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    Structralism

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    Rahul Mahashabde
    1) Structuralism emerged in Europe in the 1920s and North America in the 1930s-1960s as a new approach to linguistics that viewed language as a systematic structure and focused on its internal organization rather than its origins. 2) European structuralism, developed by Ferdinand de Saussure, emphasized that language has an abstract system (langue) that is distinct from actual speech (parole) and is composed of signs with a signifier and signified. 3) North American structuralism, led by Leonard Bloomfield, took a more empirical approach and argued that linguistics should only study observable speech and aim to objectively

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    Structralism

    Uploaded by

    Rahul Mahashabde
    148 views23 pages
    1) Structuralism emerged in Europe in the 1920s and North America in the 1930s-1960s as a new approach to linguistics that viewed language as a systematic structure and focused on its internal organization rather than its origins. 2) European structuralism, developed by Ferdinand de Saussure, emphasized that language has an abstract system (langue) that is distinct from actual speech (parole) and is composed of signs with a signifier and signified. 3) North American structuralism, led by Leonard Bloomfield, took a more empirical approach and argued that linguistics should only study observable speech and aim to objectively

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    syntax

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    structralism

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    1) Structuralism emerged in Europe in the 1920s and North America in the 1930s-1960s as a new approach to linguistics that viewed language as a systematic structure and focused on its internal organization rather than its origins. 2) European structuralism, developed by Ferdinand de Saussure, emphasized that language has an abstract system (langue) that is distinct from actual speech (parole) and is composed of signs with a signifier and signified. 3) North American structuralism, led by Leonard Bloomfield, took a more empirical approach and argued that linguistics should only study observable speech and aim to objectively

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    148 views23 pages

    Structralism

    Uploaded by

    Rahul Mahashabde
    1) Structuralism emerged in Europe in the 1920s and North America in the 1930s-1960s as a new approach to linguistics that viewed language as a systematic structure and focused on its internal organization rather than its origins. 2) European structuralism, developed by Ferdinand de Saussure, emphasized that language has an abstract system (langue) that is distinct from actual speech (parole) and is composed of signs with a signifier and signified. 3) North American structuralism, led by Leonard Bloomfield, took a more empirical approach and argued that linguistics should only study observable speech and aim to objectively

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    of 23

    UNIVERSIDAD PEDAGGICA EXPERIMENTAL LIBERTADOR INSTITUTO PEDAGGICO CARACAS VICERRECTORADO DE INVESTIGACIN Y POSTGRADO COORDINACIN NACIONAL DE POSTGRADO Maestra en Enseanza

    del Ingls como Lengua Extranjera

    Structuralism
    (De Saussure, F . / Bloomfield, L. et alii).

    Prof. Hctor Escalona

    Structuralism
    European
    1920s

    North American
    1930s 1960s

    Linguists tried to reconstruct dead languages on the basis of the similarities that were found to exist between languages thought to be related historically to those dead languages.

    In short, during the 19th century scholars in linguistics worked from a historical, diachronic, perspective.

    European Structuralism
    De Saussure was not satisfied with the historical comparison of language. He stated that such comparison only answered where a language comes from, but not what language is.

    Ferdinand de Saussure
    1857 - 1913

    European Structuralism
    Main tenets

    1) Language has a structure


    2) Language is a system of sings 3) Language operates at two levels: langue and parole

    European Structuralism
    Main tenets

    1) Language has a structure Language is a structure in which each elements interact.

    European Structuralism
    Main tenets

    2) Language is a system of signs


    Noise is language only when it expresses or communicates ideas.

    European Structuralism
    Signified Signifier

    /ka:r/
    Physical dimension of language

    Sign
    Car

    European Structuralism
    Main tenets
    Langue Parole

    The abstract system

    Actual speech

    North American Structuralism


    Beginning: a group of anthropologists describing fast-disappearing AmericanIndian tribes.

    They found that there was no methodology for them to follow in order to describe these languages.

    North American Structuralism


    A new step in the American Structuralism

    NA Structuralism centers in what people actually say

    Leonard Bloomfield
    1887-1949

    North American Structuralism


    Main tenets
    1) Linguistics is a descriptive science.
    2) The primary form of language is the spoken one. 3) Every language is a system on its own right. 4) Language is a system in which smaller units arrange systematically to form larger ones. 5) Meaning should not be part of linguistic analysis. 6) The procedures to determine the units in language should be objective and rigorous.

    7) Language is observable speech, not knowledge.

    North American Structuralism


    Main tenets
    1) Linguistics is a descriptive science. Describe what people say, not what people should say.

    North American Structuralism


    Main tenets
    2) The primary form of language is the spoken one.

    Reasons:
    1) Not every language has a written form. 2) Everybody learns an oral language. 3) The spoken form comes first than the written one.

    North American Structuralism


    Main tenets
    3) Every language is a system on its own right. Language should not be described in terms of another language, but rather, it should be described on its own terms.

    North American Structuralism


    Main tenets
    4) Language is a system in which smaller units arrange systematically to form larger ones. These linguists proposed a procedure in which they began analyzing the smallest units and classifying them, and describing the patterns into which they combined to form larger units.

    /l/
    [lang-gwI]

    Language is a system

    North American Structuralism


    Main tenets
    5) Meaning should not be part of linguistic analysis. Bloomfield and many other structuralism followers consider meaning as abstract and unobservable, therefore, unscientific.

    Prato?

    North American Structuralism


    Main tenets
    6) The procedures to determine the units in language should be objective and rigorous.
    NA Structuralism rejected traditional definitions of, for example, a noun as the word that refers to persons, animals or things (definition based on meaning).

    North American Structuralism


    Main tenets
    6) The procedures to determine the units in language should be objective and rigorous.

    In this respect, they provide two observable criteria for defying the items of language: Form and Distribution.

    North American Structuralism


    Main tenets
    7) Language is observable speech, not knowledge. Langue and parole were rejected as unscientific abstractions. The main objective would be to make a taxonomy of language based on observable samples of speech (corpus/corpora)
    Phonemes-morphemes-sentences patterns.

    REPBLICA BOLIVARIANA DE VENEZUELA UNIVERSIDAD PEDAGGICA EXPERIMENTAL LIBERTADOR INSTITUTO PEDAGGICO CARACAS VICERRECTORADO DE INVESTIGACIN Y POSTGRADO COORDINACIN NACIONAL DE POSTGRADO Maestra en Enseanza del Ingls como Lengua Extranjera

    Thanks

    Prof. Hctor Escalona

    References

    Aitchison, J. (1978). Linguistics. London: Hodder and Stoughton. Chomsky, N. (1959). Review of B.F. Skinner, Verbal behavior. Language. 35: 26-57. --------------- (1965). Aspects of the theory of syntax. Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press. --------------- (1966-1973) Linguistic theory. In Oller J. and J. Richard (eds.) Focus on the Learner. Rowley, Mass.:Newbury House. Culler, J. (1976). Ferdinand de Saussure. London : Penguin Books. Department of Linguistics. The Ohio State University (1972). Language Files. Reinoldsburg, Ohio: Advocate Publishing Group. Halliday, M.A.K. (1973). Explorations in the functions of language. London: Edward Arnold. Hymes, D. (1971/1979). On communicative competence. In Brumfit, C. and K. Johnson (eds.) The communicative approach to language teaching. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Lyons, J. (1968). Introduction to theoretical linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Mackey, W. (1966/1973). Language didactics and applied linguistics. In J. Oller and J. Richard (eds). Focus on the learner. Rowley, Mass.: Newbury House. OGrady, W., M. Dobrovolsky and M. Aronoff. (1989). Contemporary linguistics: an introduction. New York: St. Martins Press. De Saussure, F.

    Structuralism
    Let us discus these questions together:
    1) How Structuralism, Functionalism and Generativism have contribute to our present understanding of language? 2) Why havent the questions what is language and how does language work havent been completely answered? 3) In which aspects European and North American Structuralism meet and differ?

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