Module 7 ISP Services

Name John Mays

7.1.1.1 1. What makes up the consumer market for ISPs? 2. What makes up the enterprise market for ISPs? 3. What is forcing service providers to offer new services? 4. What are key services that ISPs can provide to all customers? 5. What do organizations have access to when ISPs offer managed services? 6. What does it mean that some managed services are hosted? 7.1.2.1 7. What are the two measures of reliability? 8. What is a definition for the mean time between failure (MTBF)? 9. What is a definition for mean time to repair (MTTR)? 10. What are two things an ISP can do to prevent an equipment failure or preventing the network or service becoming unavailable? 11. What is a definition of availability? 12. What is meant by five-9's standard of availability? What is a service that traditionally requires five-9's standard of availability? 13. What do ISPs do to ensure accessibility? 14. What happens if one device fails in a redundant configuration? Individuals in homes make up the consumer market. Large, multinational companies make up the enterprise market. Escalating customer expectations and increasingly competitive markets are forcing ISPs to offer new services Email, web hosting, media streaming, IP telephony, and file transfer are important services that ISPs can provide to all customers. The leading network technologies and applications without having to make large investments in equipment and support. The service provider hosts the applications in its facility instead of at the customer site. Mean time between failure (MTBF) and mean time to repair MTTR measure of the reliability of a device or system The total corrective maintenance time divided by the total number of corrective maintenance actions during a given period of time. 1. an ISP may purchase expensive service agreements for critical hardware to ensure rapid manufacturer 2. An ISP may also choose to purchase redundant hardware and keep spare parts on site. The percentage of time that a resource is accessible. only a very small percentage (0.001%) of downtime is acceptable. telephone services By doubling up on network devices and servers using technologies designed for high availability. The other one can take over the functions automatically.

7.1.1.2

7.2.1.1

15. What do ISP servers need to be able to support? 16. What are the two TCP/IP transport protocols? 17. What do many of the key services provided to ISP customers depend on? 18. What do Application Layer protocols specify? 19. What are the following protocols used for?

Mobile phones as televisions, PCs as telephones, and televisions as interactive gaming stations with entertainment. TCP and UDP DNS

7.2.1.2

DNS used to resolve Internet names to IP address HTTP used to transfer files that make up the web pages of the World Wide Web SMTP used for the transfer of mail message and attachments Telnet used to provide remote access to severs and networking devices FTP used for interactive file transfer between systems

20. What is the responsibility of the lower layers? 21. What is the job of the Transport Layer? 7.2.1.3 22. List the three similarities of the TCP/IP model and the OSI model.

Get the data to the device Deliver the right data to the appropriate application 1.both use layers to visualize the interaction of protocols and services 2.the transport and network layers are comparable 3.the networking field uses both models when referring to protocol interaction 1. OSI model breaks the function of the TCP/IP Application Layer into distinct layers. The upper three layers of the OSI model specify the same functionality as the Application Layer of the TCP/IP model. 2. The TCP/IP suite does not specify protocols for the physical network interconnection. The two lower layers of the OSI model are concerned with access to the physical network and the delivery of bits between hosts on a local network. Network access The TCP/IP model is based on actual developed protocols and standards, whereas the OSI model is a theoretical guide for how protocols interact. a reliable, guaranteed-delivery protocol TCP specifies the methods hosts use to acknowledge the receipt of packets, and requires the source host to resend packets that are not acknowledged. pipeline, or a persistent connection, between hosts a connection-oriented protocol.

23. List the two differences of the TCP/IP model and the OSI model.

24. What are the two lower layers of the OSI model are concerned with? 25. What is the TCP/IP model is based on? How does this compare to the OSI model? 7.2.2.1 26. What is TCP? 27. What does TCP specify? What does TCP require? 28. What is TCP is often compared to? What is TCP referred to as?

29. What does TCP require to keep track of the individual conversations between source and destination hosts? 30. What is UDP? 31. What does UDP provide? 32. What is not provided by UDP? 33. What can applications that use UDP tolerate? 34. What is an example of a UDP application? 7.2.2.2 35. What do applications such as databases, web pages, and email need to have? 36. What can any missing data cause? 37. How does TCP identify each byte or octet? 38. What happens when segments are passed to the Internet Layer? 39. What is the process known as? 7.2.2.3 40. What must occur between the source and destination hosts before a TCP session can be used? 41. What is sent by the source host in the first step? 42. What are the two purposes of the SYN message?

TCP requires overhead a very simple, connectionless protocol It provides low overhead data delivery It does not provide error checking, guaranteed data delivery, or flow control. UDP can tolerate small amounts of missing data. Internet radio data arrive at the destination in its original condition, for the data to be useful. the messages to be corrupt or unreadable. with a sequence number places each segment in a packet for transmission. encapsulation. the source and destination hosts exchange messages to set up the connection over which data segments can be sent. A type of message, called a Synchronization Message, or SYN, to begin the TCP session establishment process. 1.It indicates the intention of the source host to establish a connection with the destination host over which to send the data. 2.It synchronizes the TCP sequence numbers between the two hosts, so that each host can keep track of the segments sent and received during the conversation. a synchronization acknowledgment, or SYN-ACK, message. the sending host receives the SYN-ACK and it sends an ACK message back to complete the connection setup. Data segments can now be reliably sent. a three-way handshake. a timer the timer expires, and the source assumes the message is lost. Its re-sent.

43. What does the destination host reply with in the second step? 44. What is received by the sending host in the last step? What is sent by the sending host in the last step? 45. What is this three step process called? 7.2.2.4 46. When a host sends message segments to a destination what is started? 47. What happens if the source host does not receive an acknowledgement from the destination within the allotted time? 48. What happens to the portion of the message that was not acknowledged? 49. How are TCP messages reassembled

at the destination host?

7.2.3.1

50. Why does UDP have a much lower overhead? 51. Why is UDP often called an unreliable delivery protocol? 52. List six key Application Layer protocols that use UDP.

Because it is not connection-oriented and does not provide the sophisticated retransmission, sequencing, and flow control mechanisms of TCP Because there is no guarantee that a message has been received by the destination host. 1. Domain Name System (DNS) 2. Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) 3. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) 4. RIP routing protocol 5. Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) 6. Online games Transport Layer

7.2.4.1

Complete the activity on 7.2.3 page 2. 53. What layer is responsible for the task of managing multiple, simultaneous communication processes? Which protocols do this? 54. How do TCP and UDP differentiate the segments and datagrams for each application? 55. How is a destination port number assigned? 56. What does TCP or UDP do with segments as they are received for a specific port? 57. What port numbers are usually assigned to server processes? 58. What do well-known port numbers enable a client application to do? 59. How are source port numbers assigned? 60. What are these port number assignments similar to? 61. What is a socket?

The segments and datagrams for each application, both TCP and UDP have header fields that can uniquely identify these applications for data communications purposes. Depending on whether the message is a request or a response. places the incoming segments in the appropriate queue 0 to 1023. Enable a client application to assign the correct destination port when generating a request for services. From the port range 1024 to 65535 a return address for the requesting application. The combination of the Transport Layer port number and the Network Layer IP address of the host uniquely identifies a particular application process running on an individual host device. Consisting of the source and destination IP addresses and port numbers, is also unique and identifies the specific conversation between the two hosts. Enable multiple processes running on a client to distinguish themselves from each other, and multiple connections to a server process to be distinguished from each other. Human-readable names into machine-readable IP addresses that can be used to communicate over the network. To help users reach the resource they need without having to remember the complex IP address. The use of a single HOSTS file located on a centrally

7.2.4.2

7.2.4.3

62. What is a socket pair? 63. What do sockets enable? 7.3.1.1 64. What are network naming systems designed to translate? 65. How are network naming systems a human convenience? 66. How were host names and IP

7.3.1.2

addresses of computers managed in the early days of the Internet? 67. What was Domain Name System (DNS) created for? 68. How is the HOSTS file still used? 7.3.2.1 Complete the Lab Activity on 7.3.1 page 2. 69. What is the structure of DNS like? 70. How does DNS form a hierarchy? 71. What does a DNS server do when it receives a request for a name translation that is not within that DNS zone? 72. What makes the DNS system very scalable? 73. What are the three parts that make up the DNS naming system? 74. What is a resource record used to identify? 75. What does the domain namespace refers to? 76. What do the DNS servers maintain? 77. What do DNS servers attempt to resolve? 78. What are resolvers? 79. What does a resolver do when a domain name is used? 80. What devices should be loaded with resolvers? 81. What do the different top-level domains represent? 82. What hierarchy does DNS rely on? 83. What does the resource records contain? 84. Why is the name H1.cisco.com referred to as a fully qualified domain name (FQDN) or DNS name? 85. When the DNS server receives a request from the client resolver, what does it check first? 86. What does the server do if it is unable to resolve the IP address locally? 87. What does the cached information enable the DNS server to do? 88. Why should DNS servers not cache information too long?

administered server. created for domain name to address resolution Local HOSTS file is created when TCP/IP is loaded on a host device. hierarchical Uses domain names to form the hierarchy. The DNS server forwards the request to another DNS server within the proper zone for translation. Host name resolution is spread across multiple servers. Resource Records and Domain Namespace, Domain Name System Servers, Resolvers type of host, a host IP address, or a parameter of the DNS database. the hierarchical naming structure for organizing resource records the databases that store resource records and information about the domain namespace structure. client queries using the domain namespace and resource records it maintains in its zone database files client queries using the domain namespace and resource records it maintains in its zone database files queries the DNS server to translate that name to an IP address. the type of organization or the country of origin.

7.3.2.2

7.3.2.3

7.3.2.4 7.3.3.1

because it defines the exact location of the computer within the hierarchical DNS namespace. it first checks the local DNS records it has cached in its memory. the server uses its resolver to forward the request to another preconfigured DNS server. enables the DNS server to reply more quickly to subsequent resolver requests, because the server first checks the cache records before querying other DNS servers. because host name records do periodically change. If a DNS server had old information cached, it may give out the wrong IP address for a computer.

7.3.3.3 7.3.3.4

Complete the Lab Activity on 7.3.3 page 2. 89. What do Dynamic Updates enable DNS client computers to do? 90. What are the two DNS zones? 91. What is the role of a forward lookup zone? 92. When is a forward lookup zone commonly found? 93. What is the role of a reverse lookup zone? 94. Why do many private networks choose to implement their own local reverse lookup zones? 95. How can reverse lookups on IP addresses be found? 96. What does it mean that a primary zone on a DNS server is authoritative? 97. What is a secondary zone?

enable DNS client computers to register and dynamically update their resource records with a DNS server whenever changes occur. forward lookup or reverse lookup zone a standard DNS zone that resolves fully qualified domain names to IP addresses when surfing the Internet. resolves an IP address to a fully qualified domain name. to help identify computer systems within their network. be found using the ping -a [ip_address] command. When you have a primary zone on a DNS server. a read-only backup zone maintained on a separate DNS server than the primary zone. caching-only DNS servers. These servers are configured to forward all name resolution requests to the root servers on the Internet. by reducing the frequency that DNS queries that are forwarded to the root servers Root server

7.3.4.1

Complete the Lab Activity on 7.3.3 page 5. 98. What type of servers do ISPs typically maintain? 99. How does the large cache of DNS lookups reduce network bandwidth? 100. Where are all name resolution requests forwarded with an ISP DNS Server? (Look at the graphic to the right of text.) 101. Where are all name resolution requests forwarded with a local DNS Server? (Look at the graphic to the right of text.) 102. What is the local DNS Server responsible for? (Look at the graphic to the right of text.) 103. Why must a minimum of two DNS servers be provided when an organization registers a domain name on the Internet? 104. What is a good idea to do when hosting multiple DNS servers with zone information? 105. How can DNS servers be protected? 106. What are some additional services that are provided by ISPs?

ISP DNS server

it has name-to-IP mappings of any host within the zone. If users type in a domain name that cannot be resolved, they cannot access the resource. locate on different physical networks. Use firewalls and other security measures. email hosting website hosting e-commerce sites file storage and transfer message boards and blogs streaming video and audio services

7.3.4.2

7.4.1.1

7.4.2.1

107. What are some of the most common TCP/IP Application Layer protocols? Complete the activity on 7.4.1 page 2. 108. What version of HTTP is currently used by most ISPs to provide web-hosting services? 109. What does this version of HTTP permit? 110. Why is HTTP not a secure protocol? 111. What does HTTPS use to secure data as it travels between the client and server?

Are HTTP, FTP, SMTP, POP3, and IMAP4. version 1.1 permits persistent connections, so that multiple request and response messages can use the same connection, reducing the time it takes to initiate new TCP sessions. The request messages send information to the server in plain text that can be intercepted and read. use authentication and encryption to secure data as it travels between the client and server. a uniform resource locator (URL) Protocol being used Domain name of the server being accessed Location of the resource on the server, make indirect network connections to other network services a device in the communications stream that acts as a server to the client and as a client to a server. 1. Speed 2. Security

7.4.2.2

112. What is used to locate the server and a specific resource? 113. What are three things a uniform resource locator (URL) identifies? 114. What does a proxy server allows clients to make? 115. What is a proxy? 116. What are three reasons why proxies are used?

7.4.2.3

7.4.2.4

117. How does HTTPS differ from HTTP? 118. What affect does HTTPS have on the server due to the encryption and decryption of traffic? 119. When should HTTPS be used to keep server performance up? Complete the Activity on 7.4.2 page 5. 120. What are the 2 FTP implementations that are included in the protocol? 121. Why does FTP require two connections to exist between the client and server? 122. What is the PI function? 123. What does the control information include? 124. What is the DTP? 125. When does DTP close a connection?

3. Filtering data stream is encrypted with SSL before being transported across the network. HTTPS creates additional load and processing time on the server should only be used when necessary, such as when exchanging confidential information. interpreter (PI) and a data transfer process (DTP). PI and DTP define two separate processes that work together to transfer files. the main control connection between the FTP client and the FTP server. commands to navigate through a file hierarchy and renaming or moving files a separate data transfer function. automatically when the file transfer is complete. Active Data Connections and Passive Data Connections Passive Data Connections

7.4.3.1

7.4.3.2

126. What are the two types of data transfer connections supported by FTP? 127. Which connection is initiated by a client?

7.4.4.1

128. Which connection is initiated by the FTP server? 129. Which type of FTP connection is not permitted by firewalls? 130. Where are email messages stored? 131. What does an email server do when it receives a message? 132. What does an email server do if the recipient is not located on its local database? 133. Which email protocol is used to send email? 134. Which email protocols are used to retrieve email? 135. What two things must happen for SMTP applications to work properly? 136. What is required in a message header? 137. What port number does SMTP use? 138. Why does SMTP spool messages? 139. When is a message returned as undeliverable?

Active Data Connections Passive Data Connections in databases on mail servers. it checks to see if the recipient domain is located on its local database. it sends a DNS request to determine the mail server for the destination domain. The Application Layer process that sends mail, either from a client to a server or between servers, implements SMTP. Application Layer protocols: POP3 or IMAP4. the mail message must be formatted properly and SMTP processes must be running on both the client and server. a properly formatted recipient email address and a sender address. port 25. to be sent at a later time. If the message is still not delivered after a predetermined expiration time, the recipient email address. the account and the domain name of the server. Mail servers are identified in DNS by an MX. MX is a type of resource record stored on the DNS server. the email is returned to the sender as undeliverable. Because email messages are downloaded to the client and removed from the server, there is not a centralized location where email messages are kept. Port 110 Because POP3 does not store messages,

7.4.4.2

7.4.4.3

140. What is one of the required fields in an email message header? 141. What does the @ symbol separate? 142. How are mail servers identified in DNS? What is MX? 143. What does the mail server do if it receives an email message with an account that does not exist? 144. When is email deleted on the email server when using POP3? 145. What port number does POP3 use? 146. Why is POP3 undesirable for a small business that needs a centralized backup solution? 147. Why is POP3 desirable for an ISP?

7.4.4.4

because it alleviates their responsibility for managing large amounts of storage for their email servers. when the user connects to an IMAP-capable server, copies of the messages are downloaded to the client application.

7.4.4.5

148. How is IMAP unlike POP3?

149. What are the advantages to using IMAP for small to medium-sized businesses?

1. IMAP can provide long-term storage of email messages on mail servers and allows for centralized backup. 2. It also enables employees to access email messages from multiple locations, using different devices or client software. 3. The mailbox folder structure that a user expects to see is available for viewing regardless of how the user accesses the mailbox. 4. When a user decides to delete a message, the server synchronizes that action and deletes the message from the server.

150. What are two reasons why IMAP may not be a good choice for an ISP?

1. It can be expensive to purchase and maintain the disk space to support the large number of stored emails. 2. Additionally, if customers expect their mailboxes to be backed up routinely, that can further increase the costs to the ISP