IS 95 CDMA Architecture

P K Divakaran

Copyright 2003 P K Divakaran

 IS 95 System Architecture
Base Station (BS)

BTS HLR AC

BSC/
MS
MSC

PSTN VLR
Copyright 2003 P K Divakaran
 IS 95 System Architecture
 HLR
– Subscriber information
 ESN

 Mobile Directory Number ( similar to MSISDN in

GSM)
 IMSI

 User profiles

– Current Location

Copyright 2003 P K Divakaran

 IS 95 CDMA Architecture
P
S
T •XC performs Transcoding of PCM
MSC N
coding to CDMA voice coding and
vice versa
•During Soft Handoff multiple BTSs
forwards speech/ data frame to XC
Transcoder
BSC/ from MS. XC selects the best from
(XC)
Reverse channels. In Forward
Direction it distributes traffic to all
BTSs involved in Soft handoff
BTS BTS
Copyright 2003 P K Divakaran
CDMA IS 95 Traffic cases

P K Divakaran

Copyright 2003 P K Divakaran

 Mobile Registration
What is Mobile Registration?
 It is the process by which mobile stations
make their locations and other particulars
known to the Cellular system
 Location Registration enables the System to
page a mobile in a particular area instead of
paging the entire network.

Copyright 2003 P K Divakaran

 Types of Registration
Different types of Registrations are specified
in IS 95. The Operator has flexibility to
choose depending on system size & other
considerations.

 The types of Registrations that are enabled

are communicated to the mobiles in the
Paging channels

Copyright 2003 P K Divakaran

 Types of Registration
 Autonomous Registration (inititated by
mobile)
– 1. Power up Registration
 When power is switched on

– 2. Power down Registration

 When power is switched off

Copyright 2003 P K Divakaran

 Types of Registration
(Autonomous)
 3.Timer based Registration
– To avoid paging mobiles which did not perform
a successful Power down registration, Timer
based registration is enforced. If mobile fails to
register as per this, it is deregistered.
 4.Zone based Registration
– Zones are groups of Base stations . Whenever
the mobile enters a new Zone, it registers

Copyright 2003 P K Divakaran

 Types of Registration
(Autonomous)
 Distance based Registration
– Registration after the mobile has moved a
certain distance ( as determined by the Latitude
& Longitudes of the Base stations ). Used in the
case of an environment where most mobiles are
fairly static and a small number mobile. Rather
than forcing Timer based registrations for all
mobiles to register, only those mobiles moving
beyond a certain distance only need to register
Copyright 2003 P K Divakaran
 Types of Registration
 Ordered Registration
– The cellular system may become aware of a mobile
within the network for which it doesnot have all the
info to connect a call (following a call origination from
mobile). In this case the System orders a Registration
by mobile
 Implicit Registration
– When a mobile successfully sends an origination
message or responds to paging message, it conveys
sufficient info for the Base station to infer its location .
This is Implicit registration

Copyright 2003 P K Divakaran

 Types of Registration
 Parameter change Registration
– Certain parameters in the mobile station affects
the delivery of call to it and therefore should be
updated in the system whenever there is a
change.
 Traffic channel registration
– The method in which mobile receives
registration related information while on traffic
channel.An instance is inter System Handoffs

Copyright 2003 P K Divakaran

 Authentication
Authentication is the process of verifying that
a mobile trying to access the Network is not
a fraudulent one

Copyright 2003 P K Divakaran

 Authentication Parameters
 “A” Key
– 64 bit secret number used by mobile and the
Authentication Centre (AC)
– Stored in the mobiles’ permanent security and
identification memory and AC

Copyright 2003 P K Divakaran

 Authentication Parameters
 Shared Secret Data (SSD)
– A 128 bit secret “temporary key” calculated
and stored in mobile and the Network using:
 A key
 ESN

 Random Number (RAND)

 SSD comprises of SSD A and SSD B

– SSD A used for Authentication
– SSD B used for encryption
Copyright 2003 P K Divakaran
 Authentication Parameters
 RAND
– Random Number generated by the Network

 The essence of Authentication

confidentiality is that “A “ key is never
transmitted on air interface. Only the
computed results are exchanged and
compared at MS and Network for a decision

Copyright 2003 P K Divakaran

 Hand off
 Types
– Idle State Handoff
 Initiated by mobile

 Always Hard Hand off

– Traffic State Handoff

 Soft Hand off
 Hard Handoff

Copyright 2003 P K Divakaran

 Soft Hand off
 Process of establishing a link with a target
cell before breaking the link with the
serving cell
 Prime requirement--- Both cells to be on
same frequency

 Mobile and Network are involved in the

process ( Mobile assisted)
Copyright 2003 P K Divakaran
 Soft Hand off
 Mobiles search for Pilot frequencies on the
current frequency to identify candidate cells
for hand off.
 Each Pilot has the same PN code but with a
different time offset (n X 64 chips delay)
for Base station identification

Copyright 2003 P K Divakaran

 Soft Hand off Process

MS BSC/BTS
Pilot Strength measurement Message (PSMM)

Handoff Direction Message (HDM)

Includes Forward Traffic ch. Assignment in new

cell
MS demodulates
New Traffic ch.

Handoff Completion Message (HCM)

Copyright 2003 P K Divakaran
 Benefits of Soft Handover
 Path Diversity in Forward & Reverse
Channels
 Hence less power is required in each
channel
 Hence less “interference” and improved
capacity
 Less power means longer battery life of MS

Copyright 2003 P K Divakaran

 Hard Handoff
Connection with the old traffic channel is
broken before connection with new is
established. Possible reasons:
– Base stations have different frequency Carriers
– Change from one Pilot to another Pilot without
first being in soft handoff with the new
Pilot(disjoint cell)

Copyright 2003 P K Divakaran

 IS 95 Call Origination from
BTS
MS BSC MSC/
MS
HLR/AC
origination origination
Access channel Subscribe
Origination ack. validation
Traffic ch
Assignment (Page ch)

Acquires Traffic
ch Reverse Traffic PSTN
Speech path set up
Ch. Preamble Call set u

Copyright 2003 P K Divakaran

 IS 95 Call Termination to MS
BTS MSC
MS BSC
PSTN
Page request Incoming call
Page MS
(Paging ch)
Page response Page response
(Access ch)
Traffic ch. Assign Call treatment
ment ( Paging ch)
Acquires
Tfc ch. Reverse Tfc ch
Connection & Speech path set up
Preamble
Alert
Copyright 2003 P K Divakaran
 ROAMING
MS Base Visited MSC Home MSC HLR
Station VLR
From PSTN
SS7 IAM
Query
MS Location
MS location
info
Call Forwarding
SS7 IAM
Normal call
Processing.
SS7 IAM- Signalling
Call termination
System No.7, Initial
To MS Copyright 2003 P K Divakaran
Address Message
 CDMA 2000
 CDMA 2000 Radio Transmission
Technology (RTT) is a spread spectrum
Radio interface to satisfy the needs of 3G
wireless systems
 It is as per the IMT 2000 (International
Mobile Telecommunications 2000)
standards of ITU ( International
Telecommunication Union)
Copyright 2003 P K Divakaran
 CDMA 2000
Naming Conventions
 3G1x RTT = 3rd Generation 1x 1.25 Mhz
carrier
 3G 3x RTT = 3rd Generation 3x 1.25 Mhz
carrier ( total bandwidth 5 Mhz )

Copyright 2003 P K Divakaran

Enhancements in Cdma 2000
 Backward compatibility with IS 95
 144 kbps peak data rate in Phase 1 of Cdma
2000 (Cdma 2000 1x)
 2 Mbps data for fixed applications in Phase
2 (Cdma 2000 3x)
 More channels in forward and Reverse
directions
 Pilot in the Reverse direction from Mobile

Copyright 2003 P K Divakaran

Enhancements in Cdma 2000
 Walsh codes in Reverse link also
 Variable Walsh code length upto 128 bits
 Faster Power control in Forward direction

Copyright 2003 P K Divakaran

 Advantages of Cdma 2000
 Almost twice the capacity of IS 95.
 Higher Data Rates
 Migration to 3G
 Lower power mobiles and longer battery
life

Copyright 2003 P K Divakaran