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    Immune System: - Immunity - The Ability To Resist

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    Naveen Eldose
    The immune system has both innate and adaptive immunity. Innate immunity provides non-specific defenses like physical barriers and inflammatory responses. Adaptive immunity has antigen-specific responses mediated by B cells and T cells that produce antibodies and cell-mediated defenses. It also develops immunological memory to mount faster responses upon repeat exposures. Key cells include phagocytes, natural killer cells, lymphocytes, and antigen presenting cells that activate adaptive defenses through antigen display and cytokine signaling.

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    Immune System: - Immunity - The Ability To Resist

    Uploaded by

    Naveen Eldose
    44 views66 pages
    The immune system has both innate and adaptive immunity. Innate immunity provides non-specific defenses like physical barriers and inflammatory responses. Adaptive immunity has antigen-specific responses mediated by B cells and T cells that produce antibodies and cell-mediated defenses. It also develops immunological memory to mount faster responses upon repeat exposures. Key cells include phagocytes, natural killer cells, lymphocytes, and antigen presenting cells that activate adaptive defenses through antigen display and cytokine signaling.

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    The immune system has both innate and adaptive immunity. Innate immunity provides non-specific defenses like physical barriers and inflammatory responses. Adaptive immunity has antigen-specific responses mediated by B cells and T cells that produce antibodies and cell-mediated defenses. It also develops immunological memory to mount faster responses upon repeat exposures. Key cells include phagocytes, natural killer cells, lymphocytes, and antigen presenting cells that activate adaptive defenses through antigen display and cytokine signaling.

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    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    44 views66 pages

    Immune System: - Immunity - The Ability To Resist

    Uploaded by

    Naveen Eldose
    The immune system has both innate and adaptive immunity. Innate immunity provides non-specific defenses like physical barriers and inflammatory responses. Adaptive immunity has antigen-specific responses mediated by B cells and T cells that produce antibodies and cell-mediated defenses. It also develops immunological memory to mount faster responses upon repeat exposures. Key cells include phagocytes, natural killer cells, lymphocytes, and antigen presenting cells that activate adaptive defenses through antigen display and cytokine signaling.

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    of 66

    Immune System

    Immunity the ability to resist

    A functional system?

    Innate Immunity
    Recognizes and destroys. Response does not

    Barriers

    Cells and chemicals

    Adaptive Immunity
    Recognizes and destroys... Response has no:
    S M I

    Barriers Skin
    Awesome Stratified Keratinized Sweat Sebum.

    Barriers Body Fluids


    Wash em away.

    Lysozyme

    Barriers Mucosae
    Line All are potential Mucus Acid Lysozyme

    Specific Example Respiratory Mucosa


    Mucociliary escalator

    Other respiratory events

    Neutrophils
    Small phagocytes. Kill Theyre #1

    Macrophages
    Large cells derived from

    Specialize in

    Free vs. Fixed

    Phagocytosis
    1 Phagocyte adheres to pathogens or debris. 2 Phagocyte forms pseudopods that eventually engulf the particles forming a phagosome. 3 Lysosome fuses with the phagocytic vesicle, forming a phagolysosome. Acid hydrolase enzymes 4 Lysosomal enzymes digest the particles, leaving a residual body. 5 Exocytosis of the vesicle removes indigestible and residual material.

    Lysosome

    Phagosome (phagocytic vesicle)

    Opsonization
    Phagocytosis is more likely if the microbe is adorned.

    Natural Killer Cells


    Specialized type of lymphocyte.

    Attack and kill

    How do they know?

    Interferons
    Proteins released by

    Diffuse to

    Function

    Interferons
    Virus Virus enters cell.
    1

    New viruses Antiviral proteins block viral reproduction.


    5

    Interferon genes switch on.

    DNA Nucleus mRNA

    Cell produces interferon molecules.

    Interferon

    Interferon binding stimulates cell to turn on genes for antiviral proteins.

    Complement System
    Plasma proteins.

    Made by the

    Inactive Active

    Effects of Activated Complement

    Complement: Chemotaxis & Opsonization

    Complement: Inflammation
    Activated Complement Proteins

    Bind to

    Local resistance will

    Causes local vaso

    Releases

    Local blood flow will

    Inflammation

    Complement: Lysis

    Inflammation
    Occurs whenever

    Benefits:
    Prevents Disposes... Sets the stage...

    4 classic signs

    What body cells release inflammatory chemicals?

    Inflammatory chemicals cause

    Vessel diameter to

    Capillary permeability to

    Pain

    Capillary blood flow and fluid loss to

    Heat

    Redness

    Access to damaged area for cells, chemicals

    Swelling Loss of function

    Fever
    Systemic Body T When is it good? When is it bad?

    Why does body T rise?

    Adaptive Immune System


    Specific Memory

    Systemic

    Improvement

    Lymphocytes
    2 main classes are

    Both formed in the

    T Lymphocyte Education
    Immunocompetence Self-Tolerance

    Receptors

    B Lymphocyte Education
    Immunocompetence

    Self-Tolerance

    Receptors

    Editing

    Clones
    Small groups of identical lymphocytes

    Each clone has many copies of

    Why is this so important????

    Lymphocytes
    More than a million different varieties of clones.

    Where do newly immunocompetent cells migrate?

    Antigen-Presenting Cells
    Macrophages, Dendritic Cells, and B lymphocytes. Function?

    Antigen-Presenting Cells

    2 Components of Adaptive Immunity


    Antibody-mediated immunity.

    Cell-mediated immunity.

    Antibody-mediated Immunity
    Deals with extracellular pathogens.

    A.k.a. humoral immunity

    B lymphocytes and plasma cells

    Cell-mediated Immunity
    Deals with intracellular pathogens.

    Killer T cells (Cytotoxic T cells)

    Helper T Cells Control Adaptive Immunity


    Where were helper T cells born?

    Where did they mature?

    What is on their surface?

    APCs and MHC II Proteins


    Cytoplasm of APC

    Phagosome

    Lysosome

    Extracellular antigen

    Plasma membrane of APC

    Antigenic peptide

    Activating Helper T Cells


    Viral antigen Class lI MHC protein displaying processed viral antigen CD4 protein

    Dendritic cell

    T cell receptor (TCR) Clone formation

    Immunocompetent CD4 T cell

    Helper T memory cell

    Activated helper T cells

    B Cell Primary Response


    Primary response Antigen

    Activated B cells

    Plasma cells (effector B cells) Secreted antibody molecules

    Memory B cell primed to respond to same antigen

    B Cell Primary Response


    Activated helper T cell T cell receptor (TCR)

    MHC II protein of B cell displaying processed antigen

    Antibodies
    Specific immune proteins.

    Synthesized and released by...

    Immunoglobulins, gamma globulins, or Igs.

    Antibodies
    4 amino acid chains that form a Y-shaped structure. 2 variable regions and 1 constant region .
    Antigen-binding site

    Stem region

    Antibodies
    Each variable region contains an antigen-binding site. Antibodies from the same plasma cell will have the same antigen-binding sites.
    Antigen-binding site

    Stem region

    Antibodies
    Constant region binds to immune chemicals/cells. Determines how antigens will be destroyed. Determines the 5 different antibody classes.
    Antigen-binding site

    Stem region

    Antibody Action
    4 main ways in which antibodies deal with antigens:
    1. 2. 3. 4. P L A N

    Precipitation
    Antibodies bind soluble antigens into clumps. How does this help macrophages?

    Lysis
    Antibodies bound to a bacterium activate complement.

    Activated complement proteins form an MAC which

    Agglutination
    Antibodies bind cell surface antigens into clumps. the likelihood of

    Neutralization
    Antibodies bind to and mask toxins and dangerous portions of bacteria and viruses.

    B Cell Primary Response


    Lag period of 3-6 days after exposure.
    Whats happening?

    B Cell Secondary Response

    Secondary response (can be years later)

    Clone of cells identical to ancestral cells

    Subsequent challenge by same antigen results in more rapid response

    Plasma cells

    Secreted antibody molecules

    Memory B cells

    B Cell Secondary Response


    Lag time that is...

    Plasma cells that last...


    Antibody levels that are

    B Cell Immunity
    Classified in 2 separate ways. 1. Natural or Artificial. 2. Active or Passive.
    Total of 4 types of immunity: a. b. c. d.

    The black particles are Staphylococcus aureus.

    Production of memory cells due to infection with them creates what type of immunity?

    Exchange of antibodies at this structure would result in what type of immunity?

    Injection of antibodies as a means of treating a bite by this spider would result in what type of immunity?

    This is the rubella virus.

    Suppose a weakened version of it was injected and memory cells were produced in response, what type of immunity would that be?

    Cell-Mediated Immunity
    What is the big limitation of antibodies?

    Cell-mediated immunity will deal with intracellular pathogens (as well as cancerous cells).

    Killer T cells

    Activating Killer T Lymphocytes


    Helper T cell Class II MHC protein APC (dendritic cell) IL-2

    Class I MHC protein

    CD8 T cell

    Body Cells and MHC I Proteins


    Cytoplasm of any tissue cell

    Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

    Self-protein or foreign (viral or cancer) protein

    Plasma membrane of a tissue cell


    Extracellular fluid

    Killer T Cell Killing

    Perforin TC cell membrane

    Granule

    Target cell membrane Perforin pore Granzymes

    Adaptive defenses

    Cellular immunity Immature lymphocyte Red bone marrow

    T cell receptor Class II MHC protein CD4 cell Activation APC (dendritic cell) CD4

    Maturation Thymus

    T cell receptor CD8 cell Activation Class I MHC protein

    Memory cells CD8 Lymphoid tissues and organs

    APC (dendritic cell)

    Helper T cells (or regulatory T cells)

    Effector cells Blood plasma

    Cytotoxic T cells

    T Lymphocyte Memory
    How would the response of a memory Helper T cell or a memory Killer T cell differ from the primary response?

    Regulatory T Cells
    Release cytokines that What could happen if they werent around?

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