HYBRID EXTERNAL FIXATOR

ROGER ANDERSON EXTERNAL FIXATOR

ROGER ANDERSON

MINI RAEF

ILIZAROV EXTERNAL FIXATOR

SKIN STAPLER

HEMOVAC SUCTION DRAINAGE

SPACER: ATNTIBIOTIC

SUBLUMINAR WIRING

ANTIBIOTIC BEADS

NAIL EXTRACTOR - IMN

TOWER'S EXTERNAL FIXATOR

BONE DRILL - MANNUAL A& ELECTRIC

KNEE ARTHROPLASTY

VONE WAX - HIP ARTHROPLASTY

GENERAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF FRACTURE 1. Pain at or near the seat of fracture. 2. Tenderness of discomfort on gentle pressure over the affected area. 3. Swelling about the seat of fracture. Swelling frequently render it difficult to perceive other signs of fracture and care must be taken therefore not to treat the condition as a less serious injury. 4. Loss or power; the injured part cannot be moved normally 5. Deformity of the limb; the limb may assume an unnatural position and be mis-shapen. The contracting muscles may cause the broken ends of the bone to override, thereby producing shortening of the limp. 6. Irregularity of the bone. If the fracture is near the skin the irregularity of the bone may be felt. 7. Crepitus (bony grating) may be heard or felt.

8. Unnatural movement at the seat of the fracture.

The pain is not from the nerve or tendon but from the periosteum sheath over the bone that is damaged in a broken/fractured bone. The periosteum is a fibrous sheath that covers bones. It contains the blood vessels and nerves that provide nourishment and sensation to the bone.
Signs and Symptoms

Pain Swelling Bruising Discolored skin around the affected area Angulation - the affected area may be bent at an unusual angle Risk Factor:

The patient is unable to put weight on the injured

area The patient cannot move the affected area The affected bone or joint may have a grating sensation If it is an open fracture there may be bleeding

Age. The rate of hip fractures increases substantially with age. As you age, your bone density and muscle mass both decrease. Older age may also bring vision and balance problems, along with slower reaction time to avoid falling when you feel unsteady. If you're inactive, your muscles tend to weaken even more as you age. All of these factors combined can increase your risk of a hip fracture.

Your sex. Women lose bone density at a faster rate than men do. The drop in estrogen levels that occurs with menopause accelerates bone loss, increasing the risk of hip fractures. However, men also can develop dangerously low levels of bone density. Chronic medical conditions. Osteoporosis is the most powerful risk factor for hip fracture, but other medical conditions may lead to fragile bones. These include endocrine disorders, such as an overactive thyroid, and intestinal disorders, which may reduce your absorption of vitamin D and calcium. Certain medications. Cortisone medications, such as prednisone, can weaken bone if you take them long term. In some cases, certain drugs or the combination of medications can make you dizzy and more prone to falling. Nutritional problems. Lack of calcium and vitamin D in your diet when you're young lowers your peak bone mass and increases your risk of fracture later in life. Serious eating disorders, such as anorexia nervosa and bulimia, can damage your skeleton by depriving your body of essential nutrients needed for bone building.

Physical inactivity. Weight-bearing exercises, such as walking, help strengthen bones and muscles, making falls and fractures less likely. If you don't regularly participate in weight-bearing exercise, you may have lower bone density and weaker bones.

Tobacco and alcohol use. Smoking and drinking alcohol can interfere with the normal processes of bone building and remodeling, resulting in bone loss.

Understanding the physiological disruptions that produce the signs and symptoms of inflammation are basic to understanding the inflammatory process. Many of the signs and symptoms are the result of local changes in cardiovascular blood supply to the affected area. Erythema and increased warmth result from local vasodilation in the affected area bringing increased quantities of warm, core temperature blood into the area.Increased capillary permeability in inflamed tissues results in greater filtration and a localized edema. These cardiovascular changes can be interpreted as the bodys attempt to increase blood flow to the affected area delivering more WBCs and nutrients for repair of the damage. Pain and itching result whenever nociceptors are stimulated as they definitely would be in the area of tissue damage. In the event of injury involving a defense barrier of the body, both initial tissue injury and resultant microbial contamination yielding further damage are real possibilities. -----The pathophysiology of edema varies based on the type of edema the sufferer experiences. The excessive retention of interstitial fluid characteristic of edema may be caused by an overconsumption of salt or failure to properly excrete sodium from the body. Edema may also be caused by poor circulation or other heart and lung conditions. Alternatively, the palpableswelling of body parts may be caused by blockages in the circulatory system or problems with cellular regulation of fluid. Since edema is usually a symptom of other disorders, physicians must determine the pathophysiology of edema on a case-by-case basis to help treat their patients.
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Discoloration Nearer the skin's surface, capillary breakage appears red-purple in color, reflecting leakage of red blood cells, then as blue-black, and still later as yellow-brown or green as iron from destroyed red blood cells accumulates in the affected tissue
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Skin Bruises Skin bruises, which are the most common type of bruise, develop when small blood vessels that are directly under the skin are broken or ruptured. This usually happens from blunt trauma, such as being punched in the arm or smacking your shin against a table. Bruises develop slowly and can last for up to 1 month. Once the blood vessels have ruptured, the blood slowly seeps into the surrounding area. At first, the bruise appears as a reddish area. After a day or two, the bruise will turn the skin black and blue, as the damage to the tissue surrounding the broken blood vessels becomes more apparent. Over time, the body reabsorbs the blood, which makes the bruise turn a yellowishgreen color. A bruise may be very small and may blend in with the texture of the skin, or it may be large, swollen and painful. Within days to a week or so, the bruise becomes more purple. As it heals, it becomes brownish-yellow. Generally, bruises heal and disappear within 2 to 3 weeks. Bone and Muscle Bruises Bones and muscles can also be bruised. Both are more serious than skin bruises and are usually caused by more serious accidents such as sports injuries, car accidents and recreational injuries, such as a skiing accident. Bone bruises usually occur in the medullary portion of the bone, or the area between the joints. A bone bruise can have swelling and bleeding at the side of the damaged blood vessels, and is usually quite painful. Like the more common skin bruise, they can take a month or more to heal. Muscle bruises occur when the muscles take a direct blow and their blood vessels are damaged without breaking the skin. Pain and swelling are common symptoms, along with stiffness and limited motion. Again, they can take up to a month or more to heal.