Duplexer Manual

Understanding, Maintaining &
Re-Tuning Antenna Duplexers

By:
William F. Lieske, Sr.
Founder, EMR Corporation
Forward and RX antennas, and providing sufficient

filtering to prevent both transmitter carrier
A technical bulletin on this subject was power and wide band noise from desensitizing
prepared in 1990. Since then, antenna the associated receiver.
duplexers have continued to increase in
numbers and many new designs have
appeared in the marketplace. This bulletin will
review antenna duplexers with emphasis on
the theory of operation, methods of tuning and
maintenance of them.
Duplexer, Defined:
The terms duplexer and diplexer have been

used interchangeably for many years. The
prefix “Di” is defined as “twice, double or two-
fold.” The prefix “Du” means two or dual.
“Plex” from the latin word plexus has, among
other meanings, the definitions: “An inter-
woven arrangement of parts; A network.” Thus
we can conclude that duplexer and diplexer
have the same literal meaning. It is noted that Figure 1
duplexer has been used with regard to Duplexer Types
wireless (land mobile) systems and diplexer
has been used in microwave system There are two basic types of duplexers, Band
application. We will stay with duplexer to refer Pass and Band Reject. The easiest one to
to the devices covered in this bulletin. understand is the band pass duplexer.
Duplexer Applications
A duplexer provides the means for

simultaneous operation of a mobile relay or
repeater station having separate TX and RX
frequencies when using a common antenna.
The benefits of this include: Saving one
antenna and one transmission line, compared
with using separate transmit and receive
antennas for a repeater, maintaining reciprocal
receiving and transmitting signal path
characteristics compared with separate, TX Figure 2
-1-
EMR Corp 22402 N. 19th Avenue Phoenix, Arizona 85027 Toll Free: 1-800-796-2875 Tel: (623) 581-2875
Fax: (623) 582-9499 www.emrcorp.com e-mail: info@emrcorp.com
Understanding, Maintaining & Re-Tuning Antenna Duplexers
A band pass duplexer using six band pass type Most duplexers found in land mobile wireless
cavity resonators is shown in schematic form service are pass-reject or pass/notch types,
in Figure 1. Note that each branch has three shown schematically in Figure 3. Note that
cavities connected together with cables. A each cavity has only one coupling loop. The
“tee” junction and two more cables connects loop has a series capacitor, which is adjustable
the two branches with the antenna feed line. to resonate the loop itself, providing a reject
Sufficient selectivity must be provided by the notch when adjusted to a desired frequency.
cavity filters to preclude transmitter carrier
power from desensitizing the relatively broad The loop also couples energy into the cavity
response of the receiver front end and to also at the desired coupling factor, producing a
reduce transmitter wide band noise to a level relatively broad pass band selectivity. The
below the threshold of receiver sensitivity. In notch can be placed either above or below
this example we show a VHF duplexer the resonant frequency of the cavity, as
operating at a 5 MHz. transmit-receive needed. The typical performance is shown
frequency offset. below.
Typical selectivity curves of the three cavity

0
resonator groups in each duplexer branch are
Transmit Receive
10
shown in Figure 2. Two other curves are 154.0 MHz. 156.0.MHz.
shown to represent the transmitter wide band 20

Receiver front-
noise spectrum and the desensitization curve 30 end desens.
Transmitter
of the receiver front end. Note that each filter 40 wide band curve
branch provides attenuation of signal power dB noise curve
50
equal to or greater than the noise and
60
desensitization levels.
70
To
80
antenna "Tee"
connector 90
100
Junction 153.5 154.0 154 .5 155.0 155.5 156.0 156 .5
MHz.
cables
Figure 4 Pass/Rej ect Duplexer Response Curves
Series
tuned Figure 4 shows responses of a VHF pass-
loops reject duplexer with transmit to receive
spacing of 2 MHz. Note that the pass
responses are quite broad. The overall notch
Branch depths are very sharply defined and sufficient
cables
in depth to equal or exceed the noise and
carrier “desense” requirements.
Pass- Performance Comparisons

reject
Cavities
There are good reasons for selecting band
TX in RX out pass or pass-reject types according to site
Pass-Reject Duplexer and/or system requirements. Each type has
benefits and shortcomings compared with the
Figure 3
-2-
other type. Some of these are: Special Duplexer Types
Band Pass Type: At today’s overcrowded land mobile sites,

there are often conditions that require unusual
♦ Generally will have higher branch loss than pass band and notch responses. The
pass-reject type, 1.5 dB per branch or characteristics of the two basic duplexer types
higher being expected. may be combined where system needs
dictate.
♦ Far superior for dense site use. The
multiple cavity strings provide added Some examples are:
selectivity for the receiver and a high order
of spurious and harmonic rejection for the ♦ Adding pass-reject cavities to one or both
transmitter. branches of a band pass duplexer to notch
out a bothersome transmit frequency that
♦ Requires larger, higher “Q” cavities, and is close to the receiver branch frequency.
more of them, resulting in higher cost and
need for greater site space occupancy. ♦ Adding band pass cavities to a pass-reject
duplexer to increase the effective front end
♦ Through use of correct branch cable selectivity of a receiver or to help in the
lengths and careful loop coupling attenuation of transmitter wide band noise.
adjustments, this duplexer type can be
tuned for a broad “nose” response to ♦ Internal duplexers installed in portable
accommodate multi-frequency trans- radio and cellular units often employ
mitters and receivers. ceramic resonators. A wide T-R spacing
and broad range of transmit and receive
♦ Impractical for closely spaced TX-RX sub groups can be covered in this manner
pairs, compared to pass/notch types. mostly due to the low transmit power levels
Higher costs than pass notch types due concerned.
to requiring larger cavities.
Mobile Duplexers
Band Reject (Pass/Notch) Types:
Duplexers are provided for use with low power
♦ Lower insertion loss than band pass types base stations such as control stations and
for same TX-RX spacings. mobile transceivers. Since they are isolated
by distance from multi-use sites the benefits
♦ Since pass band is broad, little help is provided by larger fixed station duplexers are
provided in receiver front end selectivity not required.
except for the transmit carrier notch. This
can be a real problem when placed at high Both small size and economy are possible in
density sites. these designs. Most of these units employ
simple band reject operation. Through lighter
♦ Can use smaller volume cavities for a coupling factors from 20 to 30 dB of notch
given TX-RX spacing, saving space. depth per cavity is secured. This is adequate
for the lower transmit power involved in mobile
♦ Lower cost to manufacture; savings in and low power bases.
materials and labor.
-3-
Tuning Screws
w ith set nuts
1" square resonators using

tubular 1/4 wavelength,
rods, capacitiv ely tuned.
Shunt or series coupled as
needed.
Branch cables
465
Transmitter Output to
Figure 6
To Ante nna
Input receiver
Mobile or control station duplexer Performance curves for a typical mobile

duplexer are shown in Figure 6. Note that the
Figure 5
notch in the transmit branch is about 67 dB at
♦ Because of the lower circuit “Q” there is the receiver frequency; usually sufficient for
very little band pass effect, however, more 30 to 40 watt mobile transmitter wide band
than 60 dB of overall notch depth can be noise rejection. At these transmit powers, the
secured by using three cavities in each 60 dB notch in the receive branch is usually
branch. sufficient to reject transmitter carrier to a
RX
usable level. TX
0
♦ The relatively small overall dimensions suit
10
vehicular trunk or under dash mounting Where full duplex communications is
and there is often space within a control 20 anticipated, an additional 8-10 dB of notch
station for a duplexer. 30 depth per branch will tend to provide clean,
dB noise free communications. Mobile duplexers
40
♦ Most mobile duplexers are limited to 50 to are usually designed for a particular T- R split,
50
75 watts input maximum, and some are e.g.: 5, 7, 10, 12 MHz., etc. Due to the
limited to intermittent service above 50 60 sharpness of the response of the notches,
watts of power. A few can be found that 70 modification of branching cables and tap point
are rated to 100 watt input, continuous 80
on the resonators are required to change the
duty rating. 450T- R split.455 MHz. 460
465 Mobile/Control Station Duplexer Response
♦ Successful designs are “ruggedized” to Duplexer Maintenance
survive under the vibration, heat, cold and
humidity that can be present in vehicular Most high quality duplexers will give many
service. years of trouble free service after placement
at your site “right out of the box” from the
♦ Special models have been developed to manufacturer. The advent of frequency
suit mountings inside the cabinet of desk changes or problems due to interference can
top control stations that access remote result in re-tuning on frequency or on new
repeaters. frequencies.
-4-
About Cavity Resonators end of the cavity to excite the TEM (transverse
electromagnetic) field and to retrieve power
Duplexers rely on the characteristics of cavity in the case of the band pass cavity. A similar
resonators to provide needed filtering loop with a series capacitor is used for the
performance. Beyond duplexer applications, pass-reject version.
cavity resonators are used as stand alone
filters, in transmitter combiners and various Most loops are formed from heavy copper
other filter applications. strips, silver plated for reduction of skin effect
losses. Loop dimensions, and aspect ratio,
Cut-away views of typical band pass and pass- e.g.: width to depth, size (volume) of the
reject cavities are shown in Figure 7. cavity, operating frequency and degree of
coupling will all contribute to the impedance
The difference between band pass and pass of the loop. For those readers familiar with
reject cavity couplingloops are shown in Figure the use of imaginary number notation, the
8. The band pass loop extend down into the character of the loop is predominately
inductive.
Adjusting Knob
Adjusting Knob
Invar
Inv Tuning Rod
ar Tuning Rod
Compressi
Compressionon
set
set nut
nut
Type NConnectors
Type N Connectors
Adjustabl e Coupling Loop
Adjustable Coupling Loop
(typical)
S izes vary (typical)
ac cor ding to
Sizes
band varyent
segm according to
involv ed.
band segment involved
FFixed ElementSection
ix ed Element Section
Cav ityBody
Cavity body - May
- May be be
r ound, square or
Round, square or
irr egular i n s hape.
irregular in shape.
Finge
Finger r stock
stockfastened
fastened
to
tofixe d eelement,
fixed lement , pro-
pro-
vid ing conta ct w ith t he
viding contact with
movi ng element w hen
the
moving
tuning element
knob when
is turne d.
tuning knob is turned
A djustabl e El em ent
Adjustable Element
Secti on
Section
Band
BandPass
PassCavity
Cavity Pass - Reject
Pass Reject Cavity
Cavity
Figure 7
-5-
Admittance will vary from +j30 to +j50, sided shapes will work fine if properly
according to how it is adjusted. Since the loop designed. These can be very space efficient
impedance is not purely resistive, all cable compared to round formats.
lengths between cavities are critical. The
lengths of interconnecting cables must be EMR Corp. uses square or rectangular format
selected to yield a suitable match with the designs exclusively, made from heavy gauge
traditional 50 Ω system impedance used in aluminum sheet or extrusions with TIG welded
land mobile systems. end plates to provide a high order of
Figure 8
Loop hold down
TypeNNConnector
Type connector screw
Loopwith
holdflat
dow n TypeType
N connect or
N Connector Loop hold dow n
Loop hold down
End
Endplate
plateofof screw w it h flat
washer screw with
w it h flat
f lat
Loop
Loopplate
plate screw
cavity body
cavity body waswas
her her was her
washer
Rotatable
Rotatable Loop t uning capacitor:
Loop Loop tuning capacitor:
Loopplate
plate End
Endplate
plate Resonat es lo op to
Resonates loop to
ofofcav
cavity
ity notchfrequency.
notch frequency .
Bandpass
Band pass body
body Pass-reject
Pass-reject
Loop
Loop
Loop
Loop
Typical band pass loop assembly Typical pass/reject loop assembly
Figure 8, above, shows the two typical loop mechanical integrity. Some of the reasons for
configurations. Note that the “loop plate” can using this design concept include:
be rotated to adjust the coupling factor into
and out of the cavity. For pass-reject 1. Square or rectangular shapes fit better in
application, either a “T” adapter or a specially cabinets, racks and other enclosures than do
constructed loop plate arrangement with a round or irregular shapes. We secure a higher
variable capacitor is placed in series with the “Q” per cubic foot of occupied space using
“grounded” end of the loop. This capacitor is our “Square Q” cavities, yielding better
adjusted to position the resulting notch performance vs: site rack or cabinet space
frequency as needed. Cavity tuning as well occupancy. As an example, a 7” square cavity
as notch frequency responses are somewhat has performance equal to an 8” round cavity
interactive, usually requiring several tuning and uses 20% less rack or cabinet space.
steps, each step bringing the cavity closer to
an optimized tuning condition. 2. The square format for our cavities lends
itself to a variety of packaging and mounting
Cavity Comparisons methods. Many round cavities must use large
hose clamps on support rails to mount them.
Some points of comparison between cavities Our UHF and 800-960 MHz square cavities
are as follows: can be panel mounted using their sturdy 1/4”
thick bottom plates.
Many manufacturers build round cavities
because round forms of aluminum and copper 3. The EMR Corp. line of “economical”
pipe are plentiful or can readily be roll formed integrated cavity duplexer bodies employ
from sheet stock. Rectangular, square or heavy aluminum parts that are “dip-brazed”
multi-
-6-
together to insure absolute mechanical is degraded sharply, you will probably need
integrity. to modify cable lengths to get proper
operation.
These duplexers use “capacitive probe” tuned
resonator elements. They provide outstanding Question: What type of duplexer is it? Band
performance, stability and reliability at a very pass or pass/reject? A rule of thumb
attractive cost to the site owner. suggestion as to probable performance of
various sizes and types of duplexers according
4. High power handling cavities for continuous to operating band will be found in Appendix
duty operation at 250, 500, 1,000 watts and #1 of this bulletin. These examples can be
higher power levels are most often equipped used as guide lines to determine whether they
with heat sinks and thermostatically actuated can be successfully re-tuned and used for a
cooling fans to maintain thermal balance. particular application.
Tuning or Re-tuning Duplexers Test Equipment Requirements
Before attempting to tune a given duplexer to The following test equipment is considered
suit a particular transmit and receive frequency necessary to successful duplexer re-tuning:
pair, you must make several important
determinations. ♦ Preferred: A Dynamic Wave Analyzer with
dual trace display, 100 dB (or more) in 10
Question: What specifications did the duplexer dB steps of vertical log display resolution,
manufacturer place on the particular model 1 dB per division (or less) fine resolution,
involved? Such as: (A) Input power rating, with integral transmission - reflection
(B) Minimum T-R spacing, (C) Branch bridge or “S parameter” test set.
insertion loss vs: T-R spacing.
♦ Acceptable: A dual trace spectrum
Answer: Often old catalogs of the duplexer analyzer with integral swept generator and
manufacturer will disclose the expected transmission - reflection bridge, having at
performance capabilities. If this can’t be least 80 dB of vertical resolution in 10 dB
found, measuring performance “as-is” can and 1 dB steps.
result in a good opinion as to operating
capabilities. ♦ Minimum: A spectrum analyzer with 80 dB
or greater dynamic range and a stable well
Question: What frequencies were the calibrated signal generator. If possible,
duplexer factory tuned for? Are these more an R. F. bridge should be available.
than 4 to 5% higher or lower than the
frequency pair that you want to tune to? ♦ It is possible to retune duplexers using two
Example: Originally factory tuned for 452.250 typical service monitors, one having
TX and 457.250 RX. You need a duplexer to spectrum display. Generate a calibrated
work on TX 464.925 TX and 469.925 RX signal with one and use the other to
channels. Can the duplexer perform indicate signal amplitude. Usually the
acceptably at the new frequencies? accuracy of readings provided are
somewhat lacking, making truly accurate
Answer: Measure and record performance adjustments difficult or impossible.
at the old frequencies, then retune. If the T-
R split is the same as before and performance ♦ Duplexer manufacturers and well equipped
-7-
full service land mobile service shops

usually have a range of spectrum and/or R1
wave analysis instruments suitable for filter
C1
tuning work.
♦ In addition to the basic instrumentation, Signal

Signal Test Port
source
sourcce
cables of known integrity, test terminations
and various adapters are needed to
R2
accomplish the necessary hook-ups and C2
to properly calibrate your set-up.
What Does SWR, VSR And Return Loss

Mean? Figure 9
R. F.
The term VSWR or simply SWR is used voltmeter
throughout the wireless industry to denote the
“quality” of a device relative to a stated Typical Radio Frequency Bridge
impedance. VSWR stands for Voltage
Standing Wave Ratio. It is expressed C1, C2 are also equal in capacitive reactance
mathematically as: the current and voltage flowing in all four legs
of the bridge are matched and zero volts will
VSWR = Vo + Vr be indicated by the R. F. voltmeter. When all
Vo – Vr resistances and reactances are 50 Ω, resistor
R1 can be removed and its position used as a
Where: Vo = incident voltage
Vr = reflected voltage
comparison or test port. When the external
circuit impedance is nearing 50 Ω the
VSWR is a ratio between incident (forward) indicated voltage becomes less and less,
power and reflected power. When none of becoming zero at a perfect match.
the power is reflected VSWR = 1:1. If all of
the power is reflected, the VSWR will be The amount of reflected energy compared
infinity:1. Direct measurements of VSWR can with the energy applied to the bridge is then
be made using wave analyzers or using translated directly to dB and is known as return
directional couplers with specially calibrated loss. Return loss is a most convenient way to
meters. These instruments display reflected measure how well a device matches a
power in terms of VSWR in real numbers. standardized system impedance such as 50
Ω.
About R. F. Bridges: “Dual sweep, dual trace”
wave analyzers have an internal sweep signal A mismatched antenna or other device will
generator that drives a R F. bridge having a reflect power in proportion to the degree of
50 Ω impedance. If the analyzer does not mismatch. If no power is reflected, a 1:1
have this feature, a separate external bridge VSWR or perfectly resistive match exists. This
should be secured and connected such that also represents a return loss of infinity.
return loss measurements can be made. Conversely, if all of the power is reflected this
represents a VSWR of infinity:1 and a return
A basic R. F. bridge is shown schematically in loss of zero. The two methods of expressing
Figure 9. When R1 and R2 are equal and impedance compatibility are, in that sense,
reciprocal.
-8-
Test Accessories. “A” resolution set for 10 dB per division

observe the resulting trace with the test cable
You will need jumper cables with suitable unterminated. Set the trace position to show
connectors to connect the analyzer to the DUT a horizontal line greater at the reference value.
(device under test) and back to the analyzer’s Connect the Type N “bullet” adapter between
receive display input. Generally, a set of the two free cable ends. Set the “B” trace to
cables made for each band will suffice. These full scale reading (top of the graticule).
must be most suitably an electrical half
wavelength long. You can calculate this if you Now, look at the “A” trace. It should be a
know the velocity factor of the cable. Suppose horizontal line at least 35 dB down from the
that you are using RG142B/U cable having a “A” reference line. If it is less than 35 dB your
velocity factor of 82%: cable length should be modified.
Example: The constant: 5,616 Next, connect the cables to the cavity under
Frequency (MHz) 155 =
½ electrical wavelength = 36.23”
test. If no notch pattern is seen, expand the
To correct for cable velocity factor: horizontal sweep to 20, 50 or 100 MHz until
36.23 x .82 = 29.7” cable length the notch pattern is identified. It will probably
look like a distorted “W” response. Adjust the
Be sure to use the cable and connector manufacturer’s
instructions to determine how much to shorten the cable
cavity tuning rod position to bring the pattern
to account for connector electrical lengths. to screen center. Reduce sweep width to 10
MHz (1 MHz per division).
You can verify your cable lengths by
connecting one end directly to the analyzer If your analyzer has markers, place Marker
bridge output and terminating the other end #1 at the pass frequency, in this case 154.0
with a known high quality test load termination. MHz and set Marker #2 at 157 MHz.
If the cable is good for your purpose, a return Alternately adjust the cavity tuning and the
loss of more than 30 dB (40 dB or better loop notch tuning until minimum insertion loss
preferred) will be indicated at the desired test and maximum notch depth are obtained.
frequency.
If markers are not available, you can
Tuning or Re-tuning Cavities interpolate between the screen divisions to
arrive at the desired frequencies with about
Figure 10 shows how a wave analyzer can be 100 KHz resolution if you use care. By
used to tune either band pass or pass/reject reducing the resolution of Trace (B) to 0.50,
cavities. Prior to doing any tuning, you must 0.25 or 0.10 dB you can now accurately see
set up the analyzer and calibrate it to insure the insertion loss with high definition. The
that your measurements will be meaningful. response patterns should be similar to those
shown in Figure 10.
Suppose that you wish to tune a pass/reject
cavity to pass 154.0 MHz and reject 157.0 Tuning band pass cavities is more or less
MHz. First set the center of the instrument similar. Depending on the particular need,
swept range to 155.0 MHz and the sweep these cavities are tuned for 0.5 dB to 0.75 dB
width to 20 MHz wide. of insertion loss each for duplexer service,
although some are tuned for up to 3 dB of
With the channel “A” reference line set to the loss as stand alone filters. You must be sure
vertical center line of the display and channel that the loop coupling factors are balanced.
-9-
Some manufactures place calibration marks exact coupling factors. Your cavity is properly
on rotatable loops. Beware: They are simply tuned when you can reverse the cables to it
for guidance and not intended to result in and both the insertion loss and the return loss
are the same in either direction.
Wave A nalyzer
156
50 ohm Bridge With Swept Output Swept Si gnal Input
Pass/ Reject
Cavity Under Test
Respo nse
Return Loss
Band Pass
Cavity Under Test
Response
Response
Return Loss
Expected display
t races
(See text)
0 Reference
Insertion
Line"A" 50 ohm
Loss 10
dB Test
20 Terminat ion
y
e la
ul p
ic is
30
Type N
et D
R zer
40 Reference Bullet
0
ly
Line "B" A daptor

na
A
50 10
Type N
60 20 Return
Male-Male
Loss
70 30
dB
Adapt or
80 40
Tuning & Calibration
Wave analyzer calibration settings Accessories
Cavity
Cavitytuning
tuning under dynamicwave
under dynamic waveanalysis
analysis metho d
method
Figure 10 See text for purpose, set- up, calibration and adj ustments.
-10-
This makes the loop couplings equal through Note that through critical coupling, the desired
the cavity. Usually this will take several cable pass band is essentially flat over a 1 MHz.
reversals and “touch ups” of loop orientation range and the return loss is about 28 dB over
to arrive at the desired insertion loss with the range. Careful cable length adjustments
acceptable return loss at both ports. Most and considerable tuning time is required to
cavities will show a return loss from 17 to 25 accomplish superior filter performance. This
dB when optimized. Remember, the cavity is insures protection for a group of closely
presenting a predominately inductive spaced multicoupled receivers at a high
characteristic to an inherently resistive leg of density site.
the bridge.
0 Reference
Tuning Multiple Cavities, Tuning Duplexers 10
Line "B"
Insertion 20
It is possible to develop a filter to pass a range Loss
dB 30
of frequencies and having steep sloped
40 Reference
responses above and below the desired pass 0
Line "A""
50
band. The curves shown in Figure 11 displays 10
the performance of four, 10” square cavities 60 20 Return

Loss
properly phased together in a series configur- 70 30 dB
ation. 80
152 153 154 155 156
40
MHz.
To secure broad band “nose” responses from Figure 11

two or more cavities in series, the connecting
cables between them must be of optimum Summary:
length. Before trying to tune a cavity “string”
you must first tune each cavity individually, For the reader who wishes to become
setting its pass or pass/reject to suit system proficient at tuning or re-tuning antenna
needs. Usually the connecting cables between duplexers, it is hoped that this bulletin has
cavities are close to ½ wavelength in electrical provided enough insight to be of assistance
length, corrected to allow for the effective to you.
lengths of connectors and loop configurations.
Shorter lengths are often found to yield the Appendix #1 lists expected performances of
desired performance, according to band of typical cavity combinations in the VHF, UHF
operation. and “High UHF” bands. These are to be
considered average, some makes and types
If the “chained” cavities are to be used as showing better and some not as good as these
branches of a duplexer, one branch (or chain) numbers.
will be tuned for the receive pass frequency
and the notch set for the transmitter frequency. Errata
The transmit branch is tuned opposite. The
junction cables must be adjusted in length to It is important that you have correct cable
effectively maintain the reject characteristics lengths between the duplexer cavity
between the two branches while maintaining resonators and that proper tuning has been
correct impedance matching with both accomplished.
branches and the antenna port.
We are often asked for a list of generic cable
-11-
lengths to connect cavities together. Often, We will be pleased to assist you with any
the user will be trying to make a filter or duplexer problem. Call, FAX or E-mail us with
duplexer out of a set of mis-matched cavities your duplexer type(s) and operating frequency
as a duplexer or filter. Unfortunately, we can information.
only guess at the lengths, drawing from past
experience. EMR Corporation
22402 North 19th Avenue
We trust that this bulletin will be the basis for Phoenix, AZ 85027
a better understanding of antenna duplexers,
and bring out the reasons why care must be Telephone: (623) 581-2875
used in tuning them if acceptable performance Toll Free: (800) 796-2875
FAX: (623) 582-9499
is to be secured. EMR Web Page: www.emrcorp.com
E-mail: info@emrcorp.com
Hopefully, this discussion of duplexers has
provided enough insight to be of assistance
to you.
Appendix #1
Cavity Types vs: Performance in Duplexers
Duplexer B an d No. Cavities Cavity Siz e Minimum T-R
Type MHz . Per Branch & Format Spacing, MHz .
Band Pass 150-170 3 4" Sq., 5" Round 4.0
Pass Reject 150-170 2 4" Sq., 5" Round 0.8
Band Pass 806-960 (1) 1 4" Sq., 5" Round 45.0
Band Pass 806-960 (2) 2 4" Sq., 5" Round 30
Band Pass 806-960 (3) 6 RX, 4 TX Special modular filters 15
(1) Single frequency repeaters, only under 30 watts power.

(2) Extended band pass, up to 15 MHz. wide, each response.
(3) EMR Corp. Broad band SMR Duplexer, up to 15 MHz. per TX and RX response.
-12-

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Understanding, Maintaining &

Re-Tuning Antenna Duplexers

Forward and RX antennas, and providing sufficient

The terms duplexer and diplexer have been

A duplexer provides the means for

Typical selectivity curves of the three cavity

shown to represent the transmitter wide band 20

Pass- Performance Comparisons

other type. Some of these are: Special Duplexer Types

Band Pass Type: At today’s overcrowded land mobile sites,

1" square resonators using

Mobile or control station duplexer Performance curves for a typical mobile

Typical band pass loop assembly Typical pass/reject loop assembly

Tuning or Re-tuning Duplexers Test Equipment Requirements

full service land mobile service shops

♦ In addition to the basic instrumentation, Signal

What Does SWR, VSR And Return Loss

Test Accessories. “A” resolution set for 10 dB per division

50 ohm Bridge With Swept Output Swept Si gnal Input

Line "B" A daptor

the performance of four, 10” square cavities 60 20 Return

To secure broad band “nose” responses from Figure 11

Band Pass 150-170 3 7" Sq., 8" Round 3.0

Band Pass 150-170 3 10" Sq., 11" Round 2.2

Pass Reject 150-170 2 4" Sq., 5" Round 0.8

Pass Reject 150-170 3 7" Sq., 8" Round 0.5

Pass Reject 150-170 3 10" Sq., 11" Round 0.3

Band Pass 450-470 3 4" Sq., 5" Round 10.0

Band Pass 450-470 3 7" Sq., 8" Round 7.0

Band Pass 450-470 3 10" Sq., 11" Round 5.0

Pass Reject 450-470 2 4" Sq., 5" Round 5.0

Pass Reject 450-470 3 7" Sq., 8" Round 3.5

Pass Reject 450-470 3 10" Sq., 11" Round 3.0

Band Pass 806-960 (1) 1 4" Sq., 5" Round 45.0

Band Pass 806-960 (2) 2 4" Sq., 5" Round 30

Band Pass 806-960 (3) 6 RX, 4 TX Special modular filters 15

Pass Reject 806-960 1 4" Sq., 5" Round 45.0

Pass Reject 806-960 2 4" Sq., 5" Round 20.0

Pass Reject 806-960 2 7" Sq., 8" Round 12.0

(1) Single frequency repeaters, only under 30 watts power.

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