Lecture 2: Third Class

Electrical Engineering Department

College of Engineering
University of Kerbala
2020/2021
By
Dr. Ali Abdul Razzaq Altahir

EEE-32II
 Lecture Objectives

Starting methods:

Single-phase capacitor-start motors

Capacitor-run motors

Split-phase motors

Shaded-pole motors

Small polyphase induction motors.

 Starting Torque for a Single - Phase I.M
The single phase I.M are classified based on starting method:
1- Split-Phase Induction Motor
➢ The stator of a split-phase I.M is provided with an auxiliary or starting winding, S in addition to the main or
running winding, M.
➢ The starting winding is located 90° electrical from the main winding and operates only during the brief
period when the motor starts up.
➢ The two windings are so re-signed that the starting winding S has a high resistance and relatively small
reactance while the main winding M has relatively low resistance and large reactance to be as inductance
(the current delay with voltage) to make shifting current as shown in the schematic connections in Fig.
 Single – Phase Induction Motor Applications

➢ Consequently, the currents flowing in the two windings have reasonable phase difference
(25° to 30°) as shown in the phasor diagram this shifting in current its necessary for
starting torque.
 Principle of Operation for a Split-Phase I.M

(i) When the two stator windings are energized from a single-phase supply, the main
winding carries current Im while the starting winding carries current Is.
(ii) Since main winding is made highly inductive while the starting winding highly resistive,
the currents Im and Is have a reasonable phase angle a (25° to 30°) between them.
Consequently, The starting torque is given by;
Ts = k * Im * Ia sin (ϕ)

where k is a constant whose magnitude depends upon the design of the motor.

➢ When the motor reaches about (70 – 80) % of the synchronous speed, the centrifugal
switch opens the circuit of the starting winding. The motor then operates as a single-
phase I.M and continues to accelerate till it reaches the normal speed. The normal
speed of the motor is below the synchronous speed and depends upon the load on the
motor.
 Split – Phase I.M Characteristics
(i) The starting torque is 2 times the full-loud torque.
(ii) Due to their low cost, split-phase I.Ms are most popular single phase motors in the
commercial markets.
(iii) Since the starting winding is made of fine wire, the current density is high and the
winding heats up quickly.
➢ If the starting period exceeds 5 seconds, the winding may burn out unless the motor is
protected by built-in-thermal relay. This motor is, therefore, suitable where starting
periods are not large.
➢ An important characteristic of these motors is that they are essentially constant-speed
motors. The speed variation is 2-5% from no-load to full load.
(a) Fans (b) Washing machines (c) Oil burners (d) Small machine tools etc. The power
rating of such motors generally lies between 60 W and 250 W.
 2- Capacitor-Start Induction Motor
➢ The capacitor-start I.M is identical to a split-phase IM except that the starting winding has a
capacitor.
➢ Moreover, a capacitor value bounded between C (3 - 20 μF) is connected in series with the
starting winding. The value of capacitor is so chosen that Is leads Im by about 80° which is
considerably greater than 25° found in split-phase motor. Consequently, the starting torque
is, Ts = k * Im * Ia sin (ϕ)
is much more than that of a split-phase motor.
➢ Again, the starting winding is opened by the centrifugal switch when the motor attains
about 80% of synchronous speed. The motor then operates as a single-phase I.M and
continues to accelerate till it reaches the normal speed.
 Capacitor –start I.M Characteristics
(i) The starting characteristics of a capacitor-start I.M are better than those of a split-phase
I.M, both machines possess the same running characteristics because the main windings
are identical.
(ii) The phase angle between the two currents is about 80° compared to about 25° in a split-
phase IM. Consequently, for the same starting torque, the current in the starting winding is
only about half that in a split-phase motor. Therefore, the starting winding of a capacitor
start I.M heats up less quickly and is well suited to applications involving either frequent or
prolonged starting periods.
(iii) Capacitor-start IM are used where high starting torque is required and where the
starting period may be longe. Applications:
(a) Compressors (b) Large fans (c) Water pumps (d) High inertia loads
The power rating of such motors lies between 120 W and (7-5) kW.
Principle of Operating
 3- Capacitor-Start Capacitor-Run Motor
➢This motor is identical to a capacitor-start IM except that starting winding is not opened
after starting so that both the windings remain connected to the supply when running as well
as at starting. Two designs are generally used.
(i) In first design, a single capacitor C is used for starting and running. This design eliminates
the need of a centrifugal switch and at the same time improves the power factor and
efficiency of the motor.
(ii) In second design, two capacitors C1 and C2 are used in the starting winding as shown
➢The smaller capacitor C1 required for optimum running conditions is permanently connected
in series with the starting winding. The much larger capacitor C2 is connected in parallel with
C1 for optimum starting and remains in the circuit during starting. The starting capacitor C2 is
disconnected when the motor tends 80 % of synchronous speed. The motor then runs as a
single-phase IM.
 Capacitor start – capacitor run induction motor

Characteristics
(i) The starting winding and the capacitor can be designed for perfect 2-phase operation at
any load. The motor then produces a constant torque and not a pulsating torque as in other
single-phase motors.
(ii) Because of constant torque, the motor is vibration free and can be used in: (a) hospitals
(6) studios and (c) other places where silence factor is important index.
 Academic Example

Ex: A 250W, 230 V, 50 Hz capacitor start I.M has the following impedances at standstill.
Main winding, Zm = 7 + j5 . Auxiliary winding, Za = 11.5 + j5 Ω.
Find the value of capacitor to be connected in series with the auxiliary winding to give theoretical maximum starting
torque between the currents in two windings. Draw the circuit and phasor diagram for I.M.

Solution: Let Xc be the capacitive reactance to be connected with auxiliary winding at start,
. .. Za = 11.5 + j (5-Xc ) Ω
Zm = 7 + j5 Ω = 8.6023
Now Ia and Im must have a phase difference of 90o. Im will lag the voltage by 35.5376o hence Ia must lead the voltage by (90o-
35.5376o ) i.e. 53.4624o .
The phase angle of Za is,
Φa = tan-1((5 - Xc )/11.5) = - 53.4624o
As leads, the phase angle must be negative, hence taken as
tan(-53.4624o ) = (5 - Xc )/11.5 i.e.
-1.34956 = (5 - Xc )/11.5
... Xc = 20.52 Ω = 1/(2πfC)
.. . C = 1/(2π x 50 x 20.52) = 155.1217 μF
Academic Example
Academic Example
Academic Example
Academic Example
 4 - Shaded-Pole Induction Motor

➢The shaded-pole I.M is very popular for ratings below 0.05 H.P. (~ 40 W) because of its extremely simple
construction and very cheap.
➢It has salient poles on the stator excited (energized) by single-phase supply and a squirrel cage rotor as
shown in Figure below.
➢A portion of each pole is surrounded by a short-circuited turn called shading coil ( or shading ring ).
 Explain the Characteristics of Shaded Pole Motor?

➢ One class of single phase induction motor that

is cheaper than any of the two winding (or
"split-phase") designs is the shaded pole
motor. Typically these motors are used in small
sizes, and the most familiar application may be
a bathroom fan.. A diagram of a simple shaded
pole motor is shown in Fig. 13.
➢ In a shaded pole motor, the rotor is placed in a
simple c-core. Half of each pole is covered by
a "shading" coil. When an ac current passes
through the supply coil, a pulsating flux is
produced. As the flux through the shading coil
changes, a voltage and current are induced in
the shading coil, acting to oppose the change
in the flux from the supply coil. As a result, the
flux under the shading coil lags the flux in the
rest of the coil. The net effect is to produce a
small rotation in the flux through the rotor,
causing the rotor to rotate. This effect is shown
in the flux lines obtained using finite element
 What is the Principle of Operation for Shaded Pole I. M?

➢ The main winding produces a pulsating flux that links with the squirrel cage rotor.
➢ This flux induces a voltage in the shorted winding and absence of centrifugal switch
➢ The induced voltage produces a current in the shorted winding.
➢ This current generates a flux that opposes to the main flux in the shaded pole.
➢ The result is that the flux in the un-shaded and shaded parts of the pole will be unequal.
➢ These two fluxes generate an unbalanced rotating field. The field amplitude changes as it rotates.
➢ This rotating field produces an induced torque, which starts the motor in the direction of the shaded pole. It
may be seen that the motor is self-starting unlike a single-winding, single-phase induction motors.

Torque –speed characteristic of shaded pole motor

 Characteristics

(i) The salient features of this motor are extremely simple construction and absence of centrifugal switch.
(ii) The starting torque is small, but it is sufficient for fans and other household equipment requiring small
starting torque.
(iii)The motor efficiency is poor, but it is cheap cost.
(iv) Since small starting torque, efficiency and power factor are very low, these motors are only suitable for
low power applications e.g., to drive:
(a) small fans (b) toys (c) hair driers (d) desk fans.

Shaded pole I.M for household fan.

 Motors Efficiency Comparisons

➢ When comparing efficiency of an EC motor to an AC shaded pole motor or an AC permanent-split capacitor

motor, shaded pole motors have an efficiency range of 15 to 25%, permanent-split capacitors (PSC) range from
30 to 50%, and EC motors have an efficiency of 60 to 75%.

➢ EC (Electronic Circuit) motors were found to be the most efficient upgrade option for current motor
applications.
 Procedures

➢ Connect the circuit.

➢ Supply the rated voltage to induction motor, keep it running.
➢ The current drawn by motor is quit low
➢ Take care of the voltmeter should be of voltage ratings of induction motor & the ratings of
ammeter should be low because the current drawn by motor is very small.
➢ Take the readings of voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter.
 Blocked Rotor Test for a Single Phase I.M
➢ Blocked rotor test is conducted on an induction motor. It is also known as short circuit test or locked rotor
test or stalled torque test.
➢ From this test, short circuit current, power factor on short circuit, total leakage reactance, starting
torque of the motor can be found.
➢ The test is conducted at low voltage (Why?)
Answer: because if the applied voltage was normal voltage then the current density flowing through the
stator windings were high enough to over heat the winding and damage (or deterioration) them.
➢ The blocked rotor test is not performed on a wound rotor motors because the starting torque can be varied
as desired.

0 -10A

Some one can press on this

0-300V shaft to block the rotation
 Procedures
➢ A low voltage is applied on the stator terminals so that full load current flows in the stator winding.

➢ The current, voltage and power input are measured at this point.
➢ When the rotor is stationary, the slip ,S=1.

➢ The test is conducted at 1/4th the rated frequency as recommended by IEEE and NEMA Recommendations
(Why?).

Answer: This is because the rotor's effective impedance at low frequency may differ at high frequency.

➢ The test can be repeated for different values of voltage to ensure the values obtained are consistent.

➢ As the current flowing through the stator may exceed the rated current, the test should be conducted
quickly.
 No Load Test of Induction Motor

➢ By the name no - load test, it means that there is no load- that is load is zero. But it is exact
opposite. No - load means infinite load test. It is because in no load there is NO load , and no
load means it is open circuit . Open circuit means infinite resistance.
➢ If slip=0, then load resistance will be infinite and you can make slip zero by making synchronous
speed Ns equal to actual rotor speed Nr.
➢ So, slip will be zero. Load resistance will be infinite.

0-10A

0-300V No load at output of motor

H.W
 Universal Motor with AC Source

➢ The universal motor, like a series DC motor, has a very high no-load speed that drops rapidly
as the load increases.
➢ Unlike the induction motor variations, the universal motor is not limited to operating below
synchronous speed.
➢ The speed of a universal motor is typically controlled by means of electronic devices.
➢ Universal motors are used in portable drills, saws, routers, vacuum cleaners, and similar
applications.

Torque / Speed C/Cs

Key Points
Choose The Correct Answers
 Review Questions

1- Which single phase motor is used for a refrigerator?

2- Why does a single phase motor need a capacitor?

3- How many types of single phase motor are there?

4- Which single phase motor is used in ceiling fan?

5- Why is the starting torque of a capacitor start induction motor high?

6- What is a capacitor start capacitor run motor?

7- How do you reverse the direction of a universal motor?

References:

[1] https://www.theengineeringknowledge.com/single-phase-induction-motor/
[2] COLLINS, E.R., PUTTGEN, H.B., and SYLE, W.E.'Single-Phase Induction Motor Adjustable Speed Drive: Drive Phase Angle Control Of the
Auxiliary Winding Supply'. IEEE® Industrial Application Society annual meeting conference records, pp.246-252
 Review Questions

References:

[1] https://www.theengineeringknowledge.com/single-phase-induction-motor/
[2] COLLINS, E.R., PUTTGEN, H.B., and SYLE, W.E.'Single-Phase Induction Motor Adjustable Speed Drive: Drive Phase Angle Control Of the
Auxiliary Winding Supply'. IEEE® Industrial Application Society annual meeting conference records, pp.246-252

[3] Basic electrical engineering by C.L Wadhwa, FourthEdition,2007.

[4] Electrical engineering by R.K.RAJPUT, First Edition,2007.
[5] Electrical Machines Theory and Practice by M.N. Bandyopadhyay, First Edition,2007.
[6] Electrical Machines and Drive Systems by J.Hindmarsh, Third Edition, 1998.
[7] Electrical technology ,volume II, theraja