Line Protection:

Line Differential Relay (87L)

• Line differential protection is one of the transmission line protections. This type of protection is
based on Kirchhoff’s current law, which states that the current flowing into a line must be
equal to the current flowing out of the line.
• This protection is called unit protection.
• These relays connected using fibre to transit digital information.
• The digital information contains the current magnitudes and other signals and is transmitted
continuously between connected stations.
• If this relay contains inbuilt distance function also, if the communication failure in the any one
end of the relay will block the differential function and enable distance protection to protect the
line.

Distance Protection Relay (21)

• Distance protection is an impedance-based protection to protect the transmission line
selectively and sensitively.
• Mostly distance protection relay used to medium and long transmission line protection
schemes.
• The distance relay wherever the fault occurs in transmission line the distance of the fault
location shown accurately with the help of impedance.
• Impedance Based on voltage and current.
• In distance relay segregated by Zones of protection. (E.g.: Z1, Z2, Z3 & Z4)
• Zone 4 will be reverse that will be depending on the site situations.

Phase distance (21P)

• This protection will operate when transmission line fault phase to phase and three phase
short circuit fault.
• In this type of fault, the distance relay looking at only line impedance.

Ground distance (21G)

• This protection will operate when transmission line fault phase to ground and double phase
to ground & three phase to ground fault.
• In this type of fault, the distance relay looking at only ground impedance.

Internal
Auto reclose (79)
• There are three types of faults occurred in transmission line transient fault, semi-permanent
fault, Permanent fault, in these the auto recloser operates in transient fault.
• About 80-90% of the faults occurring are transient fault in nature. Hence the automatic
reclosure of breaker after tripping on fault will result automatically reclose the beaker and re-
energise the line immediately.
• The auto recloser protection used by

1. Decreasing outage time

2. Improving reliability
3. Improving system stability
4. Reduces fault damage and maintenance time

• Two types of timing are there in auto recloser function to successfully re-close the beaker,
• Dead time means when fault occurs in the transmission line auto recloser function gives the
tripping command to breaker, and again close the breaker after some time. During this time
check whether the fault is persisting or not, that time is called dead time.

Reclaim time:

• Reclaim time means after reclosing the breaker the relay checks the fault some time weather
fault again come or not, this time is called reclaim time.
• When again the fault occurs, auto recloser check the cycle setting weather single shot or multi
shot, if single shot means relay give the tripping command to breaker and Multi shot means
again auto re closer function will be initiate.

Transient Fault Permanent Fault

Directional / non-directional phase overcurrent (50/51/67)

• Whenever current exceeds a setting or rated value this protection will be operate.
• This relay will operate both symmetrical and unsymmetrical fault that means phase to phase
or three phase faults.
• Depending on the time operation there are two types of characteristics have in over current
relay DMT (Definite mean time) and IDMT (inverse Definite mean time).
• The Directional over current relay will operate with reference to voltage phase angle.
• The Non directional over current relay will operated whenever phase fault occur it will operate
without help of voltage phase angle reference.

Internal
Directional / non-directional ground overcurrent (50N/51N/67N)
• Whenever current through the live conductor to ground the earth fault protection will be
operated.
• This relay will be operated both symmetrical and unsymmetrical fault that means three phase
to ground, double phase to ground & phase to ground faults.
• Depending on the time operation there are two types of characteristics have in earth fault
relay DMT (Definite mean time) and IDMT (inverse Definite mean time).
• The Directional earth fault relay will operate with reference to voltage phase angle.
• The Non directional over current relay will operated whenever earth fault occur it will operate
without help of any voltage phase angle reference.

Switch on to fault (50NS)

• This protection nondirectional instantaneous high speed overcurrent protection.
• Switch on to fault protection (SOTF) used to provide high-speed tripping when energizing a
power line under fault condition.
• If we are switching on the circuit breaker under fault condition the line Voltage does not rise to
its rated and the line current is too high due to the fault.
• The closing of CB enables the logic for a set time say 200ms.If the Voltage does not rise to
50-60 % of the rated voltage in one cycle & if the current is more than the set current, this
condition SOTF protection operated.
• SOTF Protection will be activated in the event of Line faults still exist in the transmission line
and accidental line energization with maintenance earthing clamps left in position.

Power swing blocking & out of step tripping (78/68)

• power swing detected in the transmission line protection relay blocked the tripping.
• The Power Swing blocking prevents the protection relay from tripping due to a power swing
on the transmission line.
• This protection mostly used large or bulk power transmission.
• During steady state condition, power system operates on nominal frequency and voltage,
when power system faults due to disturbances & causes shown in below table.

Channel aided schemes (85)

Carrier Communication trip transfer Scheme:

• The distance protection is that instantaneous Zone-1 of the protective scheme at each end of
the protected line is set to cover 80% of the line and hence faults in the balance 20% of the
line (at each end) are cleared Zone-2-time setting.
• Carrier aided schemes the relays clear the faults on the 100% of the protected line
instantaneously Zone-1 time setting.

Internal
 • This can be achieved by interconnecting the distance relays are each end of the line by a
• signalling channel (which can be either pilot, a power line carrier communication channel, a
• radio link or a microwave channel).
• The purpose of the signalling channel is to transmit the information about the system
• conditions at one end of the protected line to the other end and initiate or prevent tripping of
the remote circuit breaker.
• Two types of transfer trip are their PUTT (Permissive under reach trip transfer) and POTT
(Permissive overreach trip transfer).
• In PUTT scheme Carrier send in Zone-1, it is used to long transmission line and POTT
scheme carrier send in Zone-2, it is used to short transmission line.

Direct trip transfer scheme:

• In this protection send the trip command local end to remote end breaker without time delay.
• In local end in cause of Bus bar fault, LBB, DEF Protection, over voltage protection, CB
manual trip, CB Emergency trip will operate the Direct transfer trip command send to the
remote end CB via carrier communication.

Stub bus protection (50ST)

• STUB Protection is simple overcurrent protection it is used to protect the power system
transmission line when the CB is in close and line isolator is in open condition.
• STUB protection is required in one and half breaker busbar schemes.
• Now CB is in close, and my isolator is in open, my current transformer senses the current and
voltage is zero because of my line isolator is in open during this time fault occurs in between
line and tie CT, my distance relay it will not operate. It will activate the STUB protection.

Teed Protection
• Teed protection is Normal differential protection, it is used one and half circuit breaker
scheme when five CT’s arrangement.
• Teed Protection will be used to cover blind area between bus CTs, Line CTs and Tie Breaker
CT.
• Two differential relays are provided for each T-Section by summating the three concerned
CTs.

Internal
 • CT arrangements shown in below, CT1, CT2 & CT5 for T-Section of feeder-1 and CT3, CT4
and CT5 for T-Section of feeder-2.
• For Four CT methods it’s not covered all zone in one and half braker scheme.

5CT Method

Load Encroachment
• Impedance of Heavy load can be less than the impedance of some fault. Yet protection must
be selective enough to discriminate between load and fault.
• Load encroachment can cause an undesired operation of an impedance due to load
condition.
• Load encroachment occurs only when the impedance crosses the load ability limit of the
operating characteristics
• Load encroachment is defined as the measured impedance due to load current & voltage
exceeding the impedance determined by the load ability limit of the impedance relay at a
specific factor.
• Load measured by the relay is a function of the direction of power and power factor of load.
• Load encroachment uses load blinder characteristics for blocking overreaching of distance
elements.
• For better load rejection, the traditional lenticular or elliptical shape characteristics can be
used. But these characteristics reduces the fault resistance coverage.

Circuit breaker failure (50BF)

• Mainly protective schemes provided to protect the system equipment damage and safety
resources.
• Circuit breaker required to operate and clear the fault immediately, isolating the faulty section
of the system.
• LBB protection nothing but local breaker protection.

Internal
 • If the breaker not tripped under system fault condition due to breaker mechanically fault or
other issues, in this condition LBB protection will be operated when the LBB protection
initiated in the relay.
• This LBB relay gives the tripping command adjacent breaker or incomer or remote end
breaker with the time delay of 200ms.

Broken conductor (46BC)

• Broken conductor detection protection indicates due to open jumper, blown fuse, circuit pole
failure on the transmission line protection circuit.
• By measuring the phase current input signals and compares the ratio of negative phase
sequence current (I2) to positive phase sequence current (I1). If the I2/I1 ratio is above the
setting limit, Relay sense the Broken conductor detection gives the alarm signals.

Under voltage (27)

• Under voltage is a fault condition in the power system which damage the system equipment
such as alternators, generators, transformers, etc.
• The protection system employed for protecting the power system equipment from low voltage
operation is referred to as under voltage protection.
• The under-voltage condition in the system is determined using an instrument potential
transformer.
• This potential transformer senses the phase-to-phase voltage of the line voltage, and if this
voltage drops below the rated voltage, typically 90% for stage-1 and 85% for stage-2, then the
under-voltage protection system is activated.
• In the transmission line protection this under voltage condition should be used to close the
line earth switch for local and remote end operations. Under voltage means no volt in line
condition.
• Under voltage may occur due to an increase in the load on the system, loss of an incoming
transformer and failure of transformer earthing and overloading of the transformer.

Over voltage (59)

• The over voltages may be caused due to various reason such as, sudden interruption of
Voltage Surge, lightening & switching impulses etc.
• These over voltage to damage insulation of equipment’s and insulators of the power system.
• voltage surge is defined as sudden sizing of voltage to a high peak in very short duration.
• But over voltages occur in the power system due to lightning surges.
• When fully loaded condition the system run normally, suddenly the loads will be disconnected
and voltage across the line is too high, in this condition voltage will be operated.
• If the over voltage protection will be operated one end and Direct trip send to remote end
also.

Internal
Under frequency (81U)

• Underfrequency is caused by increased real power demand or by a reduction of the

generated power.
• This case disconnection from the system, generator failure or faulty operation of the power
frequency control. Underfrequency protection is also applied for generators which operate to
an island protection system.
• This protection called as rate of change of frequency (df/dt) Protection.
• During an underfrequency condition, the load groups are disconnected sequentially
depending on the level of underfrequency, with the highest priority group being the last one to
be disconnected.
• The generator can be disconnected from the power system by means of the underfrequency
protection. Underfrequency results also in increased reactive power demand of inductive
loads.

Over frequency (81O)

• Over frequency is caused for instance in case of load shedding, system disconnection or
malfunction of the power-frequency control.
• There is also a risk of self-excitation for generators feeding long lines under no-load
conditions.
• This protection called as rate of change of frequency (df/dt) Protection.
• over frequency conditions may be unacceptable to many industrial loads, since
running speeds of motors will be affected.
Voltage Transformer Supervision (VTS)

• This protection to be used to supervise the fuse failure function.

• The fuse failure relay will sense such condition by the presence of residual voltage without
residual current and blocks the relay.
• This prevents maloperation of voltage dependent protection on AC voltage input failure.
• The following condition are fuse failure detection,

1. Residual voltage Vn > is greater than setting value of 0.75V-nom.

2. I2> is NOT more than setting value.
3. I0> is NOT more than setting value.
4. I is NOT greater than 2.5 I-nom.
5. Any pole is NOT dead.
6. delta I> is NOT more than setting value.
7. Phase voltage V< is dropped i.e., less than setting value.

Check synchronisation (25)

• It checks the two-system voltage as per synch check conditions.

• Basically, synch check voltage, phase angle and frequency differences. it checks the 4
different conditions and give close command to CB,
1. Live Bus – Dead Line
2. Dead Bus – Live Line
3. Live Bus – Live Line
4. Dead Bus – Dead Line
• In Line protection scheme synch checks in distance relay for Auto reclose function, before
reclosing after CB tripping.
• It is measuring of voltage difference, phase angle difference and frequency difference.

Internal