Semiconductor Manufacturing Processes

Wafer Preparation Design

Design Wafer Preparation Front-end Processes Photolithography Etch Cleaning Thin Films Ion Implantation Planarization Test and Assembly

Thin Films

Front-End Processes

Photolithography

Ion Implantation

Etch

Cleaning

Planarization

Test & Assembly

Sorenson

NSF/SRC Engineering Research Center for Environmentally Benign Semiconductor Manufacturing

Design
Wafer Preparation Design

Establish Design Rules Circuit Element Design Interconnect Routing Device Simulation Pattern Preparation

Thin Films

Front-End Processes

Photolithography

Ion Implantation

Etch

Cleaning

Planarization

Test & Assembly

Sorenson

NSF/SRC Engineering Research Center for Environmentally Benign Semiconductor Manufacturing

Wafer Preparation
Wafer Preparation Design

Polysilicon Refining Crystal Pulling Wafer Slicing & Polishing Epitaxial Silicon Deposition

Thin Films

Front-End Processes

Photolithography

Ion Implantation

Etch

Cleaning

Planarization

Test & Assembly

Sorenson

NSF/SRC Engineering Research Center for Environmentally Benign Semiconductor Manufacturing

Polysilicon Refining

Chemical Reactions Silicon Refining: SiO2 + 2 C Si + 2 CO Silicon Purification: Si + 3 HCl HSiCl3 + H2 Silicon Deposition: HSiCl3 + H2 Si + 3 HCl

Reactants H2 Silicon Intermediates H2SiCl2 HSiCl3

Sorenson

NSF/SRC Engineering Research Center for Environmentally Benign Semiconductor Manufacturing

Crystal Pulling
Quartz Tube Rotating Chuck

Process Conditions Flow Rate: 20 to 50 liters/min Time: 18 to 24 hours Temperature: >1,300 degrees C Pressure: 20 Torr

Seed Crystal Growing Crystal (boule)

RF or Resistance Heating Coils

Materials Polysilicon Nodules * Ar * H2

Molten Silicon (Melt) Crucible

* High proportion of the total product use

Sorenson

NSF/SRC Engineering Research Center for Environmentally Benign Semiconductor Manufacturing

Wafer Slicing & Polishing

silicon wafer

p+ silicon substrate

The silicon ingot is sliced into individual wafers, polished, and cleaned.

Sorenson

NSF/SRC Engineering Research Center for Environmentally Benign Semiconductor Manufacturing

3/15/98 PRAX01C.PPT Rev. 1.0

Epitaxial Silicon Deposition

silicon wafer

p- silicon epi layer p+ silicon substrate

Susceptor

Gas Input

Lamp Module

Chemical Reactions Silicon Deposition: HSiCl3 + H2 Si + 3 HCl Process Conditions Flow Rates: 5 to 50 liters/min Temperature: 900 to 1,100 degrees C. Pressure: 100 Torr to Atmospheric Silicon Sources SiH4 H2SiCl2 HSiCl3 * SiCl4 * Dopants AsH3 B2H6 PH3 Etchant HCl Carriers Ar H2 * N2

Quartz Lamps

Wafers

Exhaust * High proportion of the total product use

Sorenson

NSF/SRC Engineering Research Center for Environmentally Benign Semiconductor Manufacturing

Front-End Processes
Thermal Oxidation Silicon Nitride Deposition - Low Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition (LPCVD) Polysilicon Deposition - Low Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition (LPCVD) Annealing
Wafer Preparation Design

Thin Films

Front-End Processes

Photolithography

Ion Implantation

Etch

Cleaning

Planarization

Test & Assembly

Sorenson

NSF/SRC Engineering Research Center for Environmentally Benign Semiconductor Manufacturing

Front-End Processes Vertical LPCVD Furnace

silicon dioxide (oxide)

Exhaust Via Vacuum Pumps and Scrubber Quartz Tube

p- silicon epi layer p+ silicon substrate

Chemical Reactions Thermal Oxidation: Si + O2 SiO2 Nitride Deposition: 3 SiH4 + 4 NH3 Si3N4 + 12 H2 Polysilicon Deposition: SiH4 Si + 2 H2 Process Conditions (Silicon Nitride LPCVD) Flow Rates: 10 - 300 sccm Temperature: 600 degrees C. Pressure: 100 mTorr Oxidation Polysilicon Nitride Annealing

3 Zone Temperature Control

Ar H2 NH3 * Ar N2 N2 H2SiCl2 * He H2O SiH4 * N2 H2 Gas Inlet Cl2 AsH3 SiH4 * N2 H2 B2H6 SiCl4 HCl * PH3 * High proportion of the total product use O2 * Sorenson Dichloroethene * NSF/SRC Engineering Research Center for Environmentally Benign Semiconductor Manufacturing 9

Photolithography
Wafer Preparation Design

Photoresist Coating Processes Exposure Processes

Thin Films

Front-End Processes

Photolithography

Ion Implantation

Etch

Cleaning

Planarization

Test & Assembly

Sorenson

NSF/SRC Engineering Research Center for Environmentally Benign Semiconductor Manufacturing

10

Photoresist Coating Processes

photoresist field oxide p- epi p+ substrate

Photoresists
Negative Photoresist * Positive Photoresist *

Other Ancillary Materials (Liquids)

Edge Bead Removers * Anti-Reflective Coatings * Adhesion Promoters/Primers (HMDS) * Rinsers/Thinners/Corrosion Inhibitors * Contrast Enhancement Materials *

Developers
TMAH * Specialty Developers *

Inert Gases
Ar N2
Sorenson

NSF/SRC Engineering Research Center for Environmentally Benign Semiconductor Manufacturing

11

Exposure Processes
photoresist field oxide p- epi p+ substrate

Expose
Kr + F2 (gas) *

Inert Gases
N2

Sorenson

NSF/SRC Engineering Research Center for Environmentally Benign Semiconductor Manufacturing

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Ion Implantation
Wafer Preparation Design

Well Implants Channel Implants Source/Drain Implants

Thin Films

Front-End Processes

Photolithography

Ion Implantation

Etch

Cleaning

Planarization

Test & Assembly

Sorenson

NSF/SRC Engineering Research Center for Environmentally Benign Semiconductor Manufacturing

13

Ion Implantation
phosphorus (-) ions
junction depth

Focus

Beam trap and gate plate

Neutral beam and beam path gated

photoresist mask field oxide

n-w ell p- epi p-channel transistor p+ substrate

Neutral beam trap and beam gate

Y - axis scanner

X - axis scanner

Wafer in wafer process chamber

Process Conditions Flow Rate: 5 sccm Pressure: 10-5 Torr Accelerating Voltage: 5 to 200 keV
Gases
Ar AsH3 B11F3 * He N2 PH3 SiH4 SiF4 GeH4

Equipment Ground Resolving Aperture 180 kV

Solids
Ga In Sb Acceleration Tube 90 Analyzing Magnet Terminal Ground Ion Source 20 kV * High proportion of the total product use
Sorenson

Liquids
Al(CH3)3

NSF/SRC Engineering Research Center for Environmentally Benign Semiconductor Manufacturing

14

Etch
Wafer Preparation Design

Conductor Etch - Poly Etch and Silicon Trench Etch - Metal Etch Dielectric Etch

Thin Films

Front-End Processes

Photolithography

Ion Implantation

Etch

Cleaning

Planarization

Test & Assembly

Sorenson

NSF/SRC Engineering Research Center for Environmentally Benign Semiconductor Manufacturing

15

Conductor Etch
source-drain areas gate linew idth gate oxide p-w ell n-w ell p-channel transistor n-channel transistor p+ substrate

Cluster Tool Configuration Wafers

Etch Chambers Transfer Chamber Loadlock

Chemical Reactions Silicon Etch: Si + 4 HBr SiBr4 + 2 H2 Aluminum Etch: Al + 2 Cl2 AlCl4 Process Conditions Flow Rates: 100 to 300 sccm Pressure: 10 to 500 mTorr RF Power: 50 to 100 Watts
Polysilicon Etches
HBr * C2F6 SF6 * NF3 * O2

RIE Chamber

Gas Inlet

Aluminum Etches
BCl3 * Cl2

Transfer Chamber

Wafer
RF Power

Diluents
Ar He N2 Exhaust * High proportion of the total product use
Sorenson

NSF/SRC Engineering Research Center for Environmentally Benign Semiconductor Manufacturing

16

Dielectric Etch
Contact locations

Cluster Tool Configuration

p-w ell n-w ell p-channel transistor n-channel transistor p+ substrate

Etch Chambers Transfer Chamber Loadlock

Wafers

Chemical Reactions Oxide Etch: SiO2 + C2F6 SiF4 + CO2 + CF4 + 2 CO Process Conditions Flow Rates: 10 to 300 sccm Pressure: 5 to 10 mTorr RF Power: 100 to 200 Watts Plasma Dielectric Etches
CHF3 * CF4 C2F6 C3F8 CO * CO2 O2 SF6 SiF4

RIE Chamber

Gas Inlet

Diluents
Ar He N2

Transfer Chamber

Wafer
RF Power

Exhaust * High proportion of the total product use

Sorenson

NSF/SRC Engineering Research Center for Environmentally Benign Semiconductor Manufacturing

17

Cleaning
Wafer Preparation Design

Critical Cleaning Photoresist Strips Pre-Deposition Cleans

Thin Films

Front-End Processes

Photolithography

Ion Implantation

Etch

Cleaning

Planarization

Test & Assembly

Sorenson

NSF/SRC Engineering Research Center for Environmentally Benign Semiconductor Manufacturing

18

Critical Cleaning
Contact locations

p-w ell n-w ell p-channel transistor n-channel transistor p+ substrate

Process Conditions Temperature: Piranha Strip is 180 degrees C.

1
1 Organics H2SO4 + H2O2 H2O Rinse

2
2 Oxides HF + H2O H2O Rinse

5
5 Dry H2O or IPA + N2

3 Particles 4 Metals NH4OH + HCl + H2O2 + H2O H2O2 + H2O H2O Rinse H2O Rinse

RCA Clean
SC1 Clean (H2O + NH4OH + H2O2) * * SC2 Clean (H2O + HCl + H2O2) *

Nitride Strip
H3PO4 *

Dry Strip
N2O O2 CF4 + O2 O3

Solvent Cleans
NMP Proprietary Amines (liquid)

Oxide Strip
HF + H2O *

Piranha Strip
* H2SO4 + H2O2 *

Dry Cleans

HF O2 Plasma Alcohol + O3 NSF/SRC Engineering Research Center for Environmentally Benign Semiconductor Manufacturing

Sorenson

19

Thin Films
Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) Dielectric CVD Tungsten Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) Chamber Cleaning
Wafer Preparation Design

Thin Films

Front-End Processes

Photolithography

Ion Implantation

Etch

Cleaning

Planarization

Test & Assembly

Sorenson

NSF/SRC Engineering Research Center for Environmentally Benign Semiconductor Manufacturing

20

Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) Dielectric

Metal 1 insulator layer 2

Metering Pump TEOS Source

Inert Mixing Gas

p-w ell n-w ell p-channel transistor n-channel transistor p+ substrate

Vaporizer Direct Liquid Injection LPCVD Chamber Transfer Chamber Process Gas

Chemical Reactions Si(OC2H5)4 + 9 O3 SiO2 + 5 CO + 3 CO2 + 10 H2O Process Conditions (ILD) Flow Rate: 100 to 300 sccm Pressure: 50 Torr to Atmospheric CVD Dielectric
O2 O3 TEOS * TMP *

Gas Inlet

Wafer
RF Power

Exhaust * High proportion of the total product use

Sorenson

NSF/SRC Engineering Research Center for Environmentally Benign Semiconductor Manufacturing

21

Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) Tungsten

titanium tungsten

Input Cassette
p-w ell n-w ell p-channel transistor n-channel transistor p+ substrate

Output Cassette

Chemical Reactions WF6 + 3 H2 W + 6 HF Process Conditions Flow Rate: 100 to 300 sccm Pressure: 100 mTorr Temperature: 400 degrees C. CVD Dielectric
WF6 * Ar H2 N2

Wafer Hander

Wafers

Multistation Sequential Deposition Chamber

Water-cooled Showerheads Resistively Heated Pedestal * High proportion of the total product use
Sorenson

NSF/SRC Engineering Research Center for Environmentally Benign Semiconductor Manufacturing

22

Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD)

Cluster Tool Configuration
p-w ell n-w ell p-channel transistor n-channel transistor p+ substrate

Physical Vapor Deposition Chambers Transfer Chamber Loadlock

Wafers

Process Conditions Pressure: < 5 mTorr Temperature: 200 degrees C. RF Power:

PVD Chamber
N S N

Reactive Gases
e+

Barrier Metals
SiH4 Ar N2 N2 Ti PVD Targets *

Transfer Chamber

Cryo Pump Wafer

Argon & Nitrogen

Backside DC Power He Cooling Supply (+)

* High proportion of the total product use

Sorenson

NSF/SRC Engineering Research Center for Environmentally Benign Semiconductor Manufacturing

23

Chamber Cleaning
Water-cooled Showerheads

Multistation Sequential Deposition Chamber

Resistively Heated Pedestal

Chemical Reactions Oxide Etch: SiO2 + C2F6 SiF4 + CO2 + CF4 + 2 CO Process Conditions Flow Rates: 10 to 300 sccm Pressure: 10 to 100 mTorr RF Power: 100 to 200 Watts Chamber Cleaning
C2F6 * NF3 ClF3

Aluminum Surface Coating Process Material Residue

Chamber Wall Cross-Section

* High proportion of the total product use

Sorenson

NSF/SRC Engineering Research Center for Environmentally Benign Semiconductor Manufacturing

24

Planarization
Wafer Preparation Design

Oxide Planarization Metal Planarization

Thin Films

Front-End Processes

Photolithography

Ion Implantation

Etch

Cleaning

Planarization

Test & Assembly

Sorenson

NSF/SRC Engineering Research Center for Environmentally Benign Semiconductor Manufacturing

25

Chemical Mechanical Planarization (CMP)

Head Sweep Slide
p-w ell n-w ell p-channel transistor n-channel transistor p+ substrate

Platen Polishing Head Pad Conditioner Carousel

Load/Unload Station

Process Conditions (Oxide) Flow: 250 to 1000 ml/min Wafer Handling Robot & I/O Particle Size: 100 to 250 nm Concentration: 10 to 15%, 10.5 to 11.3 pH Process Conditions (Metal) Flow: 50 to 100 ml/min Wafer Particle Size: 180 to 280 nm Carrier Concentration: 3 to 7%, 4.1 - 4.4 pH
Backing (Carrier) Film CMP (Oxide)
Polyurethane Silica Slurry * KOH * NH4OH H2O

Polishing Pad

Slurry Delivery

Pad
Polyurethane

Wafer

Pad Conditioner
Abrasive

Platen Alumina * * High proportion of the total product use. Sorenson FeNO3 NSF/SRC Engineering Research Center for Environmentally Benign Semiconductor Manufacturing 26

CMP (Metal)

Test and Assembly

Wafer Preparation Design

Electrical Test Probe Die Cut and Assembly Die Attach and Wire Bonding Final Test

Thin Films

Front-End Processes

Photolithography

Ion Implantation

Etch

Cleaning

Planarization

Test & Assembly

Sorenson

NSF/SRC Engineering Research Center for Environmentally Benign Semiconductor Manufacturing

27

Electrical Test Probe

bonding pad Metal 2 nitride

p-well n-well n-channel transistor p-channel transistor p+ substrate

Defective IC Individual integrated circuits are tested to distinguish good die from bad ones.
Sorenson

NSF/SRC Engineering Research Center for Environmentally Benign Semiconductor Manufacturing

28

Die Cut and Assembly

Good chips are attached to a lead frame package.

Sorenson

NSF/SRC Engineering Research Center for Environmentally Benign Semiconductor Manufacturing

29

Die Attach and Wire Bonding

lead frame

gold wire

bonding pad

connecting pin

Sorenson

NSF/SRC Engineering Research Center for Environmentally Benign Semiconductor Manufacturing

30

Final Test
Chips are electrically tested under varying environmental conditions.

Sorenson

NSF/SRC Engineering Research Center for Environmentally Benign Semiconductor Manufacturing

31

References
1. 2. 3. CMOS Process Flow in Wafer Fab, Semiconductor Manufacturing Technology, DRAFT, Austin Community College, January 2, 1997. Semiconductor Processing with MKS Instruments, Inc. Worthington, Eric. New CMP architecture addresses key process issues, Solid State Technology, January 1996. Leskonic, Sharon. Overview of CMP Processing, SEMATECH Presentation, 1996. Gwozdz, Peter. Semiconductor Processing Technology SEMI, 1997. CVD Tungsten, Novellus Sales Brochure, 7/96. Fullman Company website. Fullman Company - The Semiconductor Manufacturing Process, http://www.fullman.com/semiconductors/index.html, 1997. Barrett, Craig R. From Sand to Silicon: Manufacturing an Integrated Circuit, Scientific American Special Issue: The Solid State Century, January 22, 1998.

4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

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NSF/SRC Engineering Research Center for Environmentally Benign Semiconductor Manufacturing

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