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  • CSCI 330 T Unix S: HE Ystem

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    Achiaa Osei-Donkor
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    This document discusses various file operations in UNIX/Linux systems such as creating, editing, viewing, printing, and manipulating text files. It covers commands like cat, vim, less, head, tail, lpr, enscript, lpq, cut, paste, comm, diff, sort, uniq, and quota that are used to perform common file tasks like concatenation, pagination, printing, extraction, comparison, sorting, removal of duplicates, and checking disk usage. The document provides syntax and examples of using these commands on files.

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    This document discusses various file operations in UNIX/Linux systems such as creating, editing, viewing, printing, and manipulating text files. It covers commands like cat, vim, less, head, tail, lpr, enscript, lpq, cut, paste, comm, diff, sort, uniq, and quota that are used to perform common file tasks like concatenation, pagination, printing, extraction, comparison, sorting, removal of duplicates, and checking disk usage. The document provides syntax and examples of using these commands on files.

    Copyright:

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    44 views24 pages

    CSCI 330 T Unix S: HE Ystem

    Uploaded by

    Achiaa Osei-Donkor
    This document discusses various file operations in UNIX/Linux systems such as creating, editing, viewing, printing, and manipulating text files. It covers commands like cat, vim, less, head, tail, lpr, enscript, lpq, cut, paste, comm, diff, sort, uniq, and quota that are used to perform common file tasks like concatenation, pagination, printing, extraction, comparison, sorting, removal of duplicates, and checking disk usage. The document provides syntax and examples of using these commands on files.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 24

    CSCI 330

    THE UNIX SYSTEM


    File operations

    OPERATIONS ON REGULAR FILES

    CSCI 330 - The UNIX System

    Create

    Edit

    Display
    Contents

    Print

    Others

    CREATING NEW FILES

    cat

    vim,
    emacs

    nano,
    etc.

    See Text Editors


    Section

    CSCI 330 - The UNIX System

    Create Regular
    Files

    Redirect
    Command
    Output
    See shell
    Section
    3

    CREATING A FILE WITH CAT

    CSCI 330 - The UNIX System

    Example:
    % cat > myfile
    This is line 1 of input
    Line 2 of input
    ^d
    %
    4

    DISPLAY CONTENTS OF TEXT FILES

    cat

    more

    less

    pg

    head

    CSCI 330 - The UNIX System

    Display Text
    File contents

    tail

    VIEWING CONTENTS OF TEXT FILES

    CSCI 330 - The UNIX System

    command cat can be used to


    display/concatenate one or more files,
    displaying the output all at once

    Example: Display the contents of file assign1.txt


    % cat assign1.txt

    VIEWING CONTENTS OF TEXT FILES

    CSCI 330 - The UNIX System

    more, less or "pg"


    display the contents of one or more files
    one page at a time
    Space bar to advance to next page
    b to go back a page
    Enter Key to advance to next line

    Example: Display the contents of file assign1.txt


    one page at a time
    % less assign1.txt

    VIEWING CONTENTS OF TEXT FILES

    CSCI 330 - The UNIX System

    head
    displays the beginning portion of indicated file(s);
    the default head size is 10 lines.

    Example: Display first 20 lines of file assign1.txt


    % head -20 assign1.txt

    VIEWING CONTENTS OF TEXT FILES

    CSCI 330 - The UNIX System

    tail
    displays the ending portion of indicated file(s);
    the default tail size is 10 lines.

    Example: Display last 10 lines of file assign1.txt


    % tail assign1.txt
    % tail -10 assign1.txt

    PRINTING FILES
    lpr
    send a file to the default printer

    printers available:
    csl or
    frl or
    ucl or

    lpcsl
    lpfrl
    lpucl

    (default)

    CSCI 330 - The UNIX System

    Example:
    % lpr -P frl assign1.txt
    10

    PRETTY-PRINTING FILES

    enscript

    converts text file to PostScript, rtf or html

    default: PostScript

    sends output to printer


    Example:
    % enscript assign1.txt

    CSCI 330 - The UNIX System

    Options:
    -P
    to specify printer
    -w
    to select output language
    -o
    to specify output file
    11

    CHECKING PRINTING STATUS


    Syntax: lpq [options]
    Commonly used options:
    -P printer shows print jobs on specific printer
    -U user-id shows print jobs for specific user
    -l
    long format of listing
    -a
    shows print jobs on all printers

    Also: lprm to remove unwanted print job

    CSCI 330 - The UNIX System

    12

    OPERATIONS ON TEXT & OTHER FILES


    Other File
    Operations

    Extract
    contents

    Compare
    files

    Count
    words

    Compress
    contents

    Sort

    Unique
    lines

    Encrypt/
    decrypt

    CSCI 330 - The UNIX System

    Combine
    contents

    13

    COMBINING CONTENTS OF FILES

    Method 1: To vertically concatenate the contents of


    two or more files, use cat with output redirection (>)

    all-file will contain the combined contents of file-1,


    file-2, and file-3 in top-down (vertical) fashion

    CSCI 330 - The UNIX System

    Syntax: cat file-1 file-2 file-3 > all-file

    14

    COMBINING CONTENTS OF FILES

    Method 2: To horizontally concatenate contents


    (columns/fields) of two or more files, use paste

    all-file will contain the combined contents of file-1


    and file-2 in side-by-side (horizontal) fashion

    CSCI 330 - The UNIX System

    Syntax: paste file-1 file-2 > all-file

    15

    EXTRACTING CONTENTS OF FILES


    To extract one or more fields from a file, use cut

    fields are delimited by special character


    default: TAB, change via d option
    common: :

    must specify list of fields to be extracted

    option -f

    CSCI 330 - The UNIX System

    Example:
    % cut -d: -f 5 /etc/passwd
    16

    COMPARING FILES: COMM

    The command named comm can be used to


    compare lines that are common in two sorted files

    The output contains three columns:


    Column1 contains lines unique to file-1
    Column 2 contains lines unique to file-2
    Column 3 contains lines common to both files

    CSCI 330 - The UNIX System

    Syntax: comm [options] file-1 file-2

    17

    COMPARING FILES: DIFF

    The command diff compares two files line by line

    If file-1 and file-2 are the same, no output is


    produced
    If file-1 and file-2 are not the same, diff reports a
    series of commands that can be used to convert the
    first file to the second file
    (via the patch command)

    CSCI 330 - The UNIX System

    Syntax: diff [options] file-1 file-2

    18

    DETERMINING FILE SIZE


    Recall: The ls command with the option -l gives
    the file size in bytes
    Use wc to display the size of files as number of
    lines, words, and characters

    CSCI 330 - The UNIX System

    Syntax: wc file-list
    Commonly used options:
    -l display the number of lines
    -w display the number of words
    -c display the number of characters

    19

    FILE COMPRESSION
    utilities to compress and uncompress files
    common on Linux:

    .gz

    Example:
    % gzip assign1.txt
    % gunzip assign1.txt.gz

    CSCI 330 - The UNIX System

    gzip, gunzip
    file extension:

    Gzip and gunzip delete their inputs

    So make a copy if you want one


    20

    COMPRESS FILE CONTENTS

    Bzip2

    Old

    compress/uncompress (.Z)

    Windows-compatible

    CSCI 330 - The UNIX System

    New, better compression

    zip/unzip (.zip)
    Do not delete their input!

    21

    SORTING FILES

    To sort a text file in ascending or descending order,


    use sort

    Commonly used options:


    -r sort in reverse order
    -n numeric sort
    -t field delimiter
    -k field1[,field2]
    -f ignore case

    CSCI 330 - The UNIX System

    Syntax: sort [options] file-name

    22

    REMOVING REPEATED LINES

    Syntax: uniq sorted-file-name


    Commonly used options:
    -c place a count of repeated lines at beginning of each
    output line
    -d display the repeated lines
    -u display the lines that are not repeated

    CSCI 330 - The UNIX System

    uniq
    removes repeated lines from a sorted input file,
    sending unique (unrepeated) lines to standard
    output

    23

    USERS DISK QUOTA

    quota is upper limit of

    for each user account

    The command: quota -v

    displays the users disk usage and limits

    CSCI 330 - The UNIX System

    amount disk space


    number of files

    2 kinds of limits:

    Soft limit: ex. 10MB

    May be exceeded for one week


    System will remind you when you log on

    Hard limit: ex. 12MB

    Cannot be exceeded

    24

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