4.3 Virtual humans (VH)- for clothing, for ergonomics 2
analysis, Biomechanical models.
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

5 Digital manufacturing
5.1 3D printing- additive manufacturing technology- 4
Classification of additive manufacturing
technologies: Vat- photo polymerisation, powder bed
fusion, material jetting, sheet lamination,
5.2 Material extrusion and direct energy deposition, 3
Infill lattice structures

Reference Books

1. George Dieter and Linda C. Schmidt, Engineering Design, 4th Edition,

Published by McGraw-Hill.
2. Monica Bordegoni and Caterina Rizzi, “Innovation In Product Design
From CAD To Virtual Prototyping”, Springer.
3. Karl T Ulrich and Steven D Eppinger, “Product Design & Development.”
Tata Mc- Graw Hill, 2003.
4. Ian Gibson, David Rosen and Brent Stucker, “Additive Manufacturing
Technologies-3D Printing, Rapid Prototyping, and Direct Digital
Manufacturing.” Springer.
5. Fei Tao, Meng Zhang and A. Y. C. Nee, “Digital Twin Driven Smart
Manufacturing”, Academic Press, Elsevier.
6. D. T. Pham, S.S. Dimov, Rapid Manufacturing-The Technologies and
Applications of Rapid Prototyping and Rapid Tooling, Springer – Verlag,
London, 2001.
7. Kevin Otto & Kristin Wood Product Design: “Techniques in Reverse
Engineering and New Product Development.”, Pearson Education New
Delhi, 2000.
8. N J M Roozenberg , J Ekels , N F M Roozenberg “ Product Design
Fundamentals and Methods’’. John Wiley & Sons.
9. AK Chitale & RC Gupta, “Product Design and Manufacturing”, PHI, 2000.
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CODE RELIABILITY CATEGORY L T P CREDIT

222EME105 ENGINEERING Inter Disciplinary 3 0 0 3
Elective

Preamble:

Reliability engineering fundamentals and applications, Failure data analysis

- Basics of Reliability Prediction Hazard models -System reliability models -
Fault-tree analysis

Course Outcomes:

After the completion of the course the student will be able to

CO 1 Explain the tools of statistics and probability to determine the

reliability of an item or a system.
CO 2 Discuss the methods of reliability prediction and maintenance
strategies according to system characteristics and design transition
programs to implement these strategies.
CO 3 Develop ability in formulating suitable strategies to enhance
system reliability of a manufacturing system.
CO 4 Implement the concepts of RCM, FTA, FMEA and FMECA in
managing the manufacturing organisation with highest possible
levels of reliability/ availability.
CO 5 Differentiate various strategies adopted for life testing and
maintenance.

Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes

PO 1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5
CO 1 2 2 2
CO 2 3 2
CO 3 2 2
CO 4 2 3 2
CO 5 2 2

Assessment Pattern

Bloom’s Category End Semester

Examination
Apply 40%
Analyse 30%
Evaluate 30%
Create
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Mark distribution

Total CIE ESE ESE

Marks Duration

100 40 60 2.5 hours

Continuous Internal Evaluation Pattern:

Preparing a review article based on peer reviewed original publications

(minimum 10 publications shall be referred): 15 marks
Course based task/Seminar/Data collection and interpretation: 15 marks
Test paper, 1 no. (Test paper shall include minimum 80% of the syllabus):
10 marks

End Semester Examination Pattern:

The end semester examination will be conducted by the respective College.

There will be two parts; Part A and Part B. Part A will contain 5
numerical/short answer questions with 1 question from each module,
having 5 marks for each question (such questions shall be useful in the
testing of knowledge, skills, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis,
evaluation and understanding of the students). Students should answer all
questions. Part B will contain 7 questions (such questions shall be useful in
the testing of overall achievement and maturity of the students in a course,
through long answer questions relating to theoretical/practical knowledge,
derivations, problem solving and quantitative evaluation), with minimum
one question from each module of which student should answer any five.
Each question can carry 7 marks.
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Syllabus and Course Plan

No Topic No. of
Lectures
1 Probability and reliability
1.1 Probability: Conditional probability, Bayes theorem 1
1.2 Probability distributions – Normal, Lognormal, Poisson, 2
Exponential and Weibull distributions – relationship
between them and their significance
1.3 Central tendency and dispersion of Normal, Lognormal, 1
Poisson, Exponential and Weibull distributions
1.4 Reliability: Definitions, Importance, Quality and reliability, 1
1.5 Bath tub curve -Failure data analysis: Hazard rate, failure 1
rate,
1.6 MTTF, MTBF, reliability functions, hazard functions, 1
1.7 Availability and Maintainability 1
2 Hazard models and system reliability
2.1 Reliability hazard models: Parts stress model 1
2.2 Constant and linearly increasing models 1
2.3 Time dependent failure rates, Weibull model 1
2.4 Distribution functions and reliability analysis 1
2.5 System Reliability: Series system configuration 1
2.6 Parallel system configurations 1
2.7 Mixed configurations 1
2.8 k out of m system, standby systems 1
3 Reliability evaluation and system analysis
3.1 Reliability evaluation using Markov model - Development of 1
logic diagram
3.2 Set theory, optimal cut set and tie set methods, Markov 2
analysis
3.3 Fault-tree analysis: Fault tree construction, calculation of 2
reliability from fault tree
3.4 Event tree analysis 1
3.5 FMEA 1
3.6 FMECA 1
4 Design for reliability
4.1 Load – strength interference - Distributed load and 1
strength
4.2 Analysis of interference – Effect of safety margin 2
4.3 Software Reliability – software errors – fault tolerance – 2
data reliability – hardware / software interfaces
4.4 Reliability prediction of equipments and systems using 1
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

MIL-217 standards
4.5 Reliability prediction of equipments and systems using and 1
NSWC standards
4.6 Human Reliability 1
5 Life testing and maintenance
5.1 Maintenance and reliability – Preventive and predictive 1
maintenance
5.2 Reliability cantered maintenance 1
5.3 Life Testing – Objectives, Types - Censoring, replacement, 2
5.4 Accelerated life testing – Temperature stress and failure 2
rates – stress combinations, accelerated cycling
5.5 HALT 1
5.6 HASS 1

Reference Books

1. Patrick O'Connor, Andre Kleyner, Practical Reliability Engineering, 5th

Edition, Wiley India, 2012
2. A Birolini, Reliability Engineering, 8th edition Springer, 2017
3. Naikan V. N. A., Reliability Engineering and Life Testing, PHI, New
Delhi, 2009
4. Ebling C. E., "An introduction to Reliability and Maintainability
Engineering” Waveland Press, 2019.
5. Balagurusamy E., Reliability Engineering, McGraw Hill Education
India P Ltd, 2017
6. Kapoor K. C., Pecht M., Reliability Engineering, Wiley, 2014
7. LS Srinath , Reliability Engineering, East West Press,2017
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CODE INDUSTRIAL SAFETY CATEGORY L T P CREDIT

222EME106 IN ENGINEERING Inter 3 0 0 3
disciplinary
Elective

Preamble:
The course is intended to give knowledge of various safety management
systems, accident prevention techniques, various machine guarding devices,
different types of hazards and fire prevention methods. Students will be able
to understand the impact of safe industrial operations and become aware of
safety responsibilities.
Course Outcomes:

After the completion of the course the student will be able to

CO 1 Discuss the basic concepts of Safety Management.

CO 2 Explain the factors contributing to accidents and how that can be
controlled.
CO 3 Summarize general safety precautions and safe practices to be
followed in Engineering Industries.
CO 4 Explain the occupational health hazards and the methods of control.
CO 5 Implement the firefighting techniques and understand the methods of
pollution control.

Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes

PO 1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5
CO 1 2 3
CO 2 3
CO 3 3
CO 4 2 3
CO 5 2 3

Assessment Pattern

Bloom’s Category End Semester

Examination
Apply 40%
Analyse 40%
Evaluate 20%
Create
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Mark distribution

Total CIE ESE ESE

Marks Duration

100 40 60 2.5 hours

Continuous Internal Evaluation Pattern:

Preparing a review article based on peer reviewed original publications

(minimum 10 publications shall be referred): 15 marks
Course based task/Seminar/Data collection and interpretation: 15 marks
Test paper, 1 no. (Test paper shall include minimum 80% of the syllabus):
10 marks

End Semester Examination Pattern:

The end semester examination will be conducted by the respective College.

There will be two parts; Part A and Part B. Part A will contain 5
numerical/short answer questions with 1 question from each module,
having 5 marks for each question (such questions shall be useful in the
testing of knowledge, skills, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis,
evaluation and understanding of the students). Students should answer all
questions. Part B will contain 7 questions (such questions shall be useful in
the testing of overall achievement and maturity of the students in a course,
through long answer questions relating to theoretical/practical knowledge,
derivations, problem solving and quantitative evaluation), with minimum
one question from each module of which student should answer any five.
Each question can carry 7 marks.
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Model Question paper

APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

SECOND SEMESTER M.TECH DEGREE EXAMINATION
222EME106 Industrial Safety in Engineering

Time: 2.5 hrs Max. Marks: 60

Part A

(Answer all questions. Each question carries five marks)

1. Discuss the significance of a safety committee in improving the safety

performance of an industry

2. What are the functions of safety professional

3. Which are five ‘S’ used in housekeeping?

4. Discuss the functions of occupational health services

5. Describe the importance of fire detection systems

Part B

(Answer any five questions. Each question carries seven marks)

6. Discuss the significance of safety policy in reducing the accidents.

7. Differentiate Hazard and Risk with examples

8. Which are the various types of machine guarding devices used

industries.

9. Classify the personal protective equipment. List the suitability of at

least ten types of PPEs.

10. Discuss the important types of ergonomic hazards associated with

industries

11. Describe the selection of different types of fire extinguishers

accordance to type of fire

12. Discuss about different types of chemical hazards

 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Syllabus and Course Plan

No Topic No. of
Lectures

1 Module 1

1.1 Introduction to safety and safety management - Objectives 2

and principles of safety management - Need for integration
of safety, health and environment

1.2 Management’s safety policy and Formulation – Safety 2

auditing – Safety budget

1.3 Safety committees and its functions - Safety education and 2

training - Motivation and communicating safety

1.4 Significance of health and safety culture - 4 E’s in 2

industrial safety - Role of management in Industrial Safety
- Factors impeding safety.

2 Module II

2.1 Accidents and Hazard control - Accident causation - 2

Classification of accidents

2.2 Accident proneness - Cost of accidents - Accident 2

investigation – Hazard control programme

2.3 Risk analysis - Quantitative risk assessment- Roles and 3

functions of safety professional- Job safety analysis

3 Module III

3.1 Machine Guarding - Types of guards 1

3.2 Housekeeping: Responsibility of management and 2

employees. Advantages of good housekeeping. 5 s of
housekeeping.

3.3 Personal protective equipments and personal safety 2

3.4 General safety considerations in material handling - 2

Manual and mechanical - Safety in machine shop

3.5 Safety in sewage disposal and cleaning - Disaster 2

management plan for industrial plant.
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

4 Module IV

4.1 Occupational health and industrial hygiene - Functions of 1

occupational health services

4.2 Occupational health risks - Functional units of OHS 1

4.3 Occupational diseases - Silicosis - Asbestosis - lead 2
poisoning - Nickel toxicity - Chromium toxicity
4.4 Hearing conservation programme - First aid and CPR 1
4.5 Types of industrial hazards and their control - Physical, 3
Mechanical, Electrical, Chemical and Ergonomic hazards
5 Module V
5.1 Industrial fire prevention -Methods of extinguishing fire - 1
Classification of fires
5.2 Factors contributing towards fire - Fire risk assessment - 1
Fire load
5.3 Fire safety plan 1
5.4 Fire detection systems – Fire protection systems 1
5.5 Pollution control in engineering industry - Recent 2
development of safety engineering approaches

Reference Books

1. R.K Jain (2000) Industrial Safety, Health and Environment

management systems, Khanna Publications.
2. Ronald P. Blake. (1973). Industrial safety. Prentice Hall, New Delhi.
3. Krishnan, N.V. (1997). Safety management in Industry. Jaico
Publishing House, New Delhi.
4. Frank P Lees, ‘Loss prevention in process industries’,Vol I, II, III,
Butterworth, London 1980
5. Heinrich H.W, ‘Industrial accident prevention’, McGraw Hill Company,
New York, 1980.
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

MINIPROJECT
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

222PME100 MINI CATEGORY L T P CREDIT

PROJECT
PROJECT 0 0 4 2

Mini project can help to strengthen the understanding of student’s

fundamentals through application of theoretical concepts and to boost their
skills and widen the horizon of their thinking. The ultimate aim of an
engineering student is to resolve a problem by applying theoretical
knowledge. Exposure to more projects enhances problem solving skills.

The introduction of mini projects ensures preparedness of students to

undertake dissertation. Students should identify a topic of interest in
consultation with PG Programme Coordinator that should lead to their
dissertation/research project. Demonstrate the novelty of the project through
the results and outputs.

The progress of the mini project is evaluated based on three reviews, two
interim reviews and a final review. A report is required at the end of the
semester.

Evaluation Committee - Programme Coordinator, One Senior Professor and

Guide.

Sl. Type of evaluations Mark Evaluation criteria

No
1 Interim evaluation 1 20
2 Interim evaluation 2 20
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

3 Final evaluation 35 Will be evaluating the level of

by a Committee completion and
demonstration of
functionality/
specifications, clarity of
presentation, oral
examination, work
knowledge and
involvement
4 Report 15 the committee will be
evaluating for the technical
content, adequacy of
references, templates
Followed and permitted
plagiarism level( not more
than
25% )
5 Supervisor/Guide 10
Total Marks 100
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

LABORATORY
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

COMPUTATIONAL CATEGORY L T P CREDIT

222LME004
LAB LABORATORY 0 0 2 1
COURSES

Course Outcomes: After the completion of the course the student will be
able to

CO 1 Develop codes for numerical methods to tackle simple problems

CO 2 Obtain experience in the application of CFD analysis to real
engineering designs
CO 3 Understand the usage of various commercial CFD packages

Mapping of Course Outcomes with Program Outcomes

PO 1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6
CO 1 3 2 2 3 2 3
CO 2 3 2 3 2 3 3
CO 3 2 1 3 1 2 3

Continuous Internal Evaluation (CIE) Pattern:

Total Marks: 100

Attendance 15 marks
Regular class work/Modelling and Simulation
60 marks
Lab Record and Class Performance
Continuous Assessment Test (Minimum 1 Test) 25 marks

Continuous Assessment Test Pattern

Continuous Assessment Test (Marks)

Bloom’s Taxonomy

Apply 15
Analyse 10

No List of Experiments
1 Introduction to CFD Softwares
2 Geometry creation tools
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

3 Mesh generation tools

4 Simulation tools: Fluent, openFOAM
5 2D simulation of internal and external flow
6 3D simulation of flow with heat transfer
7 Simulation of natural convection problem
8 Simulation of turbulent heat transfer problem
9 Simulation with combustion process
SEMESTER III
 SEMESTER III
Marks
Slot Course code Courses L-T-P Hours Credit
CIE ESE
TRACK 1
To be
A* 223MxxXXX MOOC -- -- 2
completed
successfully
B 223AGEXXX Audit Course 40 60 3-0-0 3 -
C 223Ixx100 Internship 50 50 -- -- 3
D 223Pxx100 Dissertation 100 -- 0-0- 17 11
Phase 1 17
TRACK 2
To be
A* 223MxxXXX MOOC -- -- 2
completed
successfully
B 223AGEXXX Audit Course 40 60 3-0-0 3 -
C 223Ixx100 Internship 50 50 --- -- 3
223Pxx001 Research
D 100 -- 0-0- 17 11
Project Phase1
17
TOTAL 190 110 20 16

Teaching Assistance: 6 hours

*MOOC Course to be successfully completed before the commencement of fourth
semester (starting from semester 1).

1
 AUDIT COURSE

AUDIT COURSE

SL COURSE
SLOT COURSE NAME L-T-P HOURS CREDIT
NO CODE

1 223AGE100 ACADEMIC WRITING 3-0-0 3 -

ADVANCED ENGINEERING
2 223AGE001 3-0-0 3 -
MATERIALS

3 223AGE002 FORENSIC ENGINEERING 3-0-0 3 -

DATA SCIENCE FOR

4 223AGE003 3-0-0 3 -
ENGINEERS

5 223AGE004 DESIGN THINKING 3-0-0 3 -

FUNCTIONAL PROGRAMMING
6 223AGE005 3-0-0 3 -
IN HASKELL

FRENCH LANGUAGE (A1

B 7 223AGE006 3-0-0 3 -
LEVEL)

GERMAN LANGUAGE (A1

8 223AGE007 3-0-0 3 -
LEVEL)

JAPANESE LANGUAGE (N5

9 223AGE008 3-0-0 3 -
LEVEL)

10 223AGE009 PRINCIPLES OF AUTOMATION 3-0-0 3 -

REUSE AND RECYCLE

11 223AGE010 3-0-0 3 -
TECHNOLOGY

12 223AGE011 SYSTEM MODELING 3-0-0 3 -

13 223AGE012 EXPERT SYSTEMS 3-0-0 3 -

8
 MOOC COURSES
The MOOC course shall be considered only if it is conducted by the agencies
namely AICTE/NPTEL/SWAYAM or NITTTR. The MOOC course should have a
minimum duration of 8 weeks and the content of the syllabus shall be enough for at
least 40 hours of teaching. The course should have a proctored/offline end semester
examination. The students can do the MOOC according to their convenience, but
shall complete it by third semester. The list of MOOC courses will be provided by the
concerned BoS if at least 70% of the course content match with the area/stream of
study. The course shall not be considered if its content has more than 50% of overlap
with a core/elective course in the concerned discipline or with an open elective.

MOOC Course to be successfully completed before the commencement of fourth

semester (starting from semester 1). A credit of 2 will be awarded to all students
whoever successfully completes the MOOC course as per the evaluation pattern of
the respective agency conducting the MOOC.

2
 TEMPLATE FOR SYLLABUS

CODE CATEGORY L T P CREDIT

223AGE100 ACADEMIC WRITING AUDIT COURSE 3 0 0 NIL

Preamble: Learning academic writing sharpens minds, teaches students how to communicate, and
develops their thinking capacities and ability to understand others. Writing is thinking, and every
student deserves to be a strong thinker. It can also make them think more carefully about what
they write. Showing work to others can help to foster a better culture of learning and sharing
among students. It also gives students a sense of how they are contributing to the body of work
that makes up an academic subject.
Course Outcomes: The COs shown are only indicative. For each course, there can be 4 to 6 COs.

After the completion of the course the student will be able to

CO 1 Understand the principles of scientific/ academic writing

CO 2 Analyse the technique of scientific writing from the reader’s perspective

CO 3 Apply the concepts of setting expectations and laying the progression tracks
CO 4 Evaluate the merits of a title, abstract , introduction, conclusion and structuring of a
research paper
CO 5 Justify the need using a project proposal or a technical report

CO 6 Prepare a review paper, an extended abstract and a project proposal

Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes

PO 1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO 7
CO 1 3 1

CO 2 3 1

CO 3 3 1 2

CO 4 3 1

CO 5 3 2 2 2

CO 6 1 3 3 2 2

Assessment Pattern

Bloom’s Category End Semester

Examination
Apply 40%

Analyse 30%

Evaluate 30%

1
 Mark distribution

Total Marks CIE ESE ESE Duration

100 40 60 2.5 hours

Continuous Internal Evaluation Pattern: 40 marks

Course based task : 15 marks
Seminar/Quiz : 15 marks
Test paper, 1 no. : 10 marks
Test paper shall include minimum 80% of the syllabus.

End Semester Examination Pattern: 60 marks

The examination will be conducted by the respective College. The examination will be for
150 minutes and will contain 7 questions, with minimum one question from each module of
which student should answer any Vive. Each question can carry 12 marks.

Model Question paper

SET1 Total Pages:

Reg No.: Name:

APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

THIRD SEMESTER M.TECH DEGREE EXAMINATION, MARCH 2024

Course Code: 223AGE100

Course Name: Academic Writing

Max. Marks: 60 Duration: 2.5 Hours

Answer any five full questions, each carries 12 marks.

1 a) Make clear-cut distinctions between 6 factors that take their toll on readers’ 6
memory.

1 b) How can you sustain the attention of the reader to ensure continuous reading? 6

2 a) What are the different methods by which you can create expectations in the 6
reader?

2 b) Give an account of the topic and non-topic based progression schemes. 6

3 a) Bring out the differences between an abstract and the introduction of a 8

research paper.
3 b) How are the title of the research paper and its structure related? 4

4 What are 7 principles for including visuals in your research paper. What are 12
the recommended constituents of a conclusion segment of a research paper?
2
 5 Give a detailed description of the process and contents of a project proposal 12
for funding.

6 a) What are the contexts recommended for choosing between active and passive 8
voices in technical writing?

6 b) What are the different visual forms that are relevant in a research paper and 4
how do you choose them?

7 Give the design of a research paper with the purposes each part serves. 12

****

Syllabus and Course Plan (For 3 credit courses, the content can be for 40 hrs and for 2 credit
courses, the content can be for 26 hrs. The audit course in third semester can have content for
30 hours).
Syllabus:
CODE ACADEMIC WRITING Audit
223AG
E100
Module Topics in a module Hours
No.
1 Fundamentals of Academic writing from a reader’s perspective: acronyms, 6
synonyms, pronouns, disconnected phrases, background ghettos, abusive
detailing, cryptic captions, long sentences : all that take their toll on readers’
memory.
2 Fluid reading & reading energy consumption: setting expectations and laying 6
Progression tracks; Reading energy consumption
3 How to write the Title, abstract, introduction ; Structure the writing with 6
headings & subheadings
4 Visuals: Resources, Skills, and Methods; Conclusion; References; 6
Bibliography; Grammar in technical writing
5 Techniques of writing: An extended abstract, a project proposal, a research 6
paper, a technical report.

Course Plan:

No Topic No. of
Lectures

1 Fundamentals of Academic writing from a reader’s perspective: acronyms, synonyms,

pronouns, disconnected phrases, background ghettos, abusive detailing, cryptic captions,
long sentences all take their toll on readers’ memory.

1.1 The Reading tool-kit to reduce memory required; reduce reading time 1

1.2 Acronyms, Pronouns, Synonyms; Background, broken couple, words 1

overflow

1.3 Sustain attention: Keep the story moving forward; Twists, shouts, Pause 2
to clarify, recreate suspense

3
1.4 Keep the reader motivated: Fuel and meet Expectations; Bridge 2
knowledge gap: ground level; Title words; Just In Time to local
background

2 Fluid reading & reading energy consumption: setting expectations and laying Progression
tracks; Reading energy consumption
2.1 Setting expectations of the reader from Grammar, from theme 1

2.2 Progression tracks for fluid reading: Topic & stress; topic and non topic 2
based progression tracks; pause in progression

2.3 Detection of sentence fluidity problems: No expectations/ Betrayed 2

expectations

2.4 Controlling reading energy consumption: the energy bill; Energy 1

fuelling stations: Pause

3 How to write the Title, abstract, introduction ; Structure the writing with headings &
subheadings

3.1 Title: Face of the paper: Techniques, Qualities & Purpose of title; 1
Metrics
3.2 Abstract: Heart of the paper: 4 parts; coherence; tense of verbs, 2
precision; purpose & qualities of the abstract; Metrics

3.3 Structure: Headings & sub-headings: Skeleton of the paper: principles 1

for a good structure; Syntactic rules; Quality & Purpose of structures;
Metrics

3.4 Introduction: Hands of the paper: Start, finish; scope, definitions; 2

answers key reader questions; As a personal active story; Traps,
qualities; Metrics

4 Visuals: Resources, Skills, and Methods; Conclusion; References; Bibliography; Grammar

in technical writing

4.1 Visuals as the voice of your paper: principles; purpose & qualities of 2
visuals; metrics

4.2 Conclusion: contents; purpose, quality; metrics; Abstracts Vs. 1

Conclusion; examples, counter-examples

4.3 References, Bibliography: Styles, punctuation marks, quotes, citations 1

4.4 Grammar in Technical writing: Articles, Syntax, Main and subordinate 2

clauses; Active & passive voices; some commonly made mistakes in
technical writing.

5 Techniques of writing: An extended abstract, a project proposal, a research paper, a

technical report.

5.1 Extended abstract: abstract and keywords, introduction and objective, 1

method, findings and argument, conclusion and suggestions and
references.

5.2 Project Proposal:Types, executive summary, background including 2

status, objectives, solution, milestones, deliverables, timelines,
resources, budgeting, conclusion
5.3 Research paper: writing an overview article: provide a comprehensive 2
foundation on a topic; explain the current state of knowledge; identify
gaps in existing studies for potential future research; highlight the main
methodologies and research techniques
4
 5.4 Writing Technical Reports: Title page; Summary; Table of contents; 1
Introduction; Body; Figures, tables, equations and formulae;
Conclusion; Recommendations.
30

Reference Books
1. SCIENTIFIC WRITING 2.0 A Reader and Writer’s Guide: Jean-Luc Lebrun, World ScientiVic
Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., 2011

2. How to Write and Publish a ScientiVic Paper: Barbara Gastel and Robert A. Day, Greenwood
publishers, 2016

3. Grammar, Punctuation, and Capitalisation; a handbook for technical writers and editors.
www.sti.nasa.gov/publish/sp7084.pdf www.sti.nasa.gov/sp7084/contents.html

4. Everything You Wanted to Know About Making Tables and Figures. http://abacus.bates.edu/
%7Eganderso/biology/resources/writing/ HTWtableVigs.html

5
 CATEGORY L T P CREDIT
ADVANCED ENGINEERING
223AGE001 AUDIT
MATERIALS 3 0 0 -
COURSE

Preamble: This course is designed in a way to provide a general view on typically used
advanced classes of engineering materials including metals, polymers, ceramics, and
composites.

Course Outcomes: After the completion of the course the student will be able to

CO 1 Analyse the requirement and find appropriate solution for use of materials.
CO 2 Differentiate the properties of polymers, ceramics and composite materials.
CO 3 Recognize basic concepts and properties of functional materials.
CO 4 Comprehend smart and shape memory materials for various applications.
Appraise materials used for high temperature, energy production and storage
CO 5
applications.

Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes

PO 1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO 7
CO 1 🗸 🗸 🗸
CO 2 🗸 🗸 🗸
CO 3 🗸 🗸 🗸
CO 4 🗸 🗸 🗸
CO 5 🗸 🗸 🗸

Assessment Pattern

Bloom’s Category End Semester Examination

Understand 60%
Apply 20%
Analyse 20%

Mark distribution

Total ESE
CIE ESE
Marks Duration

100 40 60 2.5 hours

6
Continuous Internal Evaluation Pattern: 40 marks
Course based task : 15 marks
Seminar/Quiz : 15 marks
Test paper, 1 no. : 10 marks
Test paper shall include minimum 80% of the syllabus.

End Semester Examination Pattern: 60 marks

The examination will be conducted by the respective College. The examination will be for 150
minutes and will contain 7 questions, with minimum one question from each module of which
student should answer any Vive. Each question can carry 12 marks.

Model Question paper

AUDIT COURSE

223AGE001 - ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATERIALS

(Answer any five questions. Each question carries 12 Marks)

1. a) State the relationship between material selection and processing. 5

b) Write about the criteria for selection of materials with respect to the cost 7
and service requirements for engineering applications.

2. a) Differentiate thermosetting and thermoplastics with suitable examples. 5

b) Briefly discuss about the properties and applications of polymer nano 7

composite materials.

3. a) Write about the potential application areas of functionally graded materials. 5

b) With a neat sketch describe any one processing technique of functionally 7

graded materials.

4. a) “Smart materials are functional”? Justify the statement. 5

b) Explain the terms electrostriction and magnetostriction with its application. 7

7
5. a) What are the factors influencing functional life of components at elevated 5
temperature?

b) What are super alloys and what are their advantages? 7

6 a) What is a shape memory alloy? What metals exhibit shape memory 4

characteristics?

b) Explain about the detection capabilities and uses of pyroelectric sensors. 8

7 a) Differentiate between conventional batteries and fuel cells. 4

b) Explain the construction and working of a Li-ion battery. 8

Syllabus

Semester
Exam
Module Content Hours
Marks
(%)
Requirements / needs of advanced materials.
Classification of materials, Importance of materials
selection, Criteria for selection of materials; motivation
I 5 20
for selection, cost basis and service requirements.
Relationship between materials selection and
processing.
Classification of non-metallic materials. Polymer,
Ceramics: Properties, processing and applications.
II Nano Composites - Polymer nanocomposites (PNCs), 7 20
Processing and characterisation techniques – properties
and potential applications.
Functionally graded materials (FGMs), Potential
III 6 20
Applications of FGMs, classification of FGMs,
processing techniques. limitations of FGMs.
Smart Materials: Introduction, smart material types -
pyroelectric sensors, piezoelectric materials,
IV electrostrictors and magnetostrictors, shape memory 5 20
alloys – associated energy stimulus and response forms,
applications.
High Temperature Materials: super alloys – main
V classes, high temperature properties of superalloys, 7 20
applications.
Energy Materials: materials for batteries.

8
 Course Plan

No. of
No Topic
Lectures
1 Selection of materials for engineering applications
1.1 Benefits of advanced materials, classification of materials, 2
importance of materials selection
1.2 Selection of materials for different properties, strength, 1
toughness, fatigue and creep
1.3 Selection for surface durability, corrosion and wear resistance 1
1.4 Relationship between materials selection and processing 1
2 Classification of non-metallic materials & nano composites
2.1 Rubber: properties, processing and applications. 1
2.2 Plastics: thermosetting and thermoplastics, applications and 2
properties.
2.3 Ceramics: properties and applications. 1
2.4 Introduction to nano composites, classification 1
2.5 Processing and characterisation techniques applicable to 2
polymer nanocomposites.
3 Functionally graded materials
3.1 General concept, Potential Applications of FGMs 2
3.2 Classification of FGMs 1
3.3 FGMs processing techniques: powder metallurgy route, melt- 2
processing route
3.4 Limitations of FGMs 1
4 Smart materials
4.1 Introduction to smart materials, types 1
4.2 Pyroelectric sensors-material class, stimulus, detection 1
capabilities and uses
4.3 Piezoelectric materials- material class, stimulus, sensing and 1
actuating applications
4.4 Electrostrictors and magnetostrictors - material class, stimulus, 1
micro positioning capabilities and applications
4.5 Shape memory alloys (SMAs) - material class, stimulus, 1
temperature sensing and high strain responses, applications.
5 High Temperature Materials and Energy Materials
5.1 Characteristics of high-temperature materials, superalloys as 1
high-temperature materials
superalloys - properties and applications 2
5.2 Introduction to lithium-ion battery (LIBs), operating 2
mechanisms and applications
5.3 Introduction to Zn-based battery system, types and existing 2
challenges

9
Reference Books

1. DeGarmo et al, “Materials and Processes in Manufacturing”, 10th Edition, Wiley, 2008.
2. R.E. Smallman and A.H.W. Ngan, Physical Metallurgy and Advanced Materials,
Seventh Edition, Butterworth-Heinemann, 2007
3. Vijayamohanan K. Pillai and Meera Parthasarathy, “Functional Materials: A chemist’s
perspective”, Universities Press Hyderabad (2012).
4. M.V. Gandhi, B.S. Thompson: Smart Materials and Structures, Chapman & Hall, 1992.
5. G. W. Meetham and M. H. Van de Voorde, Materials for High Temperature
Engineering Applications (Engineering Materials) Springer; 1 edition (May 19, 2000)
6. Inderjit Chopra, Jayant Sirohi, “Smart Structures Theory”, Cambridge University Press,
2013

10
 DATA SCIENCE FOR CATEGORY L T P CREDIT
223AGE003 ENGINEERS AUDIT
3 0 0 0
COURSE

Preamble: This course covers essentials of statistics and Linear Algebra and how to prepare
the data before processing in real time applications. The students will be able to handle
missing data and detection of any outliers available in the dataset. This course explores data
science, Python libraries and it also covers the introduction to machine learning for engineers.

Course Outcomes: After the completion of the course the student will be able to

Study Data Science Concepts and statistics

CO 1
Demonstrate Understanding of Mathematical Foundations needed for Data Science
CO 2
CO 3 Understand Exploratory analysis and Data Visualization and Preprocessing on
given dataset
CO 4 Implement Models such as Naive Bayes, K-Nearest Neighbors, Linear and Logistic
Regression
Build real time data science applications and test use cases
CO 5

Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes

PO 1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO7
CO 1 2 2 2
CO 2 2 2 1 2
CO 3 2 2 2 2 2
CO 4 2 2 2 3 2
CO 5 2 2 3 3 3 2

Assessment Pattern

Bloom’s Category End Semester Examination

Understand 50%
Apply 30%
Analyse 20%

Mark distribution

Total ESE
CIE ESE
Marks Duration

100 40 60 2.5 hours

11
Continuous Internal Evaluation Pattern: 40 marks
Course based task (Project/Assignments/Simulations/Case studies): 15 marks
Seminar/Quiz : 15 marks
Test paper, 1 no. : 10 marks
Test paper shall include minimum 80% of the syllabus.

End Semester Examination Pattern:60 marks

The examination will be conducted by the respective College. The examination will be for
150 minutes and will contain 7 questions, with minimum one question from each module of
which student should answer any five. Each question can carry 12 mark.

Syllabus

Semester
Exam
Module Content Hours
Marks
(%)

Statistics for Data science

Probability: Basic concepts of probability, conditional

probability, total probability, independent events,
I Bayes’ theorem, random variable, Population, Sample, 6 20
Population Mean, Sample Mean, Population
Distribution, Sample Distribution and sampling
Distribution, Mean, Mode, Median, Range, Measure of
Dispersion, Variance, Standard Deviation,
Gaussian/Normal Distribution, covariance, correlation.
Linear Algebra
Vectors and their properties, Sum and difference of
II Vectors, distance between Vectors, Matrices,Inverse of 6 20
Matrix, Determinant of Matrix, Trace of a Matrix, Dot
Product, Eigen Values, Eigen Vectors, Single Value
Decomposition

Hypothesis Testing
Understanding Hypothesis Testing, Null and Alternate
III Hypothesis, Non-directional Hypothesis, Directional 6 20
Hypothesis Critical Value Method, P-Value Method,
Types of Errors-Type1 Error,Type2 Error, Types of
Hypothesis Test Z Test, Chi-Square

12
 Exploratory Data Analysis
Data Collection –Public and Private Data, Data
IV Cleaning-Fixing Rows and Columns, Missing Values, 6 20
Standardizing values, invalid values, filtering data,
Data-Integration,Data-Reduction,Data Transformation

Machine Learning and Python for Data Science

Python Data structures-List, Tuple, Set, Dictionary,
V 6 20
Pandas, Numpy, Scipy, Matplotlib, Machine Learning-
Supervised Machine Learning, Unsupervised Machine
Learning,Regression, Classification, Naïve-Bayes

Course Plan

No. of
No Topic
Lectures
1 Statistics for Data science
1.1 Probability: Basic concepts of probability, conditional 1
probability, total probability
1.2 independent events, Bayes’ theorem, random variable, Population 1
1.3 Sample, Population Mean, Sample Mean, Population Distribution 1
1.4 Sample Distribution and sampling Distribution, Mean, Mode, 1
Median, Range, Propositional logic and predicate logic
1.5 Measure of Dispersion, Variance, Standard Deviation 1
1.6 Gaussian/Normal Distribution, covariance, correlation. 1
2 Linear Algebra
2.1 Vectors and their properties, 1
2.2 Sum and difference of Vectors, distance between Vectors 1

2.3 Matrices,Inverse of Matrix, 2

2.4 Determinant of Matrix, Trace of a Matrix, Dot Product, Eigen 2
Values, Eigen Vectors, Single Value Decomposition

3 Hypothesis Testing
3.1 Understanding Hypothesis Testing, Null and Alternate 1
Hypothesis
3.2 Non-directional Hypothesis, Directional Hypothesis Critical 2
Value Method, P-Value Method,
3.3 Types of Errors-Type1 Error,Type2 Error, 1
3.4 Types of Hypothesis Test Z Test, Chi-Square, 2
4 Exploratory Data Analysis
4.1 Data Collection –Public and Private Data 1
4.2 Data Cleaning-Fixing Rows and Columns 1
4.3 Missing Values 1
4.4 Standardizing values 1
4.5 Invalid values, filtering data 1
4.6 Data Integration, Data Reduction, Data Transformation 1

13
 5 Machine Learning and Python for Data Science
5.1 Python Data structures-List, Tuple, Set, 1
5.2 Dictionary, Pandas, Numpy, Matplotlib 2
5.3 Machine Learning-Supervised Machine Learning, 1
Unsupervised Machine Learning
5.4 Regression, Classification 1
5.5 Naïve-Bayes 1

Reference Books

1. Python Data Science Handbook. Essential Tools for Working with Data, Author(s): Jake
VanderPlas, Publisher: O'Reilly Media, Year: 2016
2. Practical Statistics for Data Scientists: 50 Essential Concepts, Author(s): Peter Bruce,
Andrew Bruce, Publisher: O’Reilly Media, Year: 2017
3. Practical Linear Algebra for Data Science, by Mike X Cohen, Released September
2022, Publisher(s): O'Reilly Media, Inc.
4. Data Science from Scratch ‘by Joel Grus, Released, April 2015, Publisher(s): O'Reilly
Media, Inc.
5. Hands-On Exploratory Data Analysis with Python, by Suresh Kumar Mukhiya,
Usman Ahmed, Released March 2020,Publisher(s): Packt Publishing

14
 SET1 Total Pages:
Reg
No.: Name:
_
APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
THIRD SEMESTER M.TECH DEGREE EXAMINATION, MARCH 2024

Course Code: 223AGE003

Course Name: DATA SCIENCE FOR ENGINEERS

Max. Marks: 60 Duration: 2.5 Hours

Answer any five full questions, each carries 12 marks.

1 a ) It is observed that 50% of mails are spam. There is software that filters 5
spam mail before reaching the inbox. It accuracy for detecting a spam mail
is 99% and chances of tagging a non-spam mail as spam mail is 5%. If a
certain mail is tagged as spam finds the probability that it is not a spam
mail.
b ) Depict the relevance of measures of central tendency in data 7
wrangling with a suitable example

2. a) Calculate the inverse of the Matrix 4

2 4 -6
7 3 5
1 -2 4
b)Find all Eigenvalues and Corresponding Eigenvectors for the matrix if 8
2 -3 0
2 -5 0
0 0 3

3. a) A statistician wants to test the hypothesis H0: μ = 120 using the 5

alternative hypothesis Hα: μ > 120 and assuming that α = 0.05. For that,
he took the sample values as n =40, σ = 32.17 and x̄ = 105.37. Determine
the conclusion for this hypothesis?
b) Hypothesis testing is an integral part of statistical inference, list out the 7
various types of hypothesis testing and also mentions their significances in
data science.
4. a) Brief in detail directional and non-directional hypothesis 6

b) Differentiate null and alternate hypothesis and also elaborate on type 1 6

and type 2 errors

5. a) Explain the concepts of Tuple, List and Directory in python with 6

example
b) Elucidate reinforcement learning and application in real world. 6

15
6. a) What is Feature Engineering , demonstrate with an example 6

b) Describe in detail different steps involved in data preprocessing. 6

7. a) Illustrate supervised learning model with linear regression model 5

b) Predict the probability for the given feature vector if an accident will 7
happen or not?
Weather condition: rain, Road condition: good, Traffic condition: normal,
Engine problem: no, the task is to predict using Naïve Bayes
classification.

16
 CATEGORY L T P CREDIT
223AGE004 DESIGN THINKING AUDIT COURSE
3 0 0 -

Preamble:

This course offers an introductory exploration of fundamental engineering concepts

and techniques, the design process, analytical thinking and creativity, as well as the
fundamentals and development of engineering drawings, along with their
application in engineering problems.

Course Outcomes:

After the completion of the course the student will be able to

CO 1 Identify and frame design challenges effectively.

CO 2 Generate creative ideas through brainstorming and ideation
CO 3 Iterate on designs based on user insights
CO 4 Apply Design Thinking to real-world problems and projects.

PO 1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO 7
CO 1 2 2 2
CO 2 2 2 2 2
CO 3 2 2 2 2
CO 4 2 2 3 2 2

Assessment Pattern

Bloom’s Category End Semester

Examination
Apply 40
Analyse 30
Evaluate 30
Create

Mark distribution

Total CIE ESE ESE

Marks Duration

100 40 60 2.5 hours

Continuous Internal Evaluation Pattern:

AUDIT COURSES

17
Continuous Internal Evaluation Pattern: 40 marks
Course based task : 15 marks
Seminar/Quiz : 15 marks
Test paper, 1 no. : 10 marks
Test paper shall include minimum 80% of the syllabus.

End Semester Examination Pattern: 60 marks

The examination will be conducted by the respective College. The examination will be for 150
minutes and will contain 7 questions, with minimum one question from each module of which
student should answer any five. Each question can carry 12 marks.

Model Question paper

SET1 Total Pages:

Reg No.: Name:

APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

THIRD SEMESTER M.TECH DEGREE EXAMINATION, MARCH 2024

Course Code: 223AGE004

Course Name: DESIGN THINKING

Max. Marks: 60 Duration: 2.5 Hours

Answer any five full questions, each carries 12 marks.

1 a) How can a multidisciplinary team collaborate effectively to 7

implement design principles?

1 b) What are the key differences between human-centred design and 5

other design methodologies?

2 a) How do you measure the success of a design project in terms of user 7

satisfaction and impact?

2 b) How does the iterative nature of the design process contribute to better 5
outcomes

18
3 a) What are the fundamental principles of effective brainstorming, 7
and how do they differ from traditional problem-solving
approaches?

3 What are some key principles of ergonomic design, and how do 5

b) they contribute to the usability and comfort of products?

4 a) Enumerate some examples of successful and unsuccessful 7

market testing scenarios, and what lessons can be learned from
these experiences to improve future product or service launches?

4b) What is the primary purpose of creating prototypes in the design 5

and development process?

5 What strategies and methodologies can designers use to embrace 12

agility and respond quickly to changing user needs and market
dynamics?

6 Illustrate any four examples of successful bio-mimicry 12

applications in various industries.

7 What ethical considerations should designers keep in mind when 12

designing for diverse user groups?

****

19
Syllabus:

Module 1

Design process: Traditional design, Design Thinking Approach, Introduction to

Design Thinking, History and evolution of Design Thinking, Role of design thinking
in the human-centred design process. Design space, Design Thinking in a Team
Environment, Team formation.

Module 2

Design Thinking Stages: Empathize, Define, Ideate, Prototype and Test. The
importance of empathy, Building a user-centred mindset. Problem statement
formulation, User needs and pain points, establishing target specifications, Setting
the final specifications.

Module 3

Generating Ideas, Brainstorming techniques, Application of Aesthetics and

Ergonomics in Design. Bio-mimicry, Conceptualization, Visual thinking,
Drawing/Sketching, Presenting ideas.

Module 4

Use of prototyping, Types of prototypes, Rapid prototyping techniques, User testing

and feedback collection, Iterative prototyping, testing to gauge risk and market
interest

Module 5

Entrepreneurship/business ideas, Patents and Intellectual Property, Agility in

design, Ethical considerations in design. Overcoming common implementation
challenges

Corse Plan SyllabusandCorsePlan (For 3credit courses, thec ontent can be for 40 hrs
and for2credit courses, the content can be for 26 hrs. The audit course in third semester
can have content for 30hours).

No Topic No. of lectures

1 Design process:
1.1 Design process: Traditional design, Design Thinking 3
Approach, Introduction to Design Thinking, History and
evolution of Design Thinking.

1.2 Role of design thinking in the human-centred design 2

process. Design space,
1.3 Design Thinking in a Team Environment, Team 2
formation.

20
 2 Design Thinking Stages:
2.1 Design Thinking Stages: Empathize, Define, Ideate, 2
Prototype and Test.

2.2 The importance of empathy, Building a user-centred 2

mindset.
2.3 Problem statement formulation, User needs and pain 3
points, establishing target specifications, Setting the final
specifications.
3 Ideation
3.1 Generating Ideas, Brainstorming techniques. 2

3.2 Application of Aesthetics and Ergonomics in Design. Bio- 3

mimicry.
3.3 Conceptualization, Visual thinking, Drawing/Sketching, 2
Presenting ideas.
4 Prototyping and testing
4.1 Use of prototyping, Types of prototypes, Rapid 3
prototyping techniques.

4.2 User testing and feedback collection, Iterative 2

prototyping, testing to gauge risk and market interest
5 IPR in design
5.1 Entrepreneurship/business ideas, Patents and 2
Intellectual Property.

5.2 Agility in design, Ethical considerations in design. 2

Overcoming common implementation challenges

Reference Books

1. Christoph Meinel, Larry Leifer and Hasso Plattner- “Design Thinking:

Understand – Improve – Apply”, Springer Berlin, Heidelberg, 2011.
2. Thomas Lockwood and Edgar Papke – “Design Thinking: Integrating Innovation,
Customer Experience, and Brand Value", Allworth Press, 2009.
3. Pavan Soni – “Design Your Thinking”, Penguin Random House India Private
Limited, 2020.
4. Andrew Pressman- “Design Thinking : A Guide to Creative Problem Solving for
Everyone”, Taylor & Francis, 2018.
5. N Siva Prasad, “Design Thinking Techniques an Approaches” Ane Books Pvt.
Ltd.,2023

21
 SYLLABUS

CODE COURSE NAME CATEGORY L T P CREDIT

223AGE005 FUNCTIONAL PROGRAMMING IN AUDIT 3 0 0 -

HASKELL COURSE

Preamble: This course introduces a functional programming approach in problem solving.

Salient features of functional programming like recursion, pattern matching, higher order
functions etc. and the implementation in Haskell are discussed.

Course Outcomes:

After the completion of the course the student will be able to

CO 1 Understand the functional programming paradigm which is based on the mathematics of

lambda calculus.
CO 2 Develop Haskell programs using functions, guards and recursive functions
CO 3 Apply the concept of tuples, lists and strings in Haskell programming
CO 4 Apply the concept of algebraic data types, abstract data types, modules, recursive data types
and user defined data types in Haskell programming

CO 5 Develop Haskell programs with files for reading input and storing output

Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes

PO 1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO 7
CO 1 3
CO 2 2 2 3
CO 3 2 2 3
CO 4 2 2 3
CO 5 2 2 3

Assessment Pattern

Bloom’s Category End Semester Examination

Apply 40%
Analyse 40%
Evaluate 20%
Create

Mark distribution

Total CIE ESE ESE Duration

Marks

100 40 60 2.5 hours

22
Continuous Internal Evaluation: 40 marks

Course based task : 15 marks

Seminar/Quiz : 15 marks

Test paper, 1 no. : 10 marks

Test paper shall include minimum 80% of the syllabus.

End Semester Examination: 60 marks

The examination will be conducted by the respective College. The examination will be for 150
minutes and will contain 7 questions, with minimum one question from each module of which student
should answer any five. Each question can carry 12 marks.

Model Question paper

Total Pages:
Reg No.: Name:

APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

THIRD SEMESTER M.TECH DEGREE EXAMINATION, DECEMBER 2023

Course Code: 223AGE005

Course Name: Functional Programming in Haskell

Max. Marks: 60 Duration: 2.5 Hours

Answer any five full questions, each carries 12 marks.

1 a. Explain the basic differences between imperative style programming and functional 3
style programming.

1 b. Analyse each of the following lambda expressions to clarify its structure. If the 9
expression is a function, identify the bound variable and the body expression, and
then analyse the body expression. If the expression is an application, identify the
function and argument expressions, and then analyse the function and argument
expressions:
i) λa.(a λb.(b a))
ii) λx.λy.λz.((z x) (z y))
iii) (λf.λg.(λh.(g h) f) λp.λq.p)

2 a. Design a recursive function to find 2n where n is a natural number. 4

23
 2 b. Explain various forms of function definitions in Haskell with the help of examples. 8

3 a. Explain any three list operations along with function definitions and examples. 6

3 b. Write a program to duplicate only even numbers among the elements of a list using a 6
Haskell function by (i) Recursion (ii) List Comprehension and explain.
Example : λ> dupli [1, 2, 3] ANS: [2,2]

4 Write Recursive definitions along with an explanation for the below arithmetic 12
operations. Illustrate the recursive flow with the help of a diagram.
i. add x y
ii. mult x y
iii. div x y

5 Write the Haskell code to split a list into two lists such that the elements with odd 12
index are in one list while the elements with even index are in the other list.

6a Give the type definition of a binary tree along with explanation of two functions on 6
binary trees.

6b Define a queue data type in Haskell along with any two operations on it with 6
examples.

7 a. Explain the basic steps of reading from files and writing to files in Haskell. 4

7 b. Write a Haskell program to read from the file “input.txt”, display the contents on the
8
screen and write the contents to another file “output.txt”.

****

Syllabus and Corse Plan (For 3 credit courses, the content can be for 40 hrs and for 2 credit courses,
the content can be for 26 hrs. The audit course in third semester can have content for 30 hours).

Module 1 (5 Hrs)

Introduction to Functional Programming: Programming language paradigms, imperative style

programming, comparison of programming paradigms.
Functional programming, Functions - Mathematical concepts and terminology, Lambda calculus,
Function definitions, programs as functions, Functional programming Languages. Haskell basics,
GHCi interpreter.
3

24
Module 2 (6 Hrs)

Programming in Haskell: Expressions and evaluation, Lazy evaluation, let expressions, scopes.

Basic data types in Haskell, operators, infix operators, associativity and precedence, Arithmetic
functions.

types, definitions, currying and uncurrying, type abstraction.

Function definitions, pattern matching, guards, anonymous functions, higher order functions.

Recursion, Programming exercises.

Module 3 (7 Hrs)

Data types: tuples and lists: Tuples , Lists: building lists, decomposing lists, functions on lists, built-
in functions on lists, primitive and general recursion over lists, infinite lists.

Strings: functions on strings.

Polymorphism and overloading, conditional polymorphism

Module 4 (6 Hrs)
Type classes, Algebraic data types, Modules, Recursive data types.

User defined data types, Records, Stacks, Queues, Binary trees, Constructors, Destructors.

Module 5 (6 Hrs)

Functor, Applicative functor, Monad

Programming with actions: Functions vs actions, Basics of input / output, the do notation,
interacting with the command line and lazy I/O, File I/O.

No Topic No. of Lectures

1 Introduction to Functional Programming
1.1 Programming language paradigms, imperative style programming, 1
comparison of programming paradigms

1.2 Functional programming, Functions - Mathematical concepts and 1

terminology

1.3 Lambda calculus 1

1.4 Function definitions, programs as functions, Functional programming 1

Languages

1.5 Haskell basics, GHCi interpreter 1

2 Haskell basics
2.1 Expressions and evaluation, Lazy evaluation 1

2.2 let expressions, scopes, Basic data types in Haskell 1

2.3 operators, infix operators, associativity and precedence, Arithmetic 1

4

25
 functions

2.4 types, definitions, currying and uncurrying, type abstraction. 1

2.5 Function definitions, pattern matching, Guards 1

2.6 anonymous functions, higher order functions, Recursion 1
3 Data types: tuples and lists
3.1 Tuples , Lists: building lists, decomposing lists 1

3.2 functions on lists, built-in functions on lists 1

3.3 primitive and general recursion over lists 1

3.4 infinite lists 1

3.5 Strings: functions on strings 1

3.6 1
Polymorphism and overloading
3.7 1
conditional polymorphism
4 User defined data types
4.1 Type classes, Algebraic data types, Modules 1

4.2 Recursive data types 1

4.3 User defined data types, Records 1

4.4 Stacks, Queues 1

4.5 Binary trees 1

4.6 Constructors, Destructors 1

5 Programming with actions

5.1 Functor, Applicative functor, 1

5.2 Monad 1

5.3 Programming with actions: Functions vs actions, Basics of input / 1

output, the do notation

5.4 interacting with the command line and lazy I/O 1

5.5 File I/O 2

Reference Books

[1] Richard Bird, “Introduction to functional programming using Haskell', second edition, Prentice
hall series in computer science

[2] Bryan O'Sullivan, Don Stewart, and John Goerzen, “Real World Haskell”
5

26
[3] Richard Bird, “Thinking Functionally with Haskell”, Cambridge University Press, 2014

[4] Simon Thompson, “Haskell: The Craft of Functional Programming”, Addison-Wesley, 3rd
Edition, 2011

[5] H. Conrad Cunningham, “Notes on Functional Programming with Haskell”, 2014

[6] Graham Hutton, “Programming in Haskell”, Cambridge University Press, 2nd Edition, 2016
[7] Alejandro Serrano Mena, “Practical Haskell: A Real-World Guide to Functional
Programming”, 3rd Edition, Apress, 2022
[8] Miran Lipovaca, “Learn You a Haskell for Great Good!: A Beginner's Guide”, No Starch Press,
2011

27
 CATEGORY L T P CREDIT
REUSE AND RECYCLE
223AGE010 AUDIT
TECHNOLOGY 3 0 0 -
COURSE
Preamble: "Reuse and Recycle Technology" typically focuses on sustainable practices and
technologies aimed at reducing waste, conserving resources, and promoting environmental
responsibility.

Course Outcomes: After the completion of the course the student will be able to

Explain the principles and technologies behind waste reduction, resource

CO 1
conservation, and sustainable practices
CO 2 Describe and Analyze waste generation and management.
Apply the knowledge of various reuse strategies and their application in different
CO 3
industries and Analyze various recycling technologies
CO 4 Appraise the methods of E-waste management and Eco friendly packaging
Comprehend Environmental Regulations and Policies, Understand the importance
CO 5 of environmental regulations and policies in addressing environmental challenges

Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes

PO 1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6
CO 1 3
CO 2 3
CO 3 3
CO 4 3
CO 5 3

Assessment Pattern

Bloom’s Category End Semester Examination

Understand 60%
Apply 20%
Analyse 20%

Mark distribution

Total ESE
CIE ESE
Marks Duration

100 40 60 2.5 hours

28
Continuous Internal Evaluation Pattern: 40 marks
Course based task : 15 marks
Seminar/Quiz : 15 marks
Test paper, 1 no. : 10 marks
Test paper shall include minimum 80% of the syllabus.

End Semester Examination Pattern: 60 marks

The examination will be conducted by the respective College. The examination will be for 150
minutes and will contain 7 questions, with minimum one question from each module of which
student should answer any five. Each question can carry 12 marks.

Model Question paper

AUDIT COURSE

223AGE010 - REUSE AND RECYCLE TECHNOLOGY

Answer any five full questions, each carries 12 marks.

1. (a) What are the 3 pillars of sustainability? 5

(b) What is sustainable waste management? What makes sustainable waste
management so important?
7

2. (a)How do the three categories of municipal solid waste differ? 5

(b) Discuss the municipal waste collection and management?
7

3. (a)Explain the major differences between Reuse and Recycle? 5

(b) Give an overview of recycling technologies used for any two materials.
7
Discuss the Process involved.

4. (a)What are the common source of E-waste 5

(b) What are the challenges and opportunities in E-waste management
7

5. (a)What is the case law for waste recycling in India 5

(b) Discuss sustainable packaging and its environmental impacts
7

6. Explain the various environmental regulations in India for addressing 12

Environmental challenges
7. a) Give examples of water reuse technologies in circular economy 5
b) How can we reduce e-waste with sustainable solutions
7

29
 Syllabus

Semester
Exam
Module Content Hours
Marks
(%)
Introduction to Sustainability, Understanding
sustainability and its importance, The three pillars of
I sustainability: Environmental, Social, and Economic. 6 20
Biodiversity conservation, Climate change and
mitigation Sustainable resource management.
Waste Management, Definition and classification of
waste, Waste Generation and Composition, Waste
II Collection and Transportation, Waste Segregation and 6 20
Sorting. Waste Disposal Methods Historical
perspectives on waste management, The three Rs:
Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle.
Recycling and Reuse: Importance of reuse,
Application of reuse in various industries, Challenges
III and opportunities in reuse, Overview of recycling 6 20
technologies, Circular economy, Sorting and processing
of recyclable materials, Advanced recycling methods.
Emerging technologies in recycling.
E-waste Recycling, Challenges and environmental
impact of electronic waste, E-waste recycling methods
IV and regulations, Sustainable electronics design, 6 20
Sustainable Packaging, Packaging materials and their
environmental impact, Eco-friendly packaging
alternatives, Packaging design for sustainability
Environmental Regulations and Policies, Understand
the importance of environmental regulations and
V policies in addressing environmental challenges, 6 20
National and international waste and recycling
regulations, Compliance and enforcement, Industry
standards and certifications

Course Plan

30
 No. of
No Topic
Lectures
1 Introduction to Sustainability (6)
1.1 Understanding sustainability and its importance 1
1.2 The three pillars of sustainability: Environmental, Social, and 3
Economic.
1.3 Biodiversity conservation, Climate change and mitigation 1
1.4 Sustainable resource management 1
2 Waste Management (6)
2.1 Definition and classification of waste 1
2.2 Waste Generation and Composition 1
2.3 Waste Collection and Transportation. 1
2.4 Waste Segregation and Sorting. 1
2.5 Waste Disposal Methods 1
2.6 Historical perspectives on waste management, The three Rs: 1
Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle.
3 Recycling and Reuse (6)
3.1 Importance of reuse, Examples of reuse in various industries. 1
3.2 Challenges and opportunities in reuse 1
3.3 Overview of recycling technologies, Sorting and processing of 2
recyclable materials
3.4 Advanced recycling methods 1
3.5 Emerging technologies in recycling. 1
4 E-waste Recycling (6)
4.1 Challenges and environmental impact of electronic waste 1
4.2 E-waste recycling methods and regulations 1
4.3 Sustainable electronics design 1
4.4 Packaging materials and their environmental impact 1
4.5 Eco-friendly packaging alternatives 1
4.6 Packaging design for sustainability 1
5 Environmental Regulations and Policies (6)
5.1 Importance of environmental regulations and policies in 2
addressing environmental challenges
5.2 National and international waste and recycling regulations 2
5.3 Industry standards and certifications, Compliance and 2
enforcement

31
Reference Books

1. Sustainable Engineering: Concepts, Design and Case Studies, David T. Allen, Pearson
Publication.
2. A Comprehensive Book on Solid Waste Management with Application, Dr. H.S.
Bhatia , Misha Books, 2019
3. "Cradle to Cradle: Remaking the Way We Make Things" by William McDonough
and Michael Braungart.
4. "Recycling of Plastic Materials" edited by Vijay Kumar Thakur
5. E-waste: Implications, Regulations and Management in India and Current Global Best
Practices, Rakesh Johri, TERI
6. "Sustainable Packaging”, Subramanian Senthilkannan Muthu , Springer Nature.
7. Indian Environmental Law: Key Concepts and Principles " Orient Black swan Private
Limited, New Delhi.

32
 CATEGORY L T P CREDIT
223AGE012 EXPERT SYSTEMS AUDIT
3 0 0 -
COURSE

Preamble: The course aims to provide an understanding of the basic concepts of Artificial
Intelligence (AI) and Expert Systems. The course also covers the knowledge representation in
expert systems, classes of expert systems, applications of expert systems.

Course Outcomes: After the completion of the course the student will be able to:

Explain the concepts of Artificial Intelligence and different ways of

CO 1
knowledge representations.
Explain the components of expert systems, development stages of expert systems
CO 2
and tools available for expert system design.
CO 3 Apply the concept of knowledge representation in expert systems
Differentiate the classes of expert systems and examine properties of existing
CO 4
systems
Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes

PO 1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO7
CO 1 1 2 1 2 2
CO 2 1 1 3 2 2
CO 3 1 1 2 2 2
CO 4 2 2 2 3 2

Assessment Pattern

Bloom’s Category End Semester Examination

Understand 60%
Apply 20%
Analyse 20%

Mark distribution

Total ESE
CIE ESE
Marks Duration

100 40 60 2.5 hours

Continuous Internal Evaluation Pattern: 40 marks

Course based task (Project/Assignments/Simulations/Case studies): 15 marks
Seminar/Quiz : 15 marks
Test paper, 1 no. : 10 marks
Test paper shall include minimum 80% of the syllabus.

33
End Semester Examination Pattern:60 marks
The examination will be conducted by the respective College. The examination will be for
150 minutes and will contain 7 questions, with minimum one question from each module of
which student should answer any five. Each question can carry 12 mark.

APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

THIRD SEMESTER M.TECH DEGREE EXAMINATION, MARCH 2024

Course Code: 223AGE012

Course Name: EXPERT SYSTEMS

Max. Marks: 60 Duration: 2.5 Hours

Answer any five full questions, each carries 12 marks.

1 a) What are the types of AI? Explain with examples . 6

b) What do you mean by knowledge in AI and explain the different ways 6

of knowledge representation used in AI?

2. a) Write note on semantic network. 6

b) What are Predicates? Explain its syntax and semantics. 6

3. a) Write notes on different tools available for expert system design. 6

b). What are the different stages in the development of an expert system? 6

4. a) Illustrate Conceptual Dependencies with an example. 6

b) Illustrate with an example the Structured Knowledge representation of 6

an Expert System.

5. a) What do you mean by Frame based Expert System? Explain 6

b)Explain the architecture of MYCIN 6

6. a)Explain Fuzzy based expert systems 6

b) Explain the neural network based expert systems 6

7. a) Explain any two applications of expert systems? 6

b)What are the limitations of expert system ? Explain 6

34
 Syllabus

Semester
Exam
Module Content Hours
Marks
(%)
Overview of Artificial Intelligence (AI): Definition &
Importance of AI.

Knowledge general concepts: Definition and

Importance of knowledge, Knowledge-Based Systems,
I 6 20
Knowledge organization, Knowledge Manipulation
and acquisition.

Knowledge Representation: Introduction, Syntax and

Semantics- Propositional logic and predicate logic.

Basic concepts of expert systems-Introduction to

expert systems, Components of expert systems.
II Features of Expert System, Stages in the development 6 20
of expert system, Types of tools available for expert
system design

Knowledge representation in expert systems:

Structured Knowledge representation: Graphs, Frames
III and related structures, Associative networks, 6 20
Conceptual dependencies, Examples of structured
knowledge representation.
Classes of expert systems: Rule-based expert systems,
Example- MYCIN, Frame-based expert system,
IV terminologies, IF-THEN structure. Fuzzy and Neural 7 20
network based expert systems(basic concepts)

Currents trends in expert systems, Advantages and

V limitations of expert systems, Applications of expert 5 20
systems.

35
 Course Plan

No Topics No. of Lectures

1 Overview of Artificial Intelligence& Knowledge general concepts
1.1 Definition & Importance of AI 1

1.2 Definition and Importance of Knowledge, 1

1.3 Knowledge-Based Systems, Knowledge Organization 1
1.4 Knowledge Manipulation and acquisition 1
1.5 Knowledge Representation: Introduction, Syntax and Semantics 1
1.6 Propositional logic and predicate logic 1
2 Basic concepts of expert systems
2.1 Introduction to Expert System, Components of expert systems 2
2.2 Features of Expert System, Stages in the development of expert system 2
2.3 Types of tools available for expert system design 2
3 Knowledge representation in expert systems
3.1 Structured Knowledge representation 1
3.2 Graphs, Frames and Related Structures 2
3.3 Associative Networks, Conceptual Dependencies 2
3.4 Examples of structured knowledge representation 1
4 Classes of expert systems
4.1 A rule-based expert system -Introduction 1
4.2 MYCIN 1
4.3 IF-THEN structure 1
4.4 Frame-based expert system 2
4.5 Fuzzy based expert systems 1
4.6 Neural network based expert systems 1
5 Currents trends and applications of expert systems
5.1 Currents trends of expert systems 2
5.2 Advantages and limitations of expert systems 1
5.3 Applications of expert systems 2

Reference Books

1. E. Rich & K. Knight - Artificial Intelligence, 2/e, TMH, New Delhi, 2005.
2. P.H. Winston - Artificial Intelligence, 3/e, Pearson Edition, New Delhi, 2006.
3. D.W. Rolston - Principles of AI & Expert System Development, TMH, New Delhi
4. Kevin Night and Elaine Rich, Nair B., “Artificial Intelligence (SIE) “, McGraw Hill –
2010
5. Dan W Patterson, ‘Introduction to Artificial intelligence and Expert systems’, Prentice
Hall of India Pvt. Ltd,2007
6. Russel (Stuart), ‘Artificial Intelligence- Modern approach, Pearson Education series
in AI’, 3rd Edition, 2009.
7. I. Gupta, G. Nagpal · Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems, Mercury Learning
and Information -2020

36
 CATEGORY L T P CREDIT
223AGE011 SYSTEM MODELLING AUDIT
3 0 0 -
COURSE

Preamble: Study of this course provides the learners a clear understanding of fundamental
concepts in simulation and modelling. This course covers the different statistical models, importance
of data collection and various types of simulations. The course helps the learners to find varied
applications in engineering, medicine and bio-technology.
Course Outcomes: After the completion of the course the student will be able to

CO 1 Analyse the requirement and find appropriate tool for simulation.

CO 2 Differentiate the different statistical models.
CO 3 Discuss the different techniques for generating random numbers.
CO 4 Analyse the different methods for selecting the different input models..
CO 5 Discuss the different measures of performance and their estimation

Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes

PO 1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6
CO 1 2 1 1 2
CO 2 2 1 1 1
CO 3 1
CO 4 1 1 1
CO 5 2 1 1 1
Assessment Pattern

Bloom’s Category End Semester Examination

Understand 60%
Apply 20%
Analyse 20%

Mark distribution

Total ESE
CIE ESE
Marks Duration

100 40 60 2.5 hours

Continuous Internal Evaluation Pattern:

Course based task (Project/Assignments/Simulations/Case studies): 15 marks

Seminar/Quiz: 15 marks
Test paper, 1 no.: 10 marks
Test paper shall include minimum 80% of the syllabus.

37
End Semester Examination Pattern:
The examination will be conducted by the respective College. The examination will be for
150 minutes and will contain 7 questions, with minimum one question from each module of
which student should answer any five. Each question can carry 12 marks.

Model Question paper

AUDIT COURSE

223AGE001 – SYSTEM MODELLING

Answer any five questions Each carries 12 marks

PART A

1. a. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of simulation. (5marks)

b. What are the areas of applications of simulation (7 marks)

2. a.A bus arrives every 20 minutes at a specified stop beginning at 6:40 A.M. and
continuing until 8:40 A.M. A certain passenger does not know the schedule, but
arrives randomly (uniformly distributed) between 7:00A.M. and 7:30 A.M. every
morning. What is the probability that the passenger waits more than 5 minutes for a
bus? (5 marks)
b. A production process manufactures computer chips on the average at 2%
nonconforming. Every day, a random sample of size 50 is taken from the process.
If the sample contains more than two nonconforming chips, the
process will be stopped. Compute the probability that the process is stopped by the
sasampling scheme. (7 marks)

3. a.Discuss the different types of tests for random numbers. (5 marks)

b. Generate random numbers using multiplicative congruential method with X0 =

5, a 11, and m = 64. (7 marks)

4. a. What are the different methods of data collection. (4marks)

b. Records pertaining to the monthly number of job-related injuries at an

underground coalrnine were
being studied by a federal agency. The values for the past 100 months were as
follows:
Injuries per Month Frequency of Occurrence
0 35
1 40
2 13
3 6
4 4
5 1
6 1

38
 (a) Apply the chi-square test to these data to test the hypothesis that the underlying
distribution is Poisson. Use the level of significance α== 0.05.
(b) Apply the chi-square test to these data to test the hypothesis that the distribution
is Poisson with mean 1.0. Again let α = 0.05. ·
(c) What are the differences between parts (a) and (b), and when might each case
arise? (8 marks)

5. a.What is the difference between validation and verification.(5 marks)

b. Discuss the different measures of performance and their estimation(7 marks)
6. a. Discuss the different methods of parameter estimation(5 marks)
b. With an example, describe the Poisson process.(7 marks)
7. a. Distinguish between discrete and continuous systems(5 marks)
b.What are the different components of a simulation system(7 marks)

Syllabus

Semester
Module Content Hours Exam
Marks (%)
When simulation is the appropriate tool. Advantages
and disadvantages of Simulation; Areas of application,
I
Systems and system environment; Components of a 6 20
system; Discrete and continuous systems, Model of a
system; Types of Models, Discrete-Event System
Simulation, Steps of a simulation study.
Review of terminology and concepts, Useful statistical
models, Discrete distributions. Continuous
II 6 20
distributions, Poisson process, Empirical distributions.
(basic idea only)

Properties of random numbers; Generation of pseudo-

III 6 20
random numbers, Techniques for generating random
numbers, Tests for Random Numbers
Data Collection; Identifying the distribution with data,
Parameter estimation, Goodness of Fit Tests, Fitting a
IV 6 20
non-stationary Poisson process, Selecting input models
without data, Multivariate and Time-Series input
models.
Measures of performance and their estimation, Output
V analysis for terminating simulations, Output analysis 6 20
for steady-state simulations, Verification, calibration
and validation

39
 Course Plan

No. of
No Topic
Lectures
1 Introduction
1.1 When simulation is the appropriate tool 1
1.2 Advantages and disadvantages of Simulation; 1
1.3 Areas of application, Systems and system environment; 1
1.4 Components of a system; Discrete and continuous systems, 1
1.5 Model of a system; Types of Models, 1
1.6 Discrete-Event System Simulation ,Steps of a simulation study 1
2 Statistical Models in Simulation
2.1 Review of terminology and concepts, Empirical distributions. 1
(basic idea only)
2.2 Useful statistical models, 1
2.3 Discrete distributions. 1
2.4 Continuous distributions,. 1
2.5 Poisson process 1
2.6 Empirical distributions 1
3 Random Number Generation
3.1 Properties of random numbers; 1
3.2 Generation of pseudo-random numbers,
3.3 Techniques for generating random numbers 1
3.4 Techniques for generating random numbers(cont) 1
3.5 Tests for Random Numbers 1
3.6 Tests for Random Numbers(cont) 1
4 Input Modelling
4.1 Data Collection; 1
4.2 Identifying the distribution with data. 1
4.3 Parameter estimation, Goodness of Fit Tests 1
4.4 Fitting a non-stationary Poisson process 1
4.5 Selecting input models without data, 1
4.6 Multivariate and Time-Series input models 1
5 Measures of Performance and their Estimation
5.1 Measures of performance and their estimation 1
5.2 Measures of performance and their estimation(cont) 1
5.3 Output analysis for terminating simulations 1
5.4 Output analysis for steady-state simulations 1
5.5 Verification, calibration and validation 1
5.6 Verification, calibration and validation(cont) 1

40
Textbooks:

1. Jerry Banks, John S. Carson II, Barry L. Nelson, David M. Nicol: Discrete-Event System
Simulation, 5th Edition, Pearson Education, 2010.

Reference Books:

1. Lawrence M. Leemis, Stephen K. Park: Discrete – Event Simulation: A First Course,

Pearson Education, 2006.

2. Averill M. Law: Simulation Modeling and Analysis, 4 th Edition, Tata McGraw-Hill, 2007

3. System Modelling and Response by Ernest O. Doebelin

4. Averill M Law, “Simulation Modeling and Analysis”,McGraw-Hill Inc,2007 Geoffrey

Gorden, “System Simulation”,Prentice Hall of India,1992.

41
 223AGE009 Principles of Automation CATEGORY L T P CREDIT
CREDIT 3 0 0 0
COURSE

Preamble:

This course deals in detail with the various aspects of automation such as sensors, actuators,
controllers, mechanical and electrical elements and their integration for automating new and
existing manufacturing and process industries and applications. This course will be beneficial
to students in designing automation schemes for industries and to design automated systems

Course Outcomes: After the completion of the course the student will be able to

CO 1 Explain the fundamentals of sensor systems and to choose a suitable sensor system
for the given application based on the evaluation of the constraints.
CO 2 Explain the fundamentals of signal conditions and to design a suitable signal
conditioning scheme for given application.
CO 3 Describe the characteristics of various actuator systems and to decide the right
type of actuator for the given application.
CO 4 Describe the importance of an industrial robot and fundamentals of numerical
control in automation.
CO 5 Explain the fundamentals of controllers used in industrial automation and to
construct simple automation schemes by ladder logic programs.

Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes

PO 1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO 7
CO 1 2 2 2 2
CO 2 2 2 2 2
CO 3 2 2 2 2
CO 4 2 2 2 2
CO 5 2 2
Assessment Pattern

Bloom’s Category End Semester Examination

Understand 70 %
Apply 30 %
Mark distribution

Total CIE ESE ESE

Marks Duration

100 40 60 2.5 hours

42
Continuous Internal Evaluation Pattern: 40 marks
Course based task (Project/Assignments/Simulations/Case studies): 15 marks
Seminar/Quiz: 15 marks
Test paper, 1 no.: 10 marks
Test paper shall include minimum 80% of the syllabus.

End Semester Examination Pattern:60 marks

The examination will be conducted by the respective College. The examination will be for 150
minutes and will contain 7 questions, with minimum one question from each module of which
student should answer any five. Each question can carry 12 marks.

Model Question Paper

223AGE009 Principles of Automation

Time 2.5 Hrs Marks 60

Answer any five questions Each carries 12 marks

1. (a) Differentiate the static and dynamic characteristics of a temperature sensor and
explain how it affects the selection of a suitable temperature sensor. (6 marks)
(b) Explain the working of a strain-gauge. (6marks)

2. (a) Explain why anti-aliasing filters are used in analog to digital converters. (3 marks)
(b) Design a first order low pass filter with a cutoff frequency of 2 kHz. (9 marks)

3. (a) What are the factors to consider while deciding choosing between hydraulic,
pneumatic or electrical actuation systems for an automation scheme? (4 marks)
(b) Explain the working of a three-way pressure reducing valve. (4 marks)
(c) Explain the working of solenoids. In what applications would you use a Solenoid
valve. (4 marks)

4. (a) Explain the principle of the Touch sensor and also mention how they are used in
robots. (5 marks)
(b) Explain the basic terminologies in robotic system and also explain the components
of robotic system. (7 marks)

5. (a)With neat schematic explain the architecture of the PLC. (6 marks)

(b) Explain the use of an up-down counter in PLC with a suitable example. (6 marks)

6. (a) Write short note on SCADA. What is difference PLC and SCADA? (3 marks)

(b)Construct a ladder logic for controlling a process tank as per the logic given below;
i.The tank should be filled by a valve V1 when low level float switch L1 is ON
and an external input S1 is received.

43
 ii.V1 should be closed when the liquid level reaches a high-level float switch L2.
iii. An agitator motor should be turned on after a delay of 5sec after L2 is
triggered.
iv. After agitating for 30mins, contents of the tank should be emptied by opening
another valve V2.
v. The temperature should be maintained at 70℃ using a thermostat T1 and Heater H
(9 marks)

7. (a) Explain the levels of Automation. (6 marks)

(b) Explain the working of Flow sensor (6 marks)

Syllabus and Course Plan

No Topics No. of
Lectures
1 Introduction to Industrial Automation
1.1 Basic Elements of an Automated System, Levels of Automation 2
1.2 Hardware components for Automation: Sensors, classification, Static 2
and dynamic behaviour of sensors.
1.3 Basic working principle of different sensors: Proximity sensors, 4
Temperature sensors, flow sensors, Pressure sensors, Force sensors.
Position sensors
2 Signal conditioning
2.1 Need for signal conditioning, Types of signal conditioning. 2
2.2 Signal conditioning using operational amplifier-Amplifier (Inverting 2
and Non-inverting) and Filter circuits (Basic concepts). Design of
first order low pass filter.
2.3 Signal conditioning for data acquisition systems, anti-aliasing filters, 4
Analog–Digital Conversions, Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADC)-
Steps in analog-to-digital conversion, Successive Approximation
Method, Digital-to-Analog Converters (DAC)- Steps in digital to
analog conversion, Zero-order and first order data hold circuits
3 Actuators
3.1 Types of actuators- mechanical, electrical, pneumatic and hydraulic 2
actuators. (Basic working principle)
3.2 Mechanical systems for motion conversion, transmission systems 3
3.3 Solenoids, Electric and stepper motors control. 3
4 Robotics and Automated Manufacturing Systems
4.1 Robot Anatomy and Related Attributes: Joints and Links, Common 3
Robot Configurations, Joint Drive Systems, Sensors in Robotics
(Basic concepts)
4.2 Robot Control Systems, Applications of Industrial Robots- Material 4
handling
4.3 Fundamentals of Numerical control (NC) Technology 1
5 Discrete Control and Programmable Logic Controllers

44
 5.1 Discrete Process Control: Logic and Sequence control 2
5.2 Ladder Logic Diagrams, Programmable Logic Controllers: 4
Components of the PLC, PLC Operating Cycle, Programming the
PLC (Basic concepts only)
5.3 Introduction to Distributed control system (DCS) and Supervisory 2
Control and Data Acquisition Systems (SCADA)
Reference Books

1. Mikell Groover, Automation, Production Systems, and Computer-Integrated

Manufacturing, 5th Edition, Pearson, 2019.
2. Yoram Koren, “Computer Control of Manufacturing Systems”,TataMcGraw Hill
Edition2005.
3. S. R. Deb; Sankha Deb. Robotics Technology and Flexible Automation, Second Edition
McGraw-Hill Education: New York, 2010.
4. W. Bolton, “Mechatronics: Electronic Control Systems in Mechanical and Electrical
Engineering” - PrenticeHall- 2013 - 5th Edition.
5. Doebelin, E.O. and Manic, D.N., “Measurement Systems: Applications and Design”,
7th Edition, McGraw Hill, 2019.
6. Krishna Kant, Computer Based Industrial Control-, EEE-PHI,2nd edition,2010.
7. Nathan Ida, Sensors, Actuators, and Their Interfaces- A multidisciplinary introduction,
2nd Edition, IET Digital Library, 2020.
8. Salivahanan, S., and VS Kanchana Bhaaskaran. Linear integrated circuits. McGraw-
Hill Education, 2nd edition, 2014.
9. Petruzella, Frank D. Programmable logic controllers. Tata McGraw-Hill Education,
2005
10. Chapman and Hall, “Standard Handbook of Industrial Automation”, Onsidine DM C &
Onsidine GDC”, NJ, 1986

45
 CATEGORY L T P CREDIT
223AGE002 FORENSIC ENGINEERING Audit
3 0 0 -
Course

Preamble: This course explores various aspects of Forensic Engineering and

different methods ,tools and procedures used by Engineers to investigate and analyze .
The students will learn to develop their awareness in Forensic Engineering .

Pre-requisite: Nil

Course Outcomes:

After the completion of the course the student will be able to

CO 1 Identify the fundamental aspects of forensic Engineering

CO 2 Apply forensic Engineering in Practical work flow and Investigation
CO 3 Apply methods and analysis in Forensic Investigation
CO 4 Develop practical strategies and standards of Investigation
CO 5 Create an awareness in criminal cases and create Engineering expertise in court
room on forensic Engineering

Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes

PO 1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO7
CO 1 2 2 3 3 3 3
CO 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 1
CO 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1
CO 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 1
CO 5 3 3 3 3 3 3
Assessment Pattern

Continuous Internal End Semester

Bloom’s Category
Evaluation Examination
Apply 40 % 60 %
Analyse 40 % 40 %
Evaluate 20 %

Mark distribution

Total CIE ESE ESE

Marks Duration
100 40 60 2.5 hours

Continuous Internal Evaluation: 40 marks

Course based task :15marks

Seminar/Quizz :15marks
Test paper :10 marks
Test paper shall include minimum 80% of the syllabus.

46
 End Semester Examination: 60 marks

The examination will be conducted by the respective College. The examination will be for 150 minutes
and will contain 7 questions, with minimum one question from each module of which student should
answer any five. Each question can carry 12 marks.

Model Question paper

APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
THIRD SEMESTER M. TECH DEGREE EXAMINATION

Course Code: 223AG002

Course Name: FORENSIC ENGINEERING

Max. Marks: 60 Duration: 2.5 Hours
PART A

Answer any 5 questions, each question carries 12 marks. Marks

1. (a) What are the uses of forensic engineering in legal laws ? (7)
(b) Discuss the professional responsibility of a forensic Engineer . (5)

2. (a) What are the steps in preliminary on site Investigation ? (7)

(b) With suitable examples, explain photo cataloguing? (5)

3. (a) Discuss STEP method . (7)

(b) Explain root cause Analysis (5)
4. (a) Detail about EDAX Method. (7)
(b) Enlist the uses of NDT in forensic Analysis with example (5)

5. (a) Differentiate NFPA & FMV Standards (7)

(b) Briefly discuss the term Email Phishing ? (5)

6. Define the responsibility and duty of a forensic expert in the court. (12)
7. Explain Forensic Engineering workflow with examples (12)

47
 Syllabus and Course Plan

Module Topic No. of

No Lectures
(Hours)
1 Module 01: Introduction to Forensic Engineering (6 Hours)

1.1 Forensic Engineering-Definition, Investigation Pyramid, Eyewitness 2

Information, Role in Legal System
1.2 Scientific Method-Applying scientific methods in Forensic Engineering- 2
Engineer as expert Witness-Scientific methods and legal system

1.3 Qualification of Forensic Engineer-Technical- Knowledge- Oral-written- 1

Communication- other skills-Personality Characteristics

1.4 Ethics and professional responsibilities. 1

2 Module 02: Forensic Engineering Workflow and Investigation Methods

(6 Hours)
2.1 Forensic Engineering Workflow-Team &planning-preliminary onsite 2
investigation. Sampling-selection of sample-collection- packing-sealing
of samples.
2.2 Source and type of evidence - Paper documentation- digital 2
documentation-electronic data. Physical Evidence-Collection of
photograph-cataloguing -Recognizing the Evidence-organizing-
Evidence Analysis -Reporting
2.3 Investigation Methods- Cause and Causal mechanism analysis-Time and 2
event sequence-STEP method. Human Factors, Human errors - Analysis
of Operative Instruction and working Procedures
3 Module 03: Physical Product Failure & Analytical Methods (6 Hours)
3.1 Introduction to typical Forensic Engineering Tool box-NDT, Crack 2
detection and human eye -Hardness testing- and Destructive testing
Methods with case studies
3.2 Indirect stress strain Analysis-Brittle lacquer technique, Contact 1
Radiography-Metallography-EDAX method
3.3 Forensic Optical Microscopy-Examination- Magnification-USB 2
Microscopy -Wifi Enabled microscopy -Reflected microscopy
3.4 Novel Tools and System -Contour Method-Flash Thermography- 1
Thermographic signal reconstruction (TSR)-Electromagnetically induced
acoustic Emission (EMAE)-Pulsed Eddy Current (PEA)-Theory only
4 Module 04: Cyber Forensic , Civil ,Electrical Accidents & Standards (6 Hours)
Basics of Digital & Cyber forensics: Technical concepts; labs and tools; 3
4.1 collecting evidence Operating System Forensic basics with - Windows,
Linux -Mobile Forensic-Anti forensics-Malware- Web attack forensics
with Email Crimes-Cyber Laws
4.2 Different types of Forensic accident investigations- Civil Engineering- 2
Structural- Road accidents -Fire accidents - Water related accidents-
Electrical accidents and Investigation methods

Protocol for forensic Investigations-Standard guides-scope significance - 1

4.3 use -procedures- reports. Standards – ASTM standards -FMV Standards -
SAE Standards -Relevant Standards -NFPA Standards -International
Standards
48
 5 Module 05: Engineer in the Court room& Criminal Cases (6 Hours)

5.1 Role of an Engineering Expert-Report-pre trial meetings-Alternative 2

dispute resolution-Single joint expert. Engineer in the court room

5.2 Criminal Cases-Introduction-Counterfeit coins-fraudulent road 2

accidents-Fraudulent Insurance claims.
5.3 Cyber Crimes and Cases- SIM Swapping -ATM Cloning-Microsoft 2
Internal Spam- Intellectual property cases.

Reference Books

1. Colin R Gagg, Forensic EngineeringThe Art &Craft of a failure detective , Taylor & Francis
Publishing, 2020
2. Luca Fiorentini ,Luca Marmo Principles of Forensic Engineering Applied to Industrial
Accidents , Wiley, 2019
3. Harold Franck, Darren Franck , Forensic Engineering Fundamentals ,Taylor &
Francis publishing 2013
4. Randall K Noon , Forensic Engineering Investigation, CRC press limited , 2001
5. Stephen E Petty , Forensic Engineering: Damage assessment for residential and
commercial structures CRC press 2nd edition , 2017
6. Joshua B Kardon , Guideliness for forensic Engineering practice , ASCE, 2012
7. Richard W. Mclay and Robert N. Anderson, Engineering standards for forensic
Applications , Academic Press; 1st edition 2018
8. Max M Houck ,Forensic Engineering (Advanced forensic Science ), Academic press 1st
edition 2017
9. Niranjan Reddy - Practical Cyber Forensics. An Incident-based Approach to Forensic
Investigations-Apress (2019)
10. Peter Rhys Lewis, Ken Reynolds, Colin Gagg - Forensic Materials Engineering Case Studies-
CRC Press (2003) (1)

49
 INTERNSHIP
A student shall opt for carrying out the Internship at an Industry/Research
Organization or at another institute of higher learning and repute (Academia). The
organization for Internship shall be selected/decided by the students on their own with
prior approval from the faculty advisor/respective PG Programme
Coordinator/Guide/Supervisor. Every student shall be assigned an internship
Supervisor/Guide at the beginning of the Internship. The training shall be related to
their specialisation after the second semester for a minimum duration of six to eight
weeks. On completion of the course, the student is expected to be able to develop
skills in facing and solving the problems experiencing in the related field.

Objectives
 Exposure to the industrial environment, which cannot be simulated in the
classroom and hence creating competent professionals for the industry.

 Provide possible opportunities to learn understand and sharpen the real time
technical / managerial skills required at the job.

 Exposure to the current technological developments relevant to the subject

area of training.

 Create conducive conditions with quest for knowledge and its applicability
on the job.

 Understand the social, environmental, economic and administrative

considerations that influence the working environment.

 Expose students to the engineer’s responsibilities and ethics.

Benefits of Internship

Benefits to Students

 An opportunity to get hired by the Industry/ organization.

 Practical experience in an organizational setting & Industry environment.

 Excellent opportunity to see how the theoretical aspects learned in classes

are integrated into the practical world. On-floor experience provides much

more professional experience which is often worth more than classroom

3
 teaching.

 Helps them decide if the industry and the profession is the best career
option

to pursue.

 Opportunity to learn new skills and supplement knowledge.

 Opportunity to practice communication and teamwork skills.

 Opportunity to learn strategies like time management, multi-tasking etc in

an industrial setup.

 Makes a valuable addition to their resume.

 Enhances their candidacy for higher education/placement.

 Creating network and social circle and developing relationships with

industry people.

 Provides opportunity to evaluate the organization before committing to a

full time position.

Benefits to the Institute

 Build industry academia relations.

 Makes the placement process easier.

 Improve institutional credibility & branding.

 Helps in retention of the students.

 Curriculum revision can be made based on feedback from Industry/

students.

 Improvement in teaching learning process.

Benefits to the Industry

 Availability of ready to contribute candidates for employment.

 Year round source of highly motivated pre-professionals.

 Students bring new perspectives to problem solving.

 Visibility of the organization is increased on campus.

4
  Quality candidate’s availability for temporary or seasonal positions and

projects.

 Freedom for industrial staff to pursue more creative projects.

 Availability of flexible, cost-effective workforce not requiring a long-term

employer commitment.

 Proven, cost-effective way to recruit and evaluate potential employees.

 Enhancement of employer’s image in the community by contributing to the

educational enterprise.

Types of Internships
 Industry Internship with/without Stipend

 Govt / PSU Internship (BARC/Railway/ISRO etc)

 Internship with prominent education/research Institutes

 Internship with Incubation centres /Start-ups

5
Guidelines
 All the students need to go for internship for minimum duration of 6 to 8
weeks.

 Students can take mini projects, assignments, case studies by discussing it

with concerned authority from industry and can work on it during internship.

 All students should compulsorily follow the rules and regulations as laid by
industry.

 Every student should take prior permissions from concerned industrial

authority if they want to use any drawings, photographs or any other
document from industry.

 Student should follow all ethical practices and SOP of industry.

 Students have to take necessary health and safety precautions as laid by

the industry.

 Student should contact his /her Guide/Supervisor from college on weekly

basis to communicate the progress.

 Each student has to maintain a diary/log book

 After completion of internship, students are required to submit

o Report of work done

o Internship certificate copy
o Feedback from employer / internship mentor
o Stipend proof (in case of paid internship).

Total Marks 100: The marks awarded for the Internship will be on the basis of (i)
Evaluation done by the Industry (ii) Students diary (iii) Internship Report and (iv)
Comprehensive Viva Voce.

Continuous Internal Evaluation: 50 marks

Student’s diary - 25 Marks

Evaluation done by the industry - 25 Marks

Student’s Diary/ Daily Log: The main purpose of writing daily diary is to cultivate the
habit of documenting and to encourage the students to search for details. It
develops the students’ thought process and reasoning abilities. The students should
record in the daily training diary the day to day account of the observations,
6
impressions, information gathered and suggestions given, if any. It should contain the
sketches & drawings related to the observations made by the students. The daily
training diary should be signed after every day by the supervisor/ in charge of the
section where the student has been working. The diary should also be shown to the
Faculty Mentor visiting the industry from time to time and got ratified on the day of his
visit. Student’s diary will be evaluated on the basis of the following criteria:

 Regularity in maintenance of the diary

 Adequacy & quality of information recorded

 Drawings, design, sketches and data recorded

 Thought process and recording techniques used

 Organization of the information.

The format of student’s diary

Name of the Organization/Section:

Name and Address of the Section Head:

Name and Address of the Supervisor:

Name and address of the student:

Internship Duration: From ............................ To .............................................

Brief description about the nature of internship:

Brief write up about the Activities carried out: Such as design,

Day
sketches, result observed, issues identified, data recorded, etc.

Signature of Industry Supervisor Signature of Section Head/HR Manager

Office Seal

7
 Attendance Sheet

Name of the Organization/Section:

Name and Address of the Section Head:
Name and Address of the Supervisor:
Name and address of the student:
Internship Duration: From ............................ To .............................................
Month
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 ...
& Year

Month
& Year

Month
& Year

Signature of Industry Supervisor Signature of Section Head/HR Manager

Office Seal
Note:
 Student’s Diary shall be submitted by the students along with attendance
record and an evaluation sheet duly signed and stamped by the industry to
the Institute immediately after the completion of the training.

 Attendance Sheet should remain affixed in daily training diary. Do not

remove or tear it off.

 Student shall sign in the attendance column. Do not mark ‘P’.

 Holidays should be marked in red ink in the attendance column. Absent

should be marked as ‘A’ in red ink.

8
Evaluation done by the Industry (Marks 25)

Format for Supervisor Evaluation of Intern

Student Name : Date:
Supervisor Name : Designation:
Company/Organization :
Internship Address:
Dates of Internship: From To
Please evaluate intern by indicating the frequency with which you observed the
following parameters:
Parameters Needs
Satisfactory Good
improvement Excellent
(0.25 – 0.50 (0.75
Marks (0 – 0.25 (1 mark)
mark) mark) mark)
Behavior
Performs in a dependable Manner
Cooperates with coworkers and supervisor
Shows interest in work
Learns quickly
Shows initiative
Produces high quality work
Accepts responsibility
Accepts criticism
Demonstrates organizational skills
Uses technical knowledge and expertise
Shows good judgment
Demonstrates creativity/originality
Analyzes problems effectively
Is self-reliant
Communicates well
Writes effectively
Has a professional attitude
Gives a professional appearance
Is punctual
Uses time effectively

Overall performance of student

Intern (Tick one) : Needs improvement (0 - 0.50 mark) / Satisfactory (0.50 – 1.0 mark) /
Good (1.5 mark) / Excellent (2.0 mark)
Additional comments, if any (2 marks) :
Signature of Industry Supervisor Signature of Section Head/HR Manager
Office Seal

9
End Semester Evaluation (External Evaluation): 50 Marks
Internship Report - 25 Marks
Viva Voce - 25 Marks

Internship Report: After completion of the internship, the student should prepare
a comprehensive report to indicate what he has observed and learnt in the training
period and should be submitted to the faculty Supervisor. The student may contact
Industrial Supervisor/ Faculty Mentor for assigning special topics and problems and
should prepare the final report on the assigned topics. Daily diary will also help to a
great extent in writing the industrial report since much of the information has already
been incorporated by the student into the daily diary. The training report should be
signed by the Internship Supervisor, Programme Coordinator and Faculty Mentor.

The Internship report (25 Marks) will be evaluated on the basis of following criteria:

 Originality
 Adequacy and purposeful write-up
 Organization, format, drawings, sketches, style, language etc.
 Variety and relevance of learning experience
 Practical applications, relationships with basic theory and concepts taught
in the course

Viva Voce (25 Marks) will be done by a committee comprising Faculty Supervisor,
PG Programme Coordinator and an external expert (from Industry or
research/academic Institute). This committee will be evaluating the internship report
also.

10
 RESEARCH PROJECT/DISSERTATION

Research Project: Students choosing track 2 shall carry out the research project
in their parent Institution only under the guidance of a supervisor assigned by the
DLAC.
Dissertation: All categories of students in track 1 are to carry out the dissertation
in the Institute they are studying or can work either in any CSIR/Industrial R&D
organization/any other reputed Institute which have facilities for dissertation work in
the area proposed.

Mark Distribution:

Phase 1: Total marks: 100, only CIA

11
SEMESTER - IV
 CODE COURSE NAME CATEGORY L T P CREDIT

224PBT100 DISSERTATION PHASE II Project Work 0 0 24 16

All categories of students in track 1 are to carry out the DISSERTATION PHASE II in the
institute they are studying or in any Industrial/ R&D organization/any other reputed institute
which have facilities for dissertation work in the area proposed. DISSERTATION PHASE II
shall not compulsorily continuation of DISSERTATION PHASE I. The student has to publish
a research article in a conference or a reputed journal before appearing for the end-semester
examination. The eligibility criteria for registering to the end semester examination are
attendance in the course and no pending disciplinary action. The minimum attendance for
appearing for the end semester examination is 75%. Students who do not meet these eligibility
criteria are ineligible (identified by FE grade) to appear for the ESE. Students, who have
completed a course but could not appear for the end semester examination, shall be awarded
‘AB’ Grade, provided they meet other eligibility criteria The pass minimum for the course is
45% for ESE and 50% for (CIA and ESE) put together.
Continuous Internal Assessment (CIA) Total Marks: 100
The evaluation committee comprises
1- Project Coordinator(s)
2- A Senior faculty member
3- Supervisor of the student

Pattern (CIA)
Zeroth evaluation by the Evaluation Committee -
Interim evaluation by the Evaluation Committee 30 marks
Final evaluation by the Evaluation Committee 50 marks
Project progress evaluation by supervisor 20 marks

Evaluation by the supervisor

The guide/supervisor shall monitor the progress being carried out by the student on a regular
basis. In case it is found that progress is unsatisfactory it shall be reported to the Department
Evaluation Committee for necessary action.
Student’s Diary/ Log book: The main purpose of writing diary/log book is to cultivate the
habit of documenting and to encourage the students to search for details. The activity diary
shall be signed after every week by the supervisor.

End Semester Evaluation (ESE) Total Marks: 100

The evaluation committee comprises
1- Project Coordinator(s)
2- An external expert (from Industry or research/academic institute)
3- Supervisor of the student
Pattern (ESE)

1. Innovation and Originality (10 marks):

Assessment of the uniqueness and innovation demonstrated in the project work.
Original contributions, if any, to the field or problem area.
2. Implementation and Execution (20 marks):
Evaluation of the actual implementation or execution of the project, including:
Quality of work done
Demonstrated skills and techniques applied
Adherence to project timelines and milestones
3. Project Documentation (25 marks):
Comprehensive project report evaluation including:
Introduction and problem statement
Literature review
Methodology and approach
Results and analysis
Conclusion and recommendations
References and citations
Details of the publications
Plagiarism certificate
The Plagiarism level in the project report shall be less than 25%.
4. Presentation and Defence (40 marks):
Oral presentation of the project to a panel of examiners, including:
Clarity and effectiveness of the presentation
Ability to explain the project objectives, methodologies, and findings
Handling questions and providing satisfactory answers during the defence

5. Publication of the work either in a conference or in a journal (5 marks)

SYLLABUS:
DETAILS HOURS

` 200
1. Literature study/survey of published literature on the assigned topic
2. Topic Selection and Proposal
3. Formulation of objectives
4. Research and Planning
5. Formulation of work plan and task allocation.
6. Execution
7. Documentation and Reporting
8. Project Showcase reflecting on the project experience and lessons
learned
Dissertation outside the Institute: For doing dissertation outside the Institution, the following
conditions are to be met:

i. They have completed successfully the course work prescribed in the approved
curriculum up to the second semester.
ii. The student has to get prior approval from the DLAC and CLAC.
iii. Facilities required for doing the dissertation shall be available in the
Organization/Industry (A certificate stating the facilities available in the proposed
organization and the time period for which the facilities shall be made available to the
student, issued by a competent authority from the Organization/Industry shall be
submitted by the student along with the application).
iv. They should have an external as well as an internal supervisor. The internal supervisor
should belong to the parent institution and the external supervisor should be Scientists
or Engineers from the Institution/Industry/ R&D organization with which the student is
associated for doing the dissertation work. The external supervisor shall be with a
minimum post graduate degree in the related area.
v. The student has to furnish his /her monthly progress as well as attendance report signed
by the external supervisor and submit the same to the concerned internal supervisor.
vi. The external supervisor is to be preferably present during all the stages of evaluation of
the dissertation.