Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
Scribd
Upload
2 views

Exp-5

The document outlines Experiment 05, focusing on mathematical operations using operational amplifiers (op-amps) as integrators and differentiators. It details the objectives, theory, and applications of these circuits, emphasizing their importance in signal processing and control systems. The experiment also addresses challenges such as DC offset and capacitor reactance, providing solutions to ensure accurate signal manipulation.

Uploaded by

1414faieza.chowdhury
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as TXT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
2 views

Exp-5

The document outlines Experiment 05, focusing on mathematical operations using operational amplifiers (op-amps) as integrators and differentiators. It details the objectives, theory, and applications of these circuits, emphasizing their importance in signal processing and control systems. The experiment also addresses challenges such as DC offset and capacitor reactance, providing solutions to ensure accurate signal manipulation.

Uploaded by

1414faieza.chowdhury
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as TXT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 2

No.

of the Experiment : 05
Name of the Experiment : Mathematical Operations using OP-AMP (Integrator and
Differentiator).

Objectives :

1. Understand the role of integrator and differentiator op-amps in processing


signals.
2. Learn to design circuits for specific signal manipulation tasks (e.g.,
filtering, waveform shaping).
3. Explore applications in control systems, audio processing, and instrumentation.

Theory :
In the previous experiment, the characteristics of an op-amp and the adder and
subtractor circuits were studied. In this experiment, the study will be broadened
by observing the integrator and differentiator circuits.
The virtual short concept refers to the assumption that the voltage difference
between the inverting and non-inverting terminals of an ideal op-amp is zero, due
to infinite gain and negative feedback.
We know that an ideal op-amp has infinite gain.
Ao = Vout/Vin
infinity = Vout/Vin
Vin = 0
V2-V1 = 0
Thus, V1 = V2
So, non inverting and inverting voltages are the same. Both integrator and
subtractor circuits are built based on this concept.
Integrator circuit :
(insert circuit)
Due to virtual short concept, Vy and Vx are shorted. So, I will pass through the
capacitor Cf easily. Thus, the current passing through the resistance and the
capacitor will be the same.
I1 = I2 ----(i)
From the circuit, we can write, I1 = (Vin-Vx)/R1
When Vx is 0, I1 = Vin/R1 ----(ii)
Again, I2 = Cf* (d(Vx-Vout))/dt
I2 = -Cf d/dt Vout ----(iii)
From eqns i, ii and iii we can write,
Vin/R1 = -Cf d/dt Vout
-Vin/R1Cf = d/dt Vout
Vout = -1/R1Cf { Vindt
When R1 = Cf = 1,
Vout = -{ Vindt
Thus, the output voltage signal is the integral of the input voltage signal.
Differentiator circuit :
(insert circuit)
From eqn i, I1 = I2
From the circuit, we can write, I1 = -Vout/R ----(iv)
I2 = C dVin/dt ----(v)
From eqns i, iv and v we can write,
-Vout/R = C dVin/dt
-Vout*1/RC = d/dt Vin
When R = C = 1,
Vout = -d/dt Vin
Thus, the output voltage signal is the derivative of the input voltage signal.

Ckt Diagram :

Experiment results :
Discussion :
DC offset is an undesired constant voltage added to a signal that shifts its
baseline from zero. It comes to the input terminal due to biasing voltage and
disrupts the original input signal.
Capacitor reactance, Xc depends on the input frequency, f.
Xc = 1/2pifC
Now, we know that, Vout = -(Xc/R)*Vin
Vout/Vin = -1/2pifCR
Ao = -1/2pifCR
When frequency is high, a problem occurs. Capacitor reactance becomes very low, so
it acts as a short circuit. DC offset voltage passes through the capacitor and gets
integrated along with the original input signal. This causes inaccuracies in the
results.
But when frequency is low, gain Ao becomes too high, which is also a problem. It
can lead to instability and amplify noise or unwanted signals. High gain may also
cause saturation.
In order to tackle both these problems, two steps are taken. Firstly, medium range
frequencies are used, so gain does not become too high. Secondly, a resistance
parallel to the capacitor is used. Since frequency is relatively low, capacitor
reactance is high. So the DC offset voltage passes through the resistance instead.
Since a signal needs to pass through the capacitor to get integrated, the DC offset
passing through the resistance doesn't disrupt the results of the original input
voltage being integrated.
Both integrator and differentiator circuits have many applications. Integrator
circuits are used in waveform generation (e.g., converting square waves to
triangular waves), signal processing (as low-pass filters), analog computing, and
ramp signal generation. Differentiator circuits find applications in edge
detection, high-pass filtering, analog computing, and frequency modulation
detection by highlighting rapid changes in signals. Both are crucial in analog
signal processing and control systems. So, both these circuits are crucial in the
world of electrical engineering.

Report Questions :
1. Design a circuit which will take two inputs v1(t) and v2(t); producing an output
of
v0(t) = 0.5v1(t) +20⌠v2(t)dt.
Ans :

You might also like