Blood 2 (WBC and Immunity)

Blood 2
(WBC and immunity)

WHITE BLOOD CELLS (leucocytes)
• Normal count : At birth 20000/mm3
Adult 4000-11000 /mm3
• life span: 3-4 days
• FUNCTIONS:
– Protective in function
– Provides immunity and defends the body
LEUCOPOIESIS
• Production of leucocytes
Leucopenia
• WBC count less than 4000 cells /mm3
• Starvation
• Bone marrow depression
• Typhoid
• Viral or protozoal infection
• Autoimmune diseases
Leucocytosis
• WBC count more than 11000 cells/mm3
• Newborn
• Evening
• Exercise
• Pregnancy, menstruation, lactation
• Pyogenic & Pyrogenic infection
TYPES
• Granulocytes
neutrophil(50-70%)
eosinophil(1-4%)
basophil (0-1%)
• Agranulocytes
lymphocyte (20-40%)
monocyte (2-8%)
Neutrophil
• Size: 10-14 microns
• Nucleus: purple, multilobed (2-6)
• Cytoplasm: bluish granular
• Granules: fine polychromatic
• 60% of WBCs
• Functions: phagocytosis
• Patrol tissues’ as they squeeze out of the capillaries.
• First line of defense
• Contain fever producing substances endogenous pyrogens
• Neutrophilia: exercise, pregnancy and acute pyogenic infections
• Neutropenia: children, typhoid
Eosinophil
• Nucleus: purple ,bilobed (spectacle shaped)
• Cytoplasm: light pink in colour ,granular
• Granules: coarse, bright red in colour
• Functions: mild phagocytosis
• Limit reaction of allergy
• Eosinophilia: allergy, parasitic infections
• Eosinopenia: steroids
Basophil
• Nucleus: s shaped hiddeb behind granules
details not visible
• Cytolpasm: basophillic ,blue
• Granules: very coarse ,purple or blue in colour
• Functions: mild phagocytosis
• Liberates heparin
• Liberates hiatamine
• Basophilia: allergy
• Basopenia: steroids
Monocyte
• Size 14-22 microns
• Nucleus : pale staining
• Single, Round indented or kidney shaped
• Eccentric present on one side of cell
• Cytoplasm : pale blue or clear
• Functions : active phagocytosis
• Kill tumor cells
• Made in bone marrow as monocytes, called macrophages once they reach
tissues: Tissue macrophage system
• Initiate immune responses as they display antigens from the pathogens to the
lymphocytes.
• Monopenia; monophilia
Lymphocyte
• Size: Large : 10-14 micron, Small : 7-10 microns
• Nucleus : single, big round or oval and purple in
colour
• Central : occupies whole of the cell leaving marginal
cytoplasm
• Cytoplasm : pale blue, scanty
• Functions : provides immunity
• Lymphocytosis : children,chronic infection(TB)
• Lymphocytopenia : AIDS
Two type:
– T-lymphocytes (Thymus derived)

• T-helper cells
• Suppressor cells
• Killer cells (cytotoxic cell).
• Memory cells.
– B-lymphocytes (Bone Marrow derived)

• Plasma cells.
• Memory cells.
• B-cells mature in bone marrow then concentrate in lymph
nodes and spleen produces antibody and provides humoral
immunity
• T-cells mature in thymus Provides cell mediated immunity
• Location of B & T- lymphocytes:
1. peripheral blood
2. thoraxic ducts
3. lymph node
4. spleen
• B and T cells mature then circulate in the blood and lymph

• Circulation ensures they come into contact with pathogens and
each other
Development of B and T lymphocytes
Immunity
• Immunity is the body's ability to fight off harmful micro-
organisms –PATHOGENS & their toxic products- that invade it.
• The immune system produces antibodies or cells that can
deactivate pathogens.
• Fungi, protozoans, bacteria, and viruses are all potential
pathogens.
• The Immune System - includes all parts of the body that help in
the recognition and destruction of foreign materials like White
blood cells, phagocytes like neutrophils & macrophages,
lymphocytes.
• Body is protected against invading organisms by physical
barrier like skin and other epithelial linnings which constitue
First line of defence
• If it fails to control the invading organsims, then Second &
third line of defence, the immune system is activated.
The functional importance of the immune system
Lymphoid Tissues
• Lymphoid tissues are of
fundamental importance in
all types of immune
response
• Site: bone marrow, lymph
nodes, tonsils, thymus, and
spleen.
Immunity
• Natural/ innate (non-specific) : Humoral and cell

mediated
• Acquired/ adaptive (specific) : Humoral and cell
mediated
Innate immunity
• Inborn capacity of the body to offer resistance to pathogens
• Due to genetic and constitutional makeup
Mechanism:
• Mechanical barrier (physical barriers): skin and mucosa
• Surface secretions (chemical barriers) : saliva, sweat, tear,
mucous and gastric juice
• Phagocytic Cells like neutophils, macrophages, monocytes
• Natural Killer Cells
• Complement System
Acquired immunity
• Passive : immunity transferred in ready made form
• Active: synthesis of antibodies or immuno competent cells by
body’s own immune system
• Natural acquired immunity consists of Antigen specific response
of two types : Cell mediated & Humoral
• This immune system recognizes, attacks, destroys, and
remembers each pathogen that enters the body. It does this by
making specialized cells and antibodies that render the pathogens
harmless.
• Unlike the first line and second line defense the immune system
differentiates among pathogens.
• For each type of pathogen, the immune system produces cells that
are specific for that particular pathogen.
Formation of antibodies and sensitized lymphocytes by a lymph node
in response to antigens.
Principle mechanisms of innate and
adaptive immunity
Properties of adaptive immune responses
Processes involved in the primary immune response
Humoral immune response
• Antigen processing and presentation
• Recognition of antigen by lymphocyte
• Lymphocyte activation : T and B
• B lymphocyte transform into plasma cells and memory B cells
• Plasma cells produce antibody
• Memory B cells are responsible for secondary response when
exposed to same antigen.
• Inactivation of antigen or attack phase or effector phase of immune
response:
– Direct attack : agglutination,precipitation,neutralization and cytolysis
– Attack by complement system
B –Lymphocytes
Antibodies
• Also known as immunoglobulins

• Globular glycoproteins
• The heavy and light chains are
polypeptides
• The chains are held together by
disulphide bridges
• Each ab has 2 identical ag binding
sites – variable regions.
• The order of amino acids in the
variable region determines the
shape of the binding site
Different Immunoglobulins
Type Functions
IgG •Increase macrophage activity

•Antitoxins
•Agglutination
IgM Agglutination
IgA •Stop bacteria adhering to host cells

•Prevents bacteria forming colonies on mucous
membranes
IgE •Activate mast cells

 HISTAMINE
•Worm response
Cell mediated immune response
• Antigen processing and presentation
• Recognition of antigen by lymphocytes
• T lymphocyte differentiation (activation)
• Attack phase: cytotoxic T cells are responsible for attack phase
of cell mediated immunity
T-Lymphocytes
• After activation the cell divides to form:

• T-helper cells – secrete CYTOKINES
 help B cells divide
 stimulate macrophages
• Cytotoxic T cells (killer T cells)

 Kill body cells displaying antigen
• Memory T cells
 remain in body
Primary and secondary immune responses illustrate
specificity and memory in adaptive immunity
Role of active acquired immunity
• Humoral immunity provides defence against most

extracellular pathogens and viruses
• Protection against fungi,virus and intracellular bacterial
pathogens
• Graft rejection
• Delayed hypersensitivity reaction
• Autoimmune diseases
• Immunity against cancer

Blood 2 (WBC and Immunity)

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Blood 2

(WBC and immunity)

– T-lymphocytes (Thymus derived)

– B-lymphocytes (Bone Marrow derived)

• B and T cells mature then circulate in the blood and lymph

• Natural/ innate (non-specific) : Humoral and cell

• Also known as immunoglobulins

IgG •Increase macrophage activity

IgA •Stop bacteria adhering to host cells

IgE •Activate mast cells

• After activation the cell divides to form:

• Cytotoxic T cells (killer T cells)

• Humoral immunity provides defence against most

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