As density is the ratio of mass to volume, increment in mass outweigh increase in volume.

Thus, density increases going down the group. Boiling point decreases down the group as the electrical attractive forces between the immobile ions in the metal lattice and the free mobile delocalised electrons decreases due to increment in atomic radii.
atomic atomic mass number (amu) Metalloid valence electron configuration melting point/boiling point (C)

Atomic radius increases down the group as an extra inner shell of electrons is added per period.

density (g/cm3) at 25C

most common atomic oxidation electrone radius (pm) state gativity

Metallic character increases down the group as ionization energies decreases.

Boron Metal Aluminium Gallium Indium Thallium

10.81

2s22p1

2075/4000

2.34

87

13 31 49 81

26.98 69.72 114.82 204.38

3s23p1 4s24p1 5s25p1 6s26p1

660/2519 29.7/2204 156.6/2072 304/1473

2.7 5.91 7.31 11.8

118 136 156 156

3 3 3 1

1.6 1.8 1.8 1.8

Diagonal relationship
Refers to pairs of diagonally adjacent elements in the second and third periods of the periodic table. Results in similarity among atomic size, electronegativity and properties of compounds.

Group 13 elements generally have +3 oxidation state. However, lower oxidation state is getting more stable descending the group. Eg. Tl+ has a +1 oxidation state.

ns2np1(p block)

General Features of Group 13

Aluminium third most abundant element (after oxygen and silicon)

Melting point Boiling point Density 660 C 2520C 2.70gcm-3

metallic ( except boron , which is a solid metalloid ) chemically reactive at moderate temperature ( except boron ) scarce in nature ( except aluminium , which is the most abundant metallic element ) High charge density leads to high polarising power. This gives rise to the significant of covalent characteristics among group 13 compounds.

Major factor : charge density among the pairs are relatively similar. Proof: boron and silicon are both semiconductors, forming halides that are hydrolysed in water and have acidic oxides. Both Be 2+ and Al 3+ are hydrated to produce [Be(H20)4]2+ and [Al(H2O)6]3+ respectively. Another similarity between aluminum and beryllium is that they are amphoteric. Both metals also react with oxygen to produce an oxide coating that protects other metals from corrosion. Both metals can also react with halides that can act as Lewis acids.

Reactivity and metallic characteristics

They have three electrons in their outermost shell (a full S orbital and one electron in the P orbital) with the valence electron configuration: ns2np1. The Boron Family has oxidation states +3 or +1. The +3 oxidation states are favorable except for the heavier elements, such as Tl, which prefers +1 oxidation state due to its stability. This is known as the inert pair effect. Electrode potential increases going down the group (reactivity decreases as going down group) Ionization Energy decreases going down the group (since the electrons are farther from the core and due to screening effect, therefore are easier to remove). *Tl
does not follow normal trends

Electronegativi 1.6 ty (pauling scale) Crystal structure Facecentered cubic

Thallium -Common uses of Thallium include rat poison, insecticide, and treatment of skin infections

Aluminium -Impure Al2O3 are found as gemstones such as ruby and sapphire. -Recycling aluminium saves 95% of energy required to produce new aluminium. -Aluminium is somehow might cause Alzheimers Disease based on recent research.

versatile => ductile and malleable generally, Al forms ionic compounds with covalent characteristics due to high charge density which makes it polarize the electron cloud of an anion. Thus, Al is a strong reducing agent. Example: aluminium oxide 2050C strong ionic bond between Al3+ and O2- with significant covalent characteristics >> amphoteric. Al2O3(s) + 6HCl (aq) 2AlCl3 (aq) + 3H2O(l) Al2O3(s) + 2NaOH (aq) +3 H2O 2NaAl(OH)4 (aq) Al2O3 catalyst in cracking of alcohol & dehydration of alkene, stationary phase in column or thin layer chromatography, refractory furnace bricks. Aluminium as alloy Aluminium is added in duralumin and magnalium for manufacture of body of aircraft and engine block. Interesting facts: A) When 2 molecules of AlCl3 meets, dimerisation will occur. One of the lone pair of one of the Cl atom of each AlCl3 will form dative bond with empty 3d orbital of the other Al atom, forming a dimer, Al2Cl6. B) Aluminium wire is used in overhead high tension cables, replacing old copper wire due to lighter weight and conductivity of aluminium. C) Acidic property of Al3+ ion In aqueous solution, Al3+ ions able to attract 6 water molecules to form 6 dative bonds, forming hexaaquaaluminium(III) ion. Due to high charge density of Al3+ ion it withdraws the electron density from the O-H bonds in the water molecules, thus weakening the bonds. As a result, water molecule of the hexaaquaaluminium(III) ion acts as Bronsted-Lowry acid and donates H+ ions. D) Despite aluminium is reactive, Al is resistant against oxidation. Why? When Al exposed to air, it forms a thin, non-porous and impenetrable oxide layer of Al2O3 on the surface which protects the aluminium from further attack by oxygen or dilute acid.

0CCURANCE
Do not occur elementally in nature due to their high reactivity in its elemental state. B - Na2 [B4O5(OH)4]8H2O (borax), H3BO3 (boric acid) Al - bauxite (Al2O3), cryolite (Na3AlF6) << to reduce the melting point of bauxite Ga - byproduct of aluminum refining In - byproduct of lead refining Ti - byproduct of lead refining Boron -Boron produces a green flame. -Boron is present in laboratory glass wares. It has low thermal expansion. -Research indicates Boron may be beneficial for the treatment of arthritis.

Indium -A thin layer of indium tin oxide can be found on LCD displays, such as through the monitor in which you are reading this.

Boron
Only semi-metal of this group. Electron deficient compound, make it a strong Lewis acid. Due to its lack of a complete octet Boron is a Lewis acid, so it forms hydrides and the simplest boron hydride found is diborane, B2H6. Eg. Widely used in synthesis of organic compounds. Essential nutrients for plants. Boron (B) deficiency is the most widespread micronutrient deficiency around the world and causes large losses in crop production both quantitatively and qualitatively. Boron deficiency affects vegetative and reproductive growth of plants resulting in inhibition of cell expansion, death of meristem and reduced fertility.

References

1. Ralph H. Petrucci, F. Geoffrey Herring, Jeffry D. Madura, Carey Bissonnette. General Chemistry: Principles and Modern Applications, 10th ed. Canada, Toronto, Ontario: Pearson Canada; 2010. 2. Author unknown. Ruby. http://gem5.com/stone/100/ruby/#sthash.aJBQohkf.dpuf (accessed 13 Dec 2013). 3. Author unknown. Alzheimer's Again Linked To Aluminum. http://www.rense.com/general37/alum.htm (accessed 13 Dec 2013). 4. Shriver & Atkins. Inorganic Chemistry, Forth Edition ed. The United Kingdom: Oxford University Press; 2006. 5. Author unknown. Boron. http://www.webelements.com/boron/chemistry.html (accessed 14 Dec 2013). 6. Author unknown. The Element of Group 13. http://2012books.lardbucket.org/books/principles-ofgeneral-chemistry-v1.0/s26-01-the-elements-of-group-13.html (accessed 16 Dec 2013). 7. Author unknown. Group 13. http://www.rsc.org/chemsoc/visualelements/pages/data/intro_groupiii_data.html (accessed 1 Jan 2014).

Gallium -Due to it's melting point, gallium melts in your hands.

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