Physics 101 Chapter 14 Gases

Check question:
Two solid blocks of identical size, one of lead and the other wood, are put in water. Upon which is the buoyant force greater?
Check again:
What is the buoyant force on a ten ton ship floating in fresh water? In salt water? In a lake of mercury?
Chapter 14 - Gases
Atmospheric Pressure, Barometers, Vacuum pumps, Buoyancy of air and Bernoullis Principle
Gas vs. liquid

Recall, both are fluids Differences:
Distance between the molecules A gas expands (i.e. density variation) to fill the space available
Secondary point: Gas is compressible!
Atmosphere
Thickness of the atmosphere determined by:
Kinetic energy of the gas molecules (temperature) Force of gravity
Fortunately
Distance from sun, Size of the earth, and Presence of the correct gases are all just right for our world.
No real edge, but 99% below 30 km.

50 % below 5.6 km !
Fig. 14.1
Atmospheric Pressure
We are at the bottom of an ocean of air. Butthe density of air goes down as we go higher. One square meter (m2) on the ground has about 10,000 kg of air above it. Weight is mg, so 10,000 kg x 10 m/s2 = 105 N At sea level, pressure is approx. 105 N/m2
Where (elevation) is the density of air the highest?
_____________ ___________
Fig. 14.5
Atmospheric Pressure (cont.)

The exact value is 1.01 x 105 N/m2, Or 1.01 x 105 Pascals (Pa) Or one atmosphere (1 atm.) Or 760 mm of mercury in a barometer.
Toricelli (mercury) Barometer

Fill a tube with mercury and turn upside down into a bowl of mercury. Note: there is a vacuum at the top of the tube. 76 cm or 760 mm of mercury is pushed up the tube by air pressure at sea level.
Fig. 14.7
2222222222222Barometer (cont.)
The 760 mm column of mercury weighs the same as a 30 km (30,000,000 mm) column of air of the same width. Water barometer?
Yes, if it is 13.6 times as tall: about 10.3-m. Why? Mercury is 13.6 times as dense as water.
Why dont you notice this weight of air? How can we show it is there?
Fig. 14.3
Magdeburg Spheres 1654: All the kings horses Sucked together or pushed together?
Is the piston supporting the weight pulled up or pushed up?
Fig. 14.3
Straws and Pumps

Soda is not sucked up the straw.
You pull the air out, creating a partial vacuum, and atmospheric pressure pushes soda up the straw.
Hand pumps (vacuum type) only good to depth of about 30 ft (10.3 m).
The Real Question!

Which gives you more benefit from the atmosphere?
a) Frosty b) Milk Shake
Frosty !!!
More push for less cash!
(you cant beat it)
Altimeters and vacuum pumps

See figure 14.10. for aneriod barometer. Vacuum of space is about 10-8 Pa. Mechanical pumps (Fig 14.11) are capable of achieving about 1 Pa of pressure.
Fig. 14.10
Aneroid Barometer
May be used as altimeter Vacuum of space is about 10-8 Pa.
Mechanical Vacuum Pump

Fig. 14.11
Boyles Law
At constant temperature, the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to pressure.
1 V , or PV k , or P 1V1 P2V2 P
V = Pv
Boyles Law: Volume 1/P or PV = k
XXXXXPressure can be increased by:

Increasing the number
of gas molecules at constant volume
Fig. 14.12 Fig 14.13
Decreasing the volume of the same number of molecules
p. 253 fyi
Tire gauge reads gauge (above atm.) pressure, not total pressure.
Buoyancy of Air
Same principle of Archimedes (see Ch 13, slides 21, 22) An object in air is buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the air it displaces. Usually not a large force unless we are talking about something the size of a blimp.
1.
At ordinary atmospheric pressure an object will float in air if its density is less than 1.2 kg/m3 ( 12 N/m3)
2. Balloon will rise only so long as it displaces a weight of air greater than its own weight. 3. When buoyant force equals its weight, the balloon will cease to rise. OR 4. When the balloons average density equals the density of the surrounding air it will cease to rise
Fig 14.14
In situation 3. and 4. the balloon is in equilibrium. Buoyant force of the air on the balloon equals the balloons weight.
Density of air is greater at ground level than at higher levels.

A smaller volume of air is displaced before buoyant force is greater than the balloons weight
Fig. 14.15
As the balloon rises higher, air is less dense, so a greater volume of air must be displaced for buoyant force to remain greater than weight
Bernoullis Principle (fluid dynamics)

When the speed of the fluid increases, the internal pressure in the fluid decreases. Consequence of conservation of energy: for steady flow with no internal friction and no change in elevation, if kinetic energy goes up, the internal energy (measured by pressure) must go down.
Streamlines
Imaginary lines used to trace the paths of molecules. They get closer when the opening gets narrower. Closer lines indicate faster flow and lower pressure.
Fig. 14.18
Lift
Wings and streamlines:
Angle of attack Curvature of the wing
If lift force = weight then flight is possible.
Fig. 14.21
Fig. 14.20
Higher air pressure inside results in a greater force that lifts the roof off of the house.
Curve Balls
Curve ball moves to the side of lower pressure (higher air speed).
Fig. 14.21
Atomizer
Fig 14.23
Increasing air speed lowers pressure above tube, so higher pressure inside reservoir pushes liquid up the tube

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Check question:

Gas vs. liquid

No real edge, but 99% below 30 km.

Where (elevation) is the density of air the highest?

Atmospheric Pressure (cont.)

Toricelli (mercury) Barometer

Is the piston supporting the weight pulled up or pushed up?

Straws and Pumps

The Real Question!

Altimeters and vacuum pumps

Mechanical Vacuum Pump

Boyles Law: Volume 1/P or PV = k

XXXXXPressure can be increased by:

of gas molecules at constant volume

Fig. 14.12 Fig 14.13

Decreasing the volume of the same number of molecules

Density of air is greater at ground level than at higher levels.

Bernoullis Principle (fluid dynamics)

If lift force = weight then flight is possible.

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