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Thevenin Norton's Theorem (Copy)
Thevenin Norton's Theorem (Copy)
Group : LC 03 P1
Thevenins Theorem
Contents
History & Founder
Application and How it works
In 1878, he joined the Engineer Corporation (which subsequently became the French PTT . There, he initially worked on the development of long distance underground telegraph lines.
As a result of studying Kirchhoff's Law and Ohm's Law, he developed his famous theorem which made it possible to calculate currents in more complex electrical circuits and allowing people to reduce complex circuits into simpler circuits called Thevenin's equivalent circuits.
Cont.
Firstly, find the Thevenin equivalent of the "left half" of the circuit (replacing V1, R1 and R2). Other equivalents are possible, but care must be taken where don't replace too much of the circuit with the equivalent, leaving points of interest "inside" the equivalent where they are not available for analysis.
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Cont.
Then, determine the Thevenin voltage take the original circuit for which the equivalent is desired , and place an "imaginary voltmeter" across the two terminals that connected this subcircuit to the remainder of the circuit. In this case, measure the voltage at the junction of R1 and R2 with respect to ground. This "open circuit voltage" is the Thevenin voltage. In this circuit, it was easily determined using Ohm's Law or using the voltage divider formula (12V x(2K/3K) = 8V).
Cont.
Then, determine the Thevenin resistance (or, in AC circuits, the Thevenin impedance ) Replace all independent voltage sources with zero volt sources (a short) and replace all independent current sources with zero amp sources (an open). Place an "imaginary ohmmeter" the same place we put the voltmeter above. In this case, the shorting of V1 puts R1 in parallel with R2, yielding a Thevenin resistance of 667 ohms.
Cont.
Figure 4 : Original circuit with equivalent.
Figure 4 shows the original circuit with V1, R1 and R2 replaced by their Thevenin equivalent. The differential Ohm's Law" to the circuit of Figure 4 which to determine circuit characteristics. Establish the direction of conventional current, which "flows downhill," from high (more positive) voltage to low (less positive or more negative). The conventional current flows to the right. Then, determine that current using I = (Vtail-Vtip)/R. Vtail is + 8 volts, while Vtip is -3 volts. R is the series combination of Rth and R2: 3.667K. The current is 3mA.
Cont
Figure 5 : Analyzing the equivalent circuit
Using Ohm's Law, determine the voltages across Rth and R2, as shown in Figure 5. To determine the voltage at the junction of Rth and R3, start at the right side of R3, which is at -3 volts due to V2, then "go up" 9 volts as we pass through R3 to the left. This puts the junction at +6 volts, as shown. Then, start at the top of Vth (+8 volts) and go down 2 volts as we go to the right through Rth. Again, get +6 volts finally.
Norton Theorem
Contents
History & Founder
Application and How it works
Cont.
Its output characteristic is also displayed. As the load resistor is varied, the load current varies. The load current is bounded between two limits, zero and ISC, and the load voltage is bounded between two limits, VTh and zero volts. When the load resistor is infinite, it is an open circuit. In this case, the load voltage is at its highest, specified as VTh and the load current is zero. When the load resistor is of zero value, there is a short circuit across the output terminals of the circuit and in this instance, the load current is maximum, specified as ISC and the load voltage is zero. It is the point at which the output characteristic intersects with the X axis.
Cont.
Figure B
A circuit in Fig. B has an output current of ISC, when the load voltage is zero. Hence the model of the circuit can have a current source of ISC amperes. When the output terminals are open circuited, the load current is zero and it can be stated that the source current passes through the internal resistance, leading to a terminal voltage of VTh. This means that the internal resistance of the circuit, called as RTh, has a value, as shown by the equation displayed. Hence the circuit consists of a current source of valueISC amperes and a resistor of value equal to RTh.
Cont.
Figure C
The circuit in Fig. C, which has already been presented earlier, is shown here for illustrating Norton theorem. The short circuit current and the load current can be obtained, as shown by the simplified circuits.
Cont.
Equation (54) presents the resistance seen by the source. Equation (55) shows how the current drawn from the source can be obtained. The source current flows into resistors, R2 and R3, connected in parallel. Equation (56) expresses the current through resistor R3.
Cont.
For the circuit in Fig. C , let R3 be considered the load resistor. Then the load current can be expressed by equation (57).
This equation is obtained by replacing the source current in equation (56) in terms of the source voltage and the resistances. From equation (57), expressions for the short circuit current. Thevenins resistance can be obtained, and equation (58) presents the expressions . It is seen that the load current can be expressed in terms of Norton/s current and Thevenins resistance.