The Ahmedabad Electricity Co. Ltd.

Training Centre In HouseTraining Programme

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

Date : August 2, 2003

R N SHAH
THE AECo LTD

FAULTS IN SYSTEM
% OF TOTAL FAULTS
50 10 15 12
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION 2

EQUIPMENT OVER HEAD LINES CABLES SWITCHGEARS TRANSFORMERS

THE AECo LTD

EQUIPMENT CTs AND PTs CONTROL EQUIPMENTS MISCELLANEOUS

% OF TOTAL FAULTS
2 3 8

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
TRANSFORMER TRANSFORMER RATED BETWEEN RATED BELOW 500 KVA AND 500 KVA 5MVA TRANSFORMER RATED ABOVE 5MVA

PROTECTION

DIFFERENTIAL RESTRICTED EARTH FAULT BACKUP OVER CURRENT BACKUP EARTH FAULT

THE AECo LTD

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
TRANSFOR TRANSFORMER MER RATED RATED BELOW 500 BETWEEN 500 KVA KVA AND 5MVA TRANSFORME R RATED BETWEEN 500 KVA AND 5MVA

PROTECTION

TRANSFORMER OVERFLUXING FUSES BUCHHOLZ RELAY, P.R.V., OSR

THE AECo LTD

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
TRANSFOR TRANSFORMER MER RATED RATED BELOW 500 BETWEEN 500 KVA KVA AND 5MVA TRANSFORME R RATED BETWEEN 500 KVA AND 5MVA

PROTECTION

OIL AND WINDING TEMPERATURE INDICATORS OIL LEVEL MONITORING EQUIPMENTS

THE AECo LTD

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

OCCURRENCE OF THE FAULT IN THE TRANSFORMER IS RELATIVELY LESS DUE TO

SIMPLE, STATIC CONSTRUCTION WITHOUT ANY ROTATING PARTS. TOTALLY ENCLOSED OIL IMMERSED.

THE AECo LTD

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

TYPES OF FAULTS IN TRANSFORMER

FAULTS IN THE AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT WINDING FAULTS EXTERNAL FAULTS

THE AECo LTD

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

TYPES OF FAULTS IN TRANSFORMER

FAULTS IN THE AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT
TRANSFORMER OIL
OIL LEVEL LOW. MOISTURE ABSORPTION

TRANSFORMER COOLING SYSTEM. FAILURE OF INSULATION BETWEEN LAMINATION OF CORE, CORE BOLT INSULATION. BADLY MADE JOINTS AND CONNECTIONS

THE AECo LTD

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

TYPES OF FAULTS IN TRANSFORMER

WINDING FAULTS INSULATION FAILURE BETWEEN WINDING AND CORE. PHASE TO PHASE FAULTS, PHASE TO GROUND FAULTS, FAULTS BETWEEN HV AND LV WINDING OR INTER TURN FAULTS. CAUSE MAY BE EXCESSIVE OVER LOAD, LOOSE CONNECTION, OVER VOLTAGE, AGING OF WINDING INSULATION OR CONSEQUENCE OF MINOR FAULTS.

THE AECo LTD

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

TYPES OF FAULTS IN TRANSFORMER

EXTERNAL FAULTS EXTERNAL OVERLOADS AND SHORT CIRCUITS OVER VOLTAGE REDUCED SYSTEM FREQUENCY. FAULTS IN OLTC FAULTS IN BUSHINGS

THE AECo LTD

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

10

DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION

PROTECTS THE TRANSFORMER AGAINST WINDING FAULTS SUCH AS PHASE TO PHASE FAULT AND PHASE TO EARTH FAULT. IT WORKS ON CIRCULATING CURRENT PRINCIPLE.

THE AECo LTD

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

11

DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
I1 I2

i1 RELAY i1 i2

id = i2 - i1 = 0

THE AECo LTD

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

12

DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
7356.8A 11/138KV GT dY1 586.4A

7356.8/1

586.4/1

i1 RELAY 1A 1A

id = i2 - i1 = 0

THE AECo LTD

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

13

DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
I1 I2

i1 RELAY i1 i2

id = i2 - i1 = 0

THE AECo LTD

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

14

DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
I1

i1 RELAY i1

id = i2 - i1 = i1

THE AECo LTD

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

15

DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
I1 I2

i1 RELAY i1 i2

id = i2 + i1

THE AECo LTD

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

16

DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
I1 I2

i1 i1 id R i2

i2 - i1 + i2 - id = 0 - i1 + i2 = id i2 - i1 = id i1 = i2 i2 - i1 = 0

THE AECo LTD

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

17

DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
I1 I2

i1 i1 id R i2

i2 - i1 - i2 - id = 0 - i1 - i2 = id i2 + i1 = -id

THE AECo LTD

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

18

DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
PROBLEMS / DIFFICULTIES, WHILE INCORPORATING DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION.
DIFFERENT VOLTAGE LEVELS AT PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OF THE TRANSFORMER. POSSIBLE RATIO MISMATCH OF THE CURRENT TRANSFORMERS. 30 PHASE SHIFT IN CASE OF DELTA / STAR TRANSFORMER.
THE AECo LTD
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION 19

8000/5

11KV GEN. 7216.8A 0

11/138KV GT dY1

800/1

788A 0

8000/5
11KV/240V ET 11/6.9KV UAT Dd0

512.39A 1 YD11 0.73/2.65 0.4925A 0 0.64A 1

4.510A 0

i1 RELAY

4.018A 0

2.32A 0

I1 = I2 + I3 4.510A = 0.4925A + 4.018A

4.018 = root3 * 2.32

DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
OPERATION OF THE TRANSFORMER AT DIFFERENT TAP POSITION. RELAY MAY NOT BE CONNECTED AT EQUIPOTENTIAL POINT OF THE PILOT WIRES. CT RATIO ERRORS DIFFERENT CT PERFORMANCE AT HIGH FAULT CURRENTS.
INHERENT DIFFERENCE IN THE CT CHARACTERISTIC SATURATION OF CTS CAUSE LARGE RATIO ERRORS IP = K*Is + Im. PRESENCE OF D. C. COMPONENT IN THE FAULT CURRENT.
THE AECo LTD
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION 21

DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION

MAGNETIZING INRUSH CURRENT

6 TO 10 TIMES THE RATED CURRENT. PRESENT ONLY ON THE PRIMARY SIDE OF THE TRANSFORMER. DEPENDS ON RESIDUAL FLUX OF THE TRANSFORMER AND VOLTAGE WAVE POSITION AT THE INSTANT OF SWITCHING (I.E. ZERO OR PEAK).

THE AECo LTD

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

22

HARMONIC CONTENT IN INRUSH CURRENT

HARMONIC COMPONENT TYPICAL VALUE HARMONIC COMPONENT TYPICAL VALUE

DC
2nd 3rd 4th
THE AECo LTD

55%
63% 26.8% 5.1%

5th
6th 7th

4.1%
3.7% 2.4%

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

23

MAGNETIZING INRUSH CURRENT

THE AECo LTD

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

24

DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
STATIC RELAYS
DTH 31 / 32 Relay Biased to provide stability during heavy through faults. Second harmonic restraint to present operation by magnetizing inrush current. Fifth harmonic bypass for over excitation condition. An instantaneous high set Element.

THE AECo LTD

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

25

DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION

NUMERICAL RELAYS
KBCH (ALSTOM ) MICOM 540 (ALSTOM) RET 316 (ABB)

THE AECo LTD

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

26

RESTRICTED EARTH FAULT PROTECTION

PROVIDES SENSITIVE, INSTANTANEOUS EARTH FAULT PROTECTION WITHIN THE PROTECTED ZONE OF THE TRANSFORMER. OPERATES ON CIRCULATING CURRENT PRINCIPAL.

THE AECo LTD

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

27

REF PROTECTION
Ir
N

Iy Ib

THE AECo LTD

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

28

REF PROTECTION
Ir
N

Iy Ib

THE AECo LTD

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

29

REF PROTECTION FOR RESISTANCE EARTHED SYSTEM

THE AECo LTD

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

30

RESTRICTED EARTH FAULT PROTECTION

CAG 14 HIGH IMPEDANCE RELAY IS USED WITH EXTERNAL STABILIZING RESISTOR FOR THE STABILITY AGAINST THROUGH FAULTS. OPERATING COIL OF THE RELAY IS CONNECTED WITH L. C. CIRCUIT IN SERIES TO IMMUNE HARMONIC PRODUCED BY CT SATURATION.
THE AECo LTD
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION 31

BACKUP OVER CURRENT PROTECTION

A FAULT EXTERNAL TO A TRANSFORMER RESULTS IN OVERLOAD / TEMP. RISE / MECHANICAL FORCES. TRANSFORMER MAY FAIL IF THE FAULT IS NOT CLEARED PROMPTLY.

THE AECo LTD

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

32

BACK UP OVER CURRENT PROTECTION

IR Ir

N
IY IB
O/C O/C O/C E/F

Iy
Ib

THE AECo LTD

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

33

BACKUP OVER CURRENT PROTECTION

RELAY SETTINGS ALLOWS SYSTEM COORDINATION. TIME DELAY IS HIGH. INSTANTANEOUS ELEMENT IS PROVIDED FOR PROTECTION AGAINST HEAVY INTERNAL FAULTS. SEPARATE SET OF CTS (CORE) IS PROVIDED.
THE AECo LTD
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION 34

BACK UP EARTH FAULT PROTECTION

PROVIDED WHERE POWER TRANSFORMERS WITH SECONDARY STAR CONNECTED AND CONNECTED TO TRANSMISSION LINE.

THE AECo LTD

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

35

BACK UP EARTH FAULT PROTECTION

Ir
N Iy Ib

THE AECo LTD

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

36

TRANSFORMER OVER FLUXING PROTECTION

E = 4.44 * * f * T E/f OVER FLUXING INCREASES MAGNETIZING CURRENT AND IRON / CORE LOSS WHICH IN TURN OVERHEATS CORE AND DAMAGES INSULATION OF LAMINATION, CORE BOLT AND WINDING INSULATION.
SUCH CONDITION OCCURS WHEN TRANSFORMER IS CONNECTED TO THE GENERATOR AND EHV CIRCUIT BRAKER IS OFF (PRIOR TO SYNCHRONIZATION) EXCITATION IS MADE ON AT REDUCED SPEED OF T. G. SET AVR IS FAULTY AND CAUSES AN OVER VOLTAGE.
THE AECo LTD
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION 37

TRANSFORMER OVER FLUXING PROTECTION

GTT 11 RELAY IS PROVIDED. SETTING IS DONE AT 1.12 TIMES RATED V/F RATIO WITH TIME DELAY OF 60 SECS

THE AECo LTD

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

38

BUCHHOLZ PROTECTION
BUCHHOLZ RELAY PROVIDES UNIVERSAL RESPONSE TO ALL TYPES OF FAULTS WITHIN THE TRANSFORMER.
PROVIDES PROTECTION AGAINST TWO TYPES OF FAULTS MINOR / INCIPIENT FAULTS SUCH AS HOT SPOT ON THE CORE DUE TO S/C OF LAMINATION. CORE BOLT INSULATION FAILURE. FAULTY JOINTS. INTER TURN FAULTS OR OTHER WINDING FAULTS INVOLVING LOWER POWER INFEEDS. MAJOR WINDING FAULTS LIKE EARTH FAULTS OR INTERPHASE FAULTS.

THE AECo LTD

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

39

DY1 CONNECTION
IR IY IB IR Ir IR Ib 30 Ir Ir

Iy Ib

IB

IY

Iy
40

THE AECo LTD

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

DY11 CONNECTION
IR IY IB IR Ir N Ir Iy Ib IR

Ir
Iy IB IY

30

Ib
41

THE AECo LTD

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

EXCITATION CURVE

EXCITING VOLTAGE VS

10% Vk Vk 50% Iek

EXCITATION CURRENT Ie
THE AECo LTD
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION 42

DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION BIASING

I1 I2

i1

i1

i2 I2/2 Id R

i2 % BIAS = (i1 - i2)*100/(i1 + i2)/2

I1/2

THE AECo LTD

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

43

BIASED DIFFERENTIAL CHARACTERISTIC

THE AECo LTD

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

44

THANK YOU
THE AECo LTD
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION 45