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    Electronic Earthing

    Uploaded by

    erkamlakar2234
    1) Sensitive electronic equipment like computers need to be properly earthed to protect against random voltages and noise interference. 2) There are four main earthing methods - multiple earthing connections, isolated earthing, single point earthing, and single point earthing plus a grounding grid. Single point earthing with a grounding grid is the recommended method. 3) Case histories show issues like equipment failures and data errors being caused by improper earthing like reversed neutral-ground bonding or isolated earthing systems. Properly implementing the recommended single point earthing method with grounding grids solved the problems.

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    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Electronic Earthing

    Uploaded by

    erkamlakar2234
    930 views30 pages
    1) Sensitive electronic equipment like computers need to be properly earthed to protect against random voltages and noise interference. 2) There are four main earthing methods - multiple earthing connections, isolated earthing, single point earthing, and single point earthing plus a grounding grid. Single point earthing with a grounding grid is the recommended method. 3) Case histories show issues like equipment failures and data errors being caused by improper earthing like reversed neutral-ground bonding or isolated earthing systems. Properly implementing the recommended single point earthing method with grounding grids solved the problems.

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    Electronic Earthing

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    1) Sensitive electronic equipment like computers need to be properly earthed to protect against random voltages and noise interference. 2) There are four main earthing methods - multiple earthing connections, isolated earthing, single point earthing, and single point earthing plus a grounding grid. Single point earthing with a grounding grid is the recommended method. 3) Case histories show issues like equipment failures and data errors being caused by improper earthing like reversed neutral-ground bonding or isolated earthing systems. Properly implementing the recommended single point earthing method with grounding grids solved the problems.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    930 views30 pages

    Electronic Earthing

    Uploaded by

    erkamlakar2234
    1) Sensitive electronic equipment like computers need to be properly earthed to protect against random voltages and noise interference. 2) There are four main earthing methods - multiple earthing connections, isolated earthing, single point earthing, and single point earthing plus a grounding grid. Single point earthing with a grounding grid is the recommended method. 3) Case histories show issues like equipment failures and data errors being caused by improper earthing like reversed neutral-ground bonding or isolated earthing systems. Properly implementing the recommended single point earthing method with grounding grids solved the problems.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
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    The key takeaways are that sensitive electronic equipment needs to be earthed properly to avoid issues from stray voltages, noise coupling and impedance mismatches. Different earthing methods are discussed along with their pros and cons.

    The different types of earthing connections discussed are equipment earthing, signal common earthing, DC power supply reference earthing, multiple earthing connections and separate/isolated earthing connections.

    Having multiple earthing connections can result in noise causing errors or failures as the neutral current gets divided between connections, leading to voltage differences.

    Introduction to Earthing of Sensitive Electronic Equipment

    (Computers/IT Loads/PLCs/Other Similar Sensitive Electronic Equipments)

    Electrical Standard Products/VR

    Sensitive Electronic Equipment


    Systems to be Earthed...
    1) Equipment earthing - metallic enclosures, or frame of electronic equipment. 2) Signal Common Earthing - the zero reference system for data lines & the signal portion in general. 3) DC Power Supply Reference Earthing - the electronic equipment may have different DC voltage systems 12V/24V.

    Sensitive Electronic Equipment


    Basic Issues
    1 Susceptible to random voltages far below the levels that are perceptible to humans & that have no effect on electrical power equipment (even the static voltage charges generated by lightning strokes within several thousand feet can cause damage).

    Sensitive Electronic Equipment


    Basic Issues
    2 Problem of noise coupling (capacitive & inductive) between signal circuits & power circuits.

    Sensitive Electronic Equipment


    Basic Issues
    3 Impedance considerations related to the power frequency safety aspects of a earthing system may not necessarily provide the desirable low impedance at the high frequency signals.

    Sensitive Electronic Equipment


    Basic Issues
    4 Several elements at different locations, but linked by a data cable that carries it own zero reference - a conductor linking the earthing connections at different locations. Under certain conditions substantial differences can exist between distant elements of the system - leading to component failures.

    Earthing Methods
    1) Multiple Earthing Connections

    # In a commercial/non-industrial building it is not unusual to find neutral connected to earth/panel enclosures at more than one location.
    # Results in noise causing errors or worse. # Whether accidental or intentional, this practice is not recommended.

    Multiple Earthing
    The N current gets divided & a part of it will be flowing thru ground/ground wire, even w/o earth fault

    Ground Loops

    Signal & Ground Wire 0.1 Ohm Z

    5V Pick-Up if (say) 50A stray current flow

    Building Steel (Earthed)

    Earthing Methods
    2) Separate/Isolated Earthing Connection

    # To earth computers to isolated earthing electrodes separate from the power system earthing electrode system. # While continuous low-level noise are eliminated, other catastrophic incidents are encountered.
    # Since unsafe, therefore not recommended.

    Isolated Earthing
    Building Steel/Power System Earthing

    Signal & Ground Wire (Insulated)

    Isolated Computer Earthing


    10 KA Stroke to Building Building to Computer Capacitance 1 Ohm 10 KV

    Isolated Earthing
    Why Unsafe?

    Large voltages impressed on computer components under thunderstorm conditions (direct strike or charge induced because of clouds overhead).
    With isolated earthing, a fault in a computer requires fault current to pass thru the resistance of both the isolated & power system ground in series. In this case the current would be insufficient to operate the protective device.

    Isolated Earthing
    20A CB
    Computer Modules

    Earth Fault 415V/240V 5 Ohm IF IF = 240/10 = 24A 5 Ohm Isolated Earthing

    Earthing Methods
    3) Single Point Earthing Connection

    # To prevent stray/circulating currents from affecting the computer signals & operations, it is necessary to keep the computer ground system separate from the equipment ground components & connect together at only one point. # Recommended method, as it eliminates problems of earlier two methods.

    Single Point Earthing


    R
    Computer Modules

    Y
    B N

    Isolation Transformer Equipment Earthing Conductor

    RECOMMENDED POWER DISTRIBUTION COMPUTER SYSTEM


    FROM MAIN 415V SOURCE

    240V COMPUTER SYSTEM POWER PANEL

    Computer Isolation Transformer

    Single Point Earthing


    Only Limitation...
    Due to length of the grounding conductor from the computer units to the grounding point, there is possibility of computer conductors being subjected to high-frequency resonance with RF signals.

    Single Point Earthing


    In addition requires...
    Since equipment earthing employing long earthing conductors exhibit higher impedances at higher frequencies Therefore, requirement of equipotential earth plane to ensure minimal voltage variances exist among the connected signal circuit & interconnected equipment

    Equipotential Plane Includes:


    Conductive grid embedded in or attached to a concrete floor Metallic screen or sheet metal under floor tile

    Ceiling grid above sensitive equipment

    Earthing Methods
    4) Single Point Earthing Connection plus Connection with Grid in the Floor

    # For each group of computer equipment, provide a grid network in the raised floor, with tie wires from each computer unit to the grid & one from the grid to the room grounding point.
    # Recommended method, as it also eliminates problems of interference from radio frequencies.

    Single Point Earthing


    R Y B N G
    Computer Modules

    Grid Network in Raised Floor Structure

    SRG - Resonance reduction

    Distributed Processing System Power Wiring & Data Cable Wiring

    Use of Isolation Transformers Need...


    For establishing the power ground reference close to the point of use. This greatly reduces common mode noise thru ground loops etc.
    Ability to transform or change the input to output voltage level &/or to compensate for high or low site voltage.

    CASE HISTORIES
    1)PC experiencing frequent lock ups & unexplained failures
    2)Erratic computer operation within a large office building experiencing several lightning storms 3)Intermittent data memory errors & data transmission errors between remote terminals & a central computer system.

    Problem 1
    No problem was found in the utility supply; earthing was also found to be okay. The power outlet serving the computer was examined for polarity, revealing the phase & the neutral conductors were reversed at the receptacle. Once the conductors were correctly connected, the PC ran w/o problems.

    Problem 2
    The earthing conductors of all the computers in the building were connected to isolated earthing electrode system (consisted of 6 rods driven into the earth away from building). The computer manufacturer was persuaded to permit earthing of the computer system to the building earthing system, which had concrete encased earthing electrodes. Immediately the erratic operations ceased.

    Problem 3
    In the installation of a multistory office building, several floors of modular workstations were powered from a common, 3 phase step down transformer with a shared neutral. Mainframe terminals in these workstations experienced intermittent data memory errors & data transmission errors, & occasionally hardware failures. It was found that considerable (& variable) neutral current existed. RMS values of N to earth didnt exceed 3.7V, but the peak voltage ranged up to 10V.

    Problem 3
    Each floor of the building was isolated into 2 sections via shielded isolation transformers. Individual N conductors were installed for all workstation branch circuits. Re-establishment of the N-E bond at the new isolation transformers, combined with the reduced neutral current in the dedicated neutrals, reduced N-E voltage to less than 2V. The problem was solved.

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