Python Programming

Q.1) 1 mark

1. Indentation: Indentation in Python is used to define code blocks and control flow. It is
essential for the language's readability and structure.
2. Printing List Elements:

Python

my_list = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50]

for element in my_list:
print(element)

Use code with caution.

3. Slice Operator: The slice operator ([start:stop:step]) is used to extract a portion of

a sequence (like a list or string).
4. Variable-Length Arguments: Functions can accept a variable number of arguments using
the *args syntax.
5. Adding Multiple Elements to a List:

Python

my_list = [1, 2, 3]
my_list.extend([4, 5, 6])

Use code with caution.

6. remove() Method: Removes the first occurrence of a specified element from a list.
7. Lambda Function to Add 10:

Python

add_10 = lambda x: x + 10

Use code with caution.

8. Raising Exceptions with Arguments:

Python

raise ValueError("Invalid input: ", value)

Use code with caution.

9. re Package Methods: match(), search(), findall(), sub(), split()

10. wb Mode in File: Write binary mode. Opens a file for writing binary data.
11. Comments in Python: Use # for single-line comments and triple quotes (""") for multi-line
comments.
12. index() in String: Returns the index of the first occurrence of a substring.
13. range() Function: Creates a sequence of numbers. Parameters: start, stop, step.
 14. Void Function: A function that doesn't return a value. Use return None or omit the
return statement.
15. pop() vs. del: pop() removes an element by index and returns it. del removes an element
by index or slice.
16. List vs. Tuple: Lists are mutable (can be changed), while tuples are immutable (cannot be
changed).

Specific Topics

17. clock() and gmtime(): clock() returns the processor time, while gmtime() returns a
tuple representing the current time in UTC.
18. Exception Handling Syntax:

Python
try:
# code that might raise an exception
except ExceptionType as e:
# code to handle the exception
finally:
# code that always executes
Use code with caution.

19. math Module Functions: sqrt(), sin(), cos(), tan(), log()

20. enumerate(): Returns an iterator that yields tuples containing the index and value of each
item in a sequence.
21. Advantages of Python: Readability, versatility, large standard library, community support.
22. Lists vs. Tuples: Lists are mutable, tuples are immutable. Lists use square brackets, tuples
use parentheses.
23. Python as a Scripting Language: Python can be used to write scripts for automating tasks
and performing calculations.
24. Sets: Unordered collections of unique elements. Example: my_set = {1, 2, 3}
25. Dictionaries: Key-value pairs. Example: my_dict = {"name": "Alice", "age":
30}
26. Regular Expressions: Patterns used to match text. Example: import re;
re.search("hello", "hello world")
27. User-Defined Modules: Python files containing functions and variables that can be imported
into other programs.
28. Case Sensitivity: Python is case-sensitive. variable and Variable are different.
29. Dry Run: Manually executing a program step-by-step to understand its behavior.
30. Lambda Functions: Anonymous functions defined using the lambda keyword. Example:
lambda x: x + 1
31. Selection Statements: if, else, elif statements are used for conditional execution.
32. Type Conversion: int(), float(), str(), bool(), etc.
33. pass Statement: A placeholder that does nothing. Useful in function bodies or control flow
statements where code is not yet implemented.
34. extend() Method: Adds elements from another iterable to a list.
35. Required Arguments: Arguments that must be provided when a function is called.
36. time Module Functions: time(), sleep()
37. Types of Files: Text files, binary files, CSV files, JSON files, XML files, etc.
38. seek() and tell() Functions: seek() moves the file pointer to a specific position. tell()
returns the current position of the file pointer.
Q.2) 2 marks

1. Packages

A package is a collection of Python modules that are organized into a directory structure. This allows
for better organization and reusability of code.

Creating a Package:

1. Create a new directory with the desired package name.

2. Inside the directory, create an empty file named __init__.py. This file indicates to Python
that the directory is a package.
3. Create Python modules within the directory.
4. Import modules from the package using the dot notation: import
package_name.module_name.

Example:

Python
# package_name/module1.py
def function1():
print("This is function1 from module1")

# package_name/module2.py
def function2():
print("This is function2 from module2")

# main.py
import package_name.module1
import package_name.module2

package_name.module1.function1()
package_name.module2.function2()

2. Tuple Functions

• zip(): Creates a tuple of tuples, combining elements from multiple iterables.

• tuple(): Converts an iterable into a tuple.
• count(): Returns the number of occurrences of a specified element in a tuple.
• index(): Returns the index of the first occurrence of a specified element in a tuple.

3. Anonymous Functions (Lambda Functions)

Anonymous functions are functions defined without a name using the lambda keyword. They are
often used for simple, one-time functions.

Example:

Python
add = lambda x, y: x + y
result = add(10, 20)
print(result) # Output: 30
4. Loops

i) While Loop: Executes a block of code repeatedly as long as a condition is true.

Python
count = 0
while count < 5:
print("Count:", count)
count += 1

ii) For Loop: Iterates over a sequence of elements.

Python
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "orange"]
for fruit in fruits:
print(fruit)

5. Input/Output Operations

Input:

Python
name = input("Enter your name: ")
print("Hello, " + name + "!")

Output:

Python
print("Hello, world!")

6. Reading from a File

• read(): Reads the entire contents of a file as a string.

• readline(): Reads a single line from a file.

Python
# Reading the entire file
with open("file.txt", "r") as f:
content = f.read()
print(content)

# Reading line by line

with open("file.txt", "r") as f:
for line in f:
print(line)

7. Dictionary Methods

• copy(): Creates a shallow copy of a dictionary.

• get(): Retrieves the value of a specified key, or a default value if the key doesn't exist.
• items(): Returns a view of the dictionary's key-value pairs as tuples.
• keys(): Returns a view of the dictionary's keys.
8. Union and Intersection

Union: Combines elements from two sets, removing duplicates.

Python
set1 = {1, 2, 3}
set2 = {3, 4, 5}
union_set = set1 | set2
print(union_set) # Output: {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

Intersection: Finds the elements common to both sets.

Python
set1 = {1, 2, 3}
set2 = {3, 4, 5}
intersection_set = set1 & set2
print(intersection_set) # Output: {3}

9. Statements

• continue: Skips the rest of the current iteration and moves to the next iteration.
• if: Executes a block of code if a condition is true.
• if-else: Executes one block of code if a condition is true, and another block if it's false.
• break: Exits a loop.

10. Features of Python

• Interpreted language: No compilation required.

• Dynamic typing: Variables can change data types during execution.
• Object-oriented programming: Supports classes and objects.
• Large standard library: Includes modules for various tasks.
• Cross-platform compatibility: Runs on different operating systems.

11. Calculating X^Y

Python
x = int(input("Enter the base: "))
y = int(input("Enter the exponent: "))
result = x ** y
print("Result:", result)

12. Perfect Number

Python
num = int(input("Enter a number: "))
sum_of_divisors = 0
for i in range(1, num):
if num % i == 0:
sum_of_divisors += i
if sum_of_divisors == num:
print(num, "is a
perfect number")
else:
print(num, "is not a perfect number")
13. seek() and tell()

• seek(): Moves the file pointer to a specific position.

• tell(): Returns the current position of the file pointer.

14. List Slicing

Python
my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
sliced_list = my_list[1:4] # Elements from index 1 to 3 (exclusive)
print(sliced_list) # Output: [2, 3, 4]

15. Tuples are Ordered

Tuples are ordered collections, meaning the elements maintain their position and can be accessed by
index.

16. Exception Handling

Python
try:
num = int(input("Enter a number: "))
result = 10 / num
print("Result:", result)
except ZeroDivisionError:
print("Error: Division by zero")

17. Metacharacters in Regular Expressions

• \d: Matches any digit (0-9).

• \w: Matches any word character (alphanumeric or underscore).

18. Built-in List Functions

• append(): Adds an element to the end of a list.

• sort(): Sorts the elements of a list in ascending order.

19. Backward Indexing in Strings

Python
my_string = "hello"
print(my_string[-1]) # Output: o

20. Identifiers

Identifiers are names given to variables, functions, classes, and modules. They must start with a letter
or underscore and can contain letters, digits, and underscores.
(Q.3)&(Q.4) 4 marks

1. Program to accept a string from user and display the string in reverse order eliminating the
letter ‘s’:

python
Copy code
# Reverse string and remove 's'
def reverse_remove_s(string):
return ''.join([char for char in string[::-1] if char.lower() !=
's'])

string = input("Enter a string: ")

print(reverse_remove_s(string))

2. Program to raise a user-defined exception to check if age is less than 18:

python
Copy code
class AgeException(Exception):
def __init__(self, age):
self.age = age
super().__init__(f"Age {age} is less than 18.")

def check_age(age):
if age < 18:
raise AgeException(age)
else:
print("Age is acceptable.")

try:
age = int(input("Enter age: "))
check_age(age)
except AgeException as e:
print(e)

3. Program to check if a string contains only a certain set of characters (a-z, A-Z, 0-9):

python
Copy code
import re

def is_valid_string(s):
return bool(re.match('^[a-zA-Z0-9]+$', s))

string = input("Enter a string: ")

print("Valid string" if is_valid_string(string) else "Invalid
string")

4. Program to add ‘ing’ or ‘ly’ to a string:

python
Copy code
def add_ing_ly(string):
 if len(string) >= 3:
if string.endswith('ing'):
return string + 'ly'
else:
return string + 'ing'
return string

string = input("Enter a string: ")

print(add_ing_ly(string))

5. Program to combine values in a list of dictionaries:

python
Copy code
from collections import Counter

data = [{'item': 'item1', 'amount': 400}, {'item': 'item2',

'amount': 300}, {'item': 'item1', 'amount': 750}]
counter = Counter()

for d in data:
counter[d['item']] += d['amount']

print(counter)

6. Program to extract year, month, date, and time using Lambda:

python
Copy code
import datetime

now = datetime.datetime.now()

year = lambda x: x.year

month = lambda x: x.month
day = lambda x: x.day
time = lambda x: x.time()

print("Year:", year(now))
print("Month:", month(now))
print("Day:", day(now))
print("Time:", time(now))

7. Program to swap first two characters of two strings:

python
Copy code
def swap_first_two_chars(s1, s2):
return s2[:2] + s1[2:], s1[:2] + s2[2:]

str1 = input("Enter first string: ")

str2 = input("Enter second string: ")
result = swap_first_two_chars(str1, str2)
print(result[0], result[1])
8. Program to display power of 2 up to a given number using anonymous function:

python
Copy code
N = int(input("Enter a number: "))
powers_of_two = list(map(lambda x: 2 ** x, range(N+1)))

for i in range(len(powers_of_two)):
print(f"2 raised to {i} is {powers_of_two[i]}")

9. Program to read an entire text file:

python
Copy code
def read_file(filename):
with open(filename, 'r') as file:
return file.read()

filename = input("Enter the filename: ")

print(read_file(filename))

10. Program to count vowels and consonants in a string:

python
Copy code
def count_vowels_consonants(string):
vowels = 'aeiouAEIOU'
v_count = c_count = 0
for char in string:
if char.isalpha():
if char in vowels:
v_count += 1
else:
c_count += 1
return v_count, c_count

string = input("Enter a string: ")

vowels, consonants = count_vowels_consonants(string)
print(f"Vowels: {vowels}, Consonants: {consonants}")

11. Program to print dictionary where keys are numbers between 1 and 15 and values are the
square of keys:

python
Copy code
squares = {i: i**2 for i in range(1, 16)}
print(squares)

12. Program to count upper and lower case letters in a string:

python
Copy code
def count_upper_lower(string):
upper_count = lower_count = 0
 for char in string:
if char.isupper():
upper_count += 1
elif char.islower():
lower_count += 1
return upper_count, lower_count

string = input("Enter a string: ")

upper, lower = count_upper_lower(string)
print(f"Uppercase letters: {upper}, Lowercase letters: {lower}")

13. Program to check for Zero Division Error Exception:

python
Copy code
try:
num = int(input("Enter a number: "))
result = 10 / num
print(f"Result: {result}")
except ZeroDivisionError:
print("Error: Division by zero is not allowed.")

14. Program to find GCD using recursion:

python
Copy code
def gcd(a, b):
if b == 0:
return a
else:
return gcd(b, a % b)

a = int(input("Enter first number: "))

b = int(input("Enter second number: "))
print(f"GCD of {a} and {b} is {gcd(a, b)}")

15. Program to check if a given key exists in a dictionary:

python
Copy code
def check_key(dictionary, key):
return key in dictionary

dictionary = {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3}

key = input("Enter key to check: ")
print("Key exists" if check_key(dictionary, key) else "Key does not
exist")
Q.5) 3 marks

a) Check1 = ['Learn', 'Quiz', 'Practice', 'Contribute']

Check2 = Check1

Check3 = Check1[:]

Check2[0] = 'Code'

Check3[1] = 'Mcq'

count = 0

for c in (Check1, Check2, Check3):

if c[0] == 'Code':

count += 1

if c[1] == 'Mcq':

count += 10

print(count)

output: 11

b) counter = {}

def addToCounter(country):

if country in counter:

counter[country] += 1

else:

counter[country] = 1

addToCounter('China')

addToCounter('Japan')

addToCounter('china')

print(len(counter))

output: 3

c) a = True

b = False

c = False

if not a or b:

print(1)

elif not a or not b and c:

 print(2)

elif not a or b or not b and a:

print(3)

else:

print(4)

output: 3

d) def f1(x, l=[]):

for i in range(x):

l.append(i * i)

print(l)

f1(2)

f1(3, [3, 2, 1])

f1(3)

output: [0, 1]

[3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 4]

[0, 1, 0, 1, 4]

e) X=5

def f1():

global X

X=4

def f2(a, b):

global X

return a + b + X

f1()

total = f2(1, 2)

print(total)

output: 7

f) def f(x):

def f1(a, b):

print("hello")

if b == 0:
 print("NO")

return

return f(a, b)

return f1

@f

def f(a, b):

return a % b

f(4, 0)

output: hello

NO

g) sum = 0

for i in range(12, 2, -2):

sum += i

print(sum)

output: 40

h) count = 1

def doThis():

global count

for i in (1, 2, 3):

count += 1

doThis()

print(count)

output: 4