Valves
Valves
Valves
on
Valves - classification
basis and
components
Specialty Items
Valves
Valve An integral part of the piping system
Classified on the basis of
a) Valve function/action
- On/off (stopping or starting flow)
- Regulating (varying the rate of flow)
- Checking (permitting flow in one direction only)
b) Operation
- Manual/Auto operation (e.g. Ball, globe, gate, butterfly,
needle)
- Self operation (e.g. Check valve)
The internal elements of a valve are collectively referred to as a
Valve Trim. The trim typically includes a disk, seat, stem, and
sleeves needed to guide the stem.
Piping Department
Valve components
The basic parts that make up a valve
are:a) The DISC - The moving part directly
affecting the flow irrespective of its
shape.
b) The SEAT - The non moving part the
disc rests on.
c) The PORT - is the maximum internal
opening for flow (that is when the valve
is fully open).
d) The STEM - in case of manual
operated valve, disc is actuated by the
stem. Two types
a) Rising stem (e.g.. Gate, globe)
b) Non rising/rotating stem (e.g. ball,
butterfly)
Piping Department
Valve components
e) The BONNET - three types
a) Screwed - For services where there is no harm to personnel. More
suitable for small valves requiring frequent dismantling.
b) Bolted - Frequently used in hydrocarbon applications. For
pressures and to facilitate frequent cleaning and inspection.
moderate
Piping Department
Gate Valve
Piping Department
Gate Valve
Piping Department
Globe Valve
Globe Valves are named for their spherical body shape with the two
halves of the body being separated by an internal baffle.
Automated globe valves have a smooth stem rather than threaded and
are opened and closed by an actuator assembly.
Piping Department
The ball has a hole, or port, through the middle so that when the port is in
line with both ends of the valve, flow will occur.
When the valve is closed, the hole is perpendicular to the ends of the
valve, and flow is blocked.
Piping Department
A full port ball valve has an over sized ball so that the
hole in the ball is the same size as the pipeline resulting
in lower friction loss. Flow is unrestricted, but the valve is
larger.
Piping Department
Piping Department
One piece ball valves are almost always reduced bore(thus significant
pressure drop), are relatively inexpensive and generally are throw-away. Have
no potential body leak path.
Two piece ball valves are generally slightly reduced (or standard) bore, they
can be either throw-away or repairable. Best price value.
The 3 piece design allows for the center part of the valve containing the
ball, stem & seats to be easily removed from the pipeline. This facilitates
efficient cleaning of deposited sediments, replacement of seats and gland
packing's, polishing out of small scratches on the ball, all this without removing
the pipes from the valve body. The design concept of a three piece valve is for
it to be repairable.
Piping Department
Piping Department
Ball valves are very easy to use and can both maintain and regulate three
things
-high pressure
-high volume and
-high flow of temperature.
Other advantages of ball valves are that they are sturdy devices that can
be purchased for a low price and they have a long service life.
An added plus is that the regulating element's design makes it easy for
the ball valve to work without concern about side loads, which often plague
globe or butterfly valves.
The ball valve design allows for the easy ability to fix the seats if a
problem arises and also seals without having to take away the body of the
valves from the line.
Piping Department
Ball valves are durable and usually work to achieve perfect shutoff even
after years of disuse.
They are therefore an excellent choice for shutoff applications (and are
often preferred to globe valves and gate valves for this purpose). They do
not offer the fine control that may be necessary in throttling applications but
are sometimes used for this purpose.
Ball valves are used extensively in industry because they are very
versatile, pressures up to 10,000 psi, temperatures up to 200 Deg C. Sizes
from 1/4" to 12" are readily available They are easy to repair, operate
manually or by actuators.
Piping Department
A flat circular plate is positioned in the center of the pipe. The plate has a
rod through it connected to an actuator on the outside of the valve.
Rotating the actuator turns the plate either parallel or perpendicular to the
flow.
Unlike a ball valve, the plate is always present within the flow, therefore
a pressure drop is always induced in the flow regardless of valve position.
Piping Department
Resilient butterfly valve which has a flexible rubber seat. Working pressure
232 PSI. The resilient butterfly valve, which uses the flexibility of rubber, has
the lowest pressure rating.
Piping Department
Two special applications for a butterfly valve include the use of a valve for
free discharge and the use of a butterfly valve for flashing or choking
cavitation.
(Cavitation is defined as the phenomenon of formation of vapour bubbles of a
flowing liquid in a region where the pressure of the liquid falls below its vapour
pressure)
Piping Department
Check valves work automatically and most are not controlled by a person or
any external control; accordingly, most do not have any valve handle or stem.
Typically the check valve is designed for and can therefore be specified for a
specific cracking pressure.
Piping Department
Clapper valve
Lift-check valve
Piping Department
Check valves are used in many fluid systems such as those in chemical,
and power plants, and in many other industrial processes.
Check valves are also often used when multiple gases are mixed into one
gas stream. A check valve is installed on each of the individual gas streams to
prevent mixing of the gases in the original source.
Piping Department
Piping Department
VALVE TYPE
SERVICE
BALL
GATE
Usually, used for Liquid (On/Off), never used for flow rate control
(Knife Gate type used for Low pressure, Liquid Mud)
GLOBE
Used for flow rate control (Small diameter Utility connection etc.)
CHECK
NEEDLE
Its a Small Size, used for flow rate control certainly, compare with others.
BUTTERFLY
It has not Compact, easy to operate, so that used for Firewater, Bulk line, usually.
MODULAR
It has Double Block & Bleed function, so that used for Branch line of High pressure
Instrument.
PLUG
Used for fluid include solid body, like a sand, Used for High pressure valve in
Wellhead
Piping Department
Classification
CS (high temp.)
Forging
Material Code
B
O
D
Y
Casting
Forging
Casting
ASTM A105(N)
ASTM A216
ASTM A350
ASTM A352
Using Grade
WCB
LF2/LF3
LCC
Min.Y.S. (ksi)
35
36
35
40
Min.T.S. (ksi)
60
70
60
70
Impact Test
N/A
N/A
18J/-50F
20J/-50F
0.3
0.035
NA (0.5 :S5)
0.3
0.045
N/A
0.3
0.025
NA
0.25
0.045
NA ( 0.55:S23)
(Aver. J/deg.)
Chem.
Content
C
S
CE
Trim Material
Bolt/Nut Material
A193-B7/A194-2H
A320-L7/A194-7
Seat Material
PEEK/PTFE
PEEK/R-PTFE
Seal/Packing
Piping Department
Classification
Stainless Steel
Forging
B
O
D
Y
Casting
Forging
Casting
Material Code
ASTM A182
ASTM A351
ASTM A182
ASTM A890
Using Grade
F316/ F316L
CF8M
F51
4A
Min.Y.S. (ksi)
30/25
30
65
60
Min.T.S. (ksi)
75/70
70
90
90
10-14
16-18
0.08/0.035
0.03
2-3
9-12
18-21
0.08
0.04
2-3
4.5-6.5
21-23
0.03
0.02
2.5-3.5
4.5-6.5
21-23.5
0.03
0.02
2.5-3.5
Chem.
Content
Ni
Cr
C
S
Mo
Trim Material
Bolt/Nut Material
A193-B7/A194-2H, A193-B8M/A194-8M
Seat Material
PEEK, /RPTFE
PEEK, R-PTFE
Sael/Packing
Piping Department
Classification
Material Code
Titanium
ASTM B148(Casting)
Using Grade
UNS C95800
F2(Forging), C2(Casting)
Min.Y.S. (ksi)
35
40
Min.T.S. (ksi)
85
50
Cu: 81.3%
Ni: 4.5%
Iron: 4%
Al: 9.5%
C: 0.03
Iron 0.25
Ti: app.99%
Trim Material
ASTM B381- F2
Bolt/Nut Material
A193-B8M/A194-8M
Seat Material
PEEK / PTFE
PTFE
Sael/Packing
B
O
D
Y
Chemical
Content
Piping Department
ASME or API
BS or EN
Design Standard
BS 5351
EN 13547 ( Al-Bronze valve)
Face to Face
dimension
API 6D
ASME B16.10 (long Pattern)
BS EN 558 Part 2
Housing Design
One Piece Body or Split Body (2 piece, 3 piece) , Side or Top entry
Seat Arrangement
Floating Type: L.P. & small size (ex: 150/300#:<12, 600/900#;<8, 1500/2500#:<4)
Trunnion type: H.P. & large size (ex: 150/300#:>=12, 600/900#;>=8,
1500/2500#:>=4)
Bore Type
Operator
Pressure rating
BS EN 12266 Part-1
Leakage Rate
Locking Device
Piping Department
ASME or API
BS or EN
Design Standard
Face to Face
dimension
BS 1414
BS 5154
Housing Design
-Regular type with OS&Yoke, solid disc, bolted bonnet/grand Rising stem
- Knife edge gate.
Seat Arrangement
Operator
Hand wheel
Pressure rating
API 598
ISO 5208, Rate A
Piping Department
ASME or API
BS or EN
Design Standard
BS 1873: Flanged,
BS 5352 :SW, FNPT
Face to Face
dimension
ASME B16.10
Housing Design
Regular type with outside screw and yoke, solid disc, bolted bonnet/grand
Seat Arrangement
Renewable seat,
Integral seat with hard facing.
Operator
Hand wheel
Pressure rating
ISO 10497
API 598
BS EN 12266 Part-1
Leakage Rate
API 598
Piping Department
EN13547 (PN20,PN50 )
Cl.800
ASME or API
BS or EN
Design Standard
Face to Face
dimension
Housing Design
Swing: Straight pattern, Piston: Bolted Bonnet, Dual plate: lugged Wafer
Seat Arrangement
Operator
Not Applicable
Pressure rating
ISO 10497
Leakage Rate
Piping Department
EN13547 (PN20,PN50)
Cl.800#
ASME or API
BS or EN
Design Standard
ASME B16.34
BS 1873
Face to Face
dimension
ASME B16.10
BS 2080
Housing Design
Manufacturer standard
Seat Arrangement
Operator
Hand Wheel
Pressure rating
ISO 10497
BS EN 12266 Part-1
Leakage Rate
Piping Department
ASME or API
BS or EN
Design Standard
BS 5155
Face to Face
dimension
BS 5155
Housing Design
Seat Arrangement
Renewable
Operator
Pressure rating
API 598
Leakage Rate
Piping Department
Data Sheets
LINE SIZE
MATERIAL
Body Material
Trim Material
Seat Material
Gasket Material
Bolt/Nut Material.
OPERATOR
Hand Wheel
Gear Operated
Chain Operated
Lever Operated
SEAT ARRANGEMENT
Integral
Renewable
CONSTRUACTION
FEATURES
PRESSURE RATING
Piping Department
SPECIALITY ITEMS
Steam Trap
Rupture Disc
Strainers
Flame Arrestor
Steam Traps
Piping Department
Steam
Traps
Uses
Thus by installing steam traps in strategic locations throughout the
distribution system we can eliminate those problems. With proper
placement and specification of steam traps we can create and
maintain an efficient, cost effective steam supply and distribution
system
The three important functions of steam traps are:
- Discharge condensate as soon as it is formed.
- Have a negligible steam consumption.
- Have the capability of discharging air and other non-condensable
gases.
Piping Department
a) THERMOSTATIC
TEMPERATURE
Piping Department
b) MECHANICAL
DENSITY
c) THERMODYNAMIC
KINETIC ENERGY
a) Mechanical Steam
Traps
Piping Department
Piping Department
Piping Department
Advantages
The trap continuously discharges condensate at steam temperature. This makes it the first choice
for applications where the rate of heat transfer is high for the area of heating surface available.
It is able to handle heavy or light condensate loads equally well and is not affected by wide and
sudden fluctuations of pressure or flow rate.
As long as an automatic air vent is fitted, the trap is able to discharge air freely.
It has a large capacity for its size.
Piping Department
Disadvantag
es
Although less susceptible than the inverted bucket trap, the float type trap can be damaged by
severe freezing and the body should be well lagged.
As with all mechanical type traps, different internals are required to allow operation over varying
pressure ranges. Traps designed to operate on higher differential pressures have smaller orifices
to balance the bouyancy of the float. If a trap is subjected to a higher differential pressure than
intended, it will close and not pass condensate.
Piping Department
Mechanical Stream
Traps
Inverted bucket steam trap
Piping Department
There
aren't
necessarily situations
where this type of trap
wouldnt work but
rather
situations
where
a
less
expensive,
smaller,
possible long lasting
type of trap cold have
been applied.
Advantages
The inverted bucket steam trap can be made to withstand high pressures.
Like a float-thermostatic steam trap, it has a good tolerance to waterhammer conditions.
Can be used on superheated steam lines with the addition of a check valve on the inlet.
Failure mode is usually open, so it's safer on those applications that require this feature, for
example turbine drains.
Piping Department
Disadvantag
es
The small size of the hole in the top of the bucket means that this type of trap can only discharge
air very slowly. The hole cannot be enlarged, as steam would pass through too quickly during
normal operation.
There should always be enough water in the trap body to act as a seal around the lip of the
bucket. If the trap loses this water seal, steam can be wasted through the outlet valve.
Like the float trap, the orifice in an inverted bucket trap is designed to operate up to a maximum
differential pressure. If the trap is subjected to a higher differential pressure thanintended, it will
close and not pass condensate.
Piping Department
b) Thermostatic Steam
Traps
Piping Department
Piping Department
Thermostatic Steam
Traps
Bimetallic Steam trap
Piping Department
Advantage
s
Bimetallic steam traps are usually compact, yet can have a large condensate capacity.
The valve is wide open when the steam trap is cold, giving good air venting capability and
maximum condensate discharge capacity under 'start-up' conditions
Bimetallic steam traps are usually able to withstand waterhammer, corrosive condensate, and
high steam pressures.
The bimetal elements can work over a wide range of steam pressures without any need for a
change in the size of the valve orifice.
Piping Department
Disadvantag
es
As condensate is discharged below steam temperature, waterlogging of the steam space will
occur unless the steam trap is fitted at the end of a long cooling leg, typically 1 - 3m of unlagged
pipe (see Fig. 11.2.14). Bimetallic steam traps are not suitable for fitting to process plants where
immediate condensate removal is vital for maximum output to be achieved.
Bimetallic steam traps do not respond quickly to changes in load or pressure because the
element is slow to react.
Piping Department
Thermostatic Steam
Traps
Liquid Expansion Type
Thermal expansion traps contain a thermostatic element that is filled with oil.
As the oil heats up and expands, it causes a piston to move and thereby close a valve.
During start up, air and condensate are expelled from the open valve.
When the oil is sufficiently heated by the steam, the valve closes to keep the steam from escaping
This trap contains an oil-filled cylinder encasing a sealed bellows with an enclosed piston driven rod with a valve on one end.
When the temperature of the condensate, flowing through the trap housing, begins to rise the oil in the cylinder begins to expand in
response.
As the oil expands it drives the rod assembly toward a valve seat located in the inlet of the trap body.
As the condensate surrounding the cylinder cools down the oil contracts allowing the rod assembly to retract from the valve seat.
Condensate begins to flow until it heats sufficiently to close the valve again.
The Liquid Expansion Trap also has an adjustable nut on one end. This allows the set temperature to be adjusted within the operating
range of the trap.
Piping Department
Advantage
s
Liquid expansion traps can be adjusted to discharge at low temperatures, giving an excellent 'cold
drain' facility.
Like the balanced pressure trap, the liquid expansion trap is fully open when cold, giving good air
discharge and maximum condensate capacity on 'start-up' loads.
The liquid expansion trap can be used as a start-up drain trap on low pressure superheated steam
mains where a long cooling leg is guaranteed to flood with cooler condensate. It is able to
withstand vibration and waterhammer conditions.
Piping Department
Disadvantage
s
The flexible tubing of the element can be destroyed by corrosive condensate or superheat.
Since the liquid expansion trap discharges condensate at a temperature of 100C or below, it
should never be used on applications which demand immediate removal of condensate from the
steam space.
If the trap is to be subjected to freezing conditions the trap and its associated pipework must be
well insulated.
The liquid expansion trap is not normally a trapping solution on its own, as it usually requires
another steam trap to operate in parallel. However, it can often be used where start-up rate is not
an important consideration, such as when draining small tank heating coils.
Piping Department
Thermostatic Steam
Traps
Balanced pressure type
Piping Department
Operation of balanced
pressure steam trap
capsule
Advantage
s
The flexible tubing of the element can be destroyed by corrosive condensate or superheat.
Small, light and has a large capacity for its Size.
The valve is fully open on start-up, allowing air and other non-condensable gases to be discharged
freely and giving maximum condensate removal when the load is greatest.
This type of trap is unlikely to freeze when working in an exposed position (unless there is a rise in
the condensate pipe after the trap, which would allow water to run back and flood the trap when the
steam is off).
The modern balanced pressure trap automatically adjusts itself to variations of steam pressure up
to its maximum operating pressure. It will also tolerate up to 70C of superheat.
Trap maintenance is simple. The capsule and valve seat are easily removed, and replacements
can be fitted in a few minutes without removing the trap from the line.
Piping Department
Disadvantag
es
The older style balanced pressure steam traps had bellows which were susceptible to damage by
waterhammer or corrosive condensate.
Welded stainless steel capsules introduced more recently, are better able to tolerate such
conditions.
In common with all other thermostatic traps, the balanced pressure type does not open until the
condensate temperature has dropped below steam temperature (the exact temperature difference
being determined by the fluid used to fill the element).
This is clearly a disadvantage if the steam trap is chosen for an application in which waterlogging
of the steam space can not be tolerated, for example; mains drainage, heat exchangers, critical
tracing.
Piping Department
c) Thermodynamic Steam
traps
Thermodynamic traps work on the difference in dynamic response to velocity
change in flow of compressible and incompressible fluids.
As steam enters, static pressure above the disk forces the disk against the
valve seat. The static pressure over a large area overcomes the high inlet
pressure of the steam.
As the steam starts to condense, the pressure against the disk lessens and
the trap cycles. This essentially makes a TD trap a "time cycle" device: it will
open even if there is only steam present, this can cause premature wear. If
non condensable gas is trapped on top of the disc, it can cause the trap to
be locked shut.
Piping Department
Orifice type
Piping Department
Thermodynamic Steam
Traps
Traditional thermodynamic type
Piping Department
Hot
condensate
flowing through the
inlet passage into the
chamber under the
disc
drops
in
pressure
and
releases flash steam
moving
at
high
velocity. This high
velocity creates a
low pressure area
under
the
disc,
drawing it towards its
seat (Figure 11.4.1,
ii).
Advantages
Thermodynamic traps can operate across their entire working range without any adjustment or
change of internals.
They are compact, simple, lightweight and have a large condensate capacity for their size.
Thermodynamic traps can be used on high pressure and superheated steam and are not affected
by waterhammer or vibration.
As the disc is the only moving part, maintenance can easily be carried out without removing the
trap from the line.
Piping Department
Disadvantages
Thermodynamic steam traps will not work positively on very low differential
pressures, as the velocity of flow across the underside of the disc is
insufficient for lower pressure to occur.
Piping Department
Thermodynamic Steam
Traps
Orifice Type
The basic principle behind this trap is that the expanded volume of
steam
compared to condensate has a throttling effect at the orifice.
These are devices containing a hole of predetermined diameter to
allow a
calculated amount of condensate to flow under specific pressure
conditions. In
practice, condensate loads and steam pressures can vary
considerably. For
instance, start-up and running loads can differ considerably along
with steam
pressure which will change due to the actions of temperature controls.
These
varying conditions can result in the fixed orifice either holding back
condensate
in the process or passing live steam, which can affect plant
Piping
Department and
performance
Fixed orifices are often sized on running conditions, so that they hold
back
enough condensate and do not pass steam. If this is so, at start-up,
they are
undersized to a greater degree and the steam space stands a good
chance
of waterlogging.
The alternative is to size them so as not to waterlog during start-up.
The hole is then effectively oversized for running conditions, and the
device will pass steam. The size of hole is usually a compromise
between the two conditions, such that, at some points in between,
the hole is correctly sized.
Piping Department
Thermodynamic Steam
Traps
Orifice Type
Piping Department
Advantages
Disadvantages
Piping Department
End connections per ANSI B1.20 for threaded ends, per ANSI
B16.11 for socket welding ends.
Piping Department
Rupture Disk
Rupture Disc
A rupture disc or bursting disc is a pressure relief device that protects
a
vessel or system from over pressurization.
Piping Department
Rupture disc
assembly
Piping Department
Features
Piping Department
When to use?
Piping Department
Piping Department
Construction
Material
Piping Department
Strainers
Strainers
Purpose
To protect the mechanical equipments such as pumps, condensers,
compressors, heat exchangers etc. from the detrimental effect of
sediment,
rust, pipe scale or other extraneous debris
Piping Department
Types of
Strainers
Mainly of 2 types according to their body configuration Y-type
Basket type
Piping Department
Y-Type Strainer
Its body has a compact cylindrical shape that is very strong and
can handle high pressures
Lower dirt holding capacity
Used where infrequent cleaning is required (difficult to clean)
Preferred for steam and other gases, also used in liquids
Can be installed horizontally as well as vertically
1. Body
2. Cover
3. Basket
4. Gasket
5. Plug
6. Gasket Plug
7. Bolts / Nuts
Piping Department
Y-Type Strainer
Piping Department
Basket Type
Piping Department
Criteria for
selection
Flow rate
Dirt holding Capacity
Size of perforation
Installation Orientation
Piping Department
Types of screens
Piping Department
End
connections
Threaded
-Usually a tapered female pipe thread.
Flanged
Weld ends
- Socket weld are available upto 3
Special ends
Piping Department
Material of
Construction
Carbon steel
Body ASTM A216 Gr. WCB
Screen 304 Stainless Steel, ASTM A240
Gasket Spiral wound graphite filled
Cap
Forged steel A105N
Carbon steel ASTM A216 WCB
Bolts Carbon steel ASTM A193 B7
End connections- SCREWED NPT / SOCKET WELD or as per
customers specification.
Flanged to ANSI B16.5 or as per customers
specification
Stainless Steel
Body - ASTM A351 CF8M
Cap - ASTM A479 316L
Strainer screen -ASTM A240 316L
End connections- SCREWED NPT / SOCKET WELD or as per
customers specification.
Flanged to ANSI B16.5 or as per customers
specification
Piping Department
Datasheet
Flame Arrestor
Flame
Arrestor
Passive devices
Allows gas to pass through but stops a flame in order to prevent a
large fire or explosion
Quench the flame by absorbing the heat of the flame
Use wound crimped metal ribbon type flame cell element.
Exposed side
Piping Department
and quenches
flame front
Protected side
Contd.
The thin metal ribbons, or elements, draw the heat out of the gas
and conducts it to the surrounding environment. The triangular
channels divide the gas, exposing as much surface area as possible.
The triangular channels also help to break up the pressure wave,
thereby reducing the impact on equipment.
Elements consists of alternate layers of crimped and uncrimped
metal built into a circular frame
To quench a flame the height of the cells in the element are below
the MESG of the gas/ vapour therefore stopping onward passage.
The type of gas in the system and its corresponding gas group
determines the design of the arrestor element. The SS316L element
must be designed to accommodate the specific gas group that could
possibly ignite and propagate in the system. The available designs
consist of
International Electric Code (IEC) group gases
into IIC, IIB, IIA and I, the National Electric Code
(NEC) groups gases into A, B, C and D categories
depending on the MESG value of the gas.
Piping Department
Piping Department
Types
In-line
- deflagration
- detonation
Piping Department
Selection
criteria
Piping Department
Material of
construction
Body
Element Ring
Element
Standard Coating
Piping Department
Standard Design
C.I
S.S
Special Design
Welded C.S
S.S &AL
S.S
S.S
316L S.S
Inside and outside epoxy 250 micron without S.S & Al Part.
Installatio
n
Piping Department
DATA SHEET
Thank You!