347 2
347 2
347 2
1.6.
17.
For a, b in G, we have (ab)1 = b1 a1 . Suppose the map h :g
g 1 is a homomorphism. Then, we have h(a1 b1 ) = ba. However,
sin
e h is a homomorphism, we also have h(a1 b1 ) = h(a1 )h(b1 ) =
ab. Thus, h(a1 b1 ) = ab = ba. The result follows.
19.
j
j
m j
G. Sin
e, (( i) ) = (( i)j )m = im , and (im )4 = (i4 )m =1. Sin
e,
i4 = 1. So indeed, there is a positive power n for whi
h (( j i)m )n =
1. Sin
e this is true for any j, m N, given any k N, let j = k
and m=4 (( k i)4 )k = 1. Thus, the map z z k has a non-trivial
kernel, and
it
annot be anisomorphism ( that is, 1 maps to 1k = 1,
k
4 k
where(( i) ) 6= 1 but (( k i)4 )k also gets mapped to 1, so the map
annot be a bije
tion).
The map isa surje
tion however. Sin
e the group
ontains
omplex
numbers, m z exists for any natural m and any z ( whether it be
negative or not ). We are given that ea
h of these z's have positive
integers
n so that z n = 1. So, from an argument similar toabove,
m jn
j
j
(( z) ) = z mn = z nm = 1m = 1. So for all natural
m, j , (
z)m is
k
k
in G. Thus, for xing an arbitrary k, for all z in G, ( z) ( z)k =
z . So the map is a surje
tion, for any k.
20.
1) It is a generally known fa
t that fun
tion
omposition is asso
iative. Therefore, isomorphisms from a group G to itself are asso
iative under
omposition.
2) The identity map is
learly an isomorphism from G to itself. So
the
olle
tion of automorphisms has an identity element with respe
t
to
omposition ( let id be the identity map, for any automorphism
a, a id = id a = a).
3) Sin
e ea
h isomorphism is a bije
tion ( so that the bije
tions
are furthermore homomorphisms themselves), ea
h automorphism a
has an inverse a1 whi
h is also an automorphism. By
omposition,
a a1 = a1 a = id , so indeed, the inverse bije
tions are inverse
elements for ea
h automorphism with respe
t to
omposition.
2.1.
8.
Suppose H K is a subgroup. Now, suppose that H * K and
K * H. Then, now, suppose that x H , but x
/ K . Then, given
1
k K, k
/ H xk is not an element in K , nor is it an element of
H. So, xk is not an element of H K . However, sin
e x and k are
elements of H K , xk should be an element of H K . Sin
e to be a
subgroup, H K must be
losed under the group operation. Thus,
we must have H K or K H.