Vapor Source Models
Vapor Source Models
Vapors
Compressible flow
Physical properties
(density) constant
Energy from
pressure converted
to kinetic energy
Temperature,
pressure, density
all change when
going through a
hole or down a pipe
Throttling release
Free Expansion
Non choked or subsonic
Choked, critical or sonic
Throttling flow
A throttling device is a valve or
crack or porous material with high
resistance to flow that results in a
large pressure drop.
Throttling flow
First law of thermodynamics
dE
Q& W&s m&in (h e p ek )in m&out (h e p ek )out
dt
Assume Steady state
Adiabatic
Negligible potential and Kinetic energy effects
Single inlet and outlet
No shaft work
Throttling flow
Hence the process is isenthalpic
Consider the temperature as a
function of pressure and enthalpy
dT f T ( P, h )
Throttling flow
Take partial
dT
dP
P h
dh
P
Definition of Joule-Thomsen
coefficient
T
P h
Throttling flow
T
If isenthalpic then 0
h P
Integrate out
out
Tout Tin
dP
in
Throttling release
Free Expansion
Non choked or subsonic
Choked, critical or sonic
u2
dP
g
Ws
2 gc gc Z F m&
Friction through hole is defined as
before
dP
dP
2
F
C1
P
Pv constant
Cp
Cv
u f P, P0 , T0 , properties
Q&m uA
2
g
M
P
P
c
&
Qm C0 AP0
RgT0 1 P0 P0
Throttling release
Free Expansion
Non choked or subsonic
Choked, critical or sonic
u a ( SpeedOfSound ) g c RgT / M
So at choked conditions Eq. 4-40
&
Q
m
choked
gc M
C0 AP0
Rg T0
2
1
1
1
P0
Pchoked
Monotonic
~1.67
0.487P0
Diatomic (air)
~1.40
0.528P0
Triatomic
~1.32
0.542P0
Gas
Example
Example
u
Ma
a
L length of pipe
d diameter of pipe
T1, P1 upstream temperature, pressure
P2 downstream pressure
4 log 3.7
Example