Atoms and Bonding: - The Periodic Table - Ionic Bonding - Covalent Bonding - Metallic Bonding - Van Der Waals Bonding
Atoms and Bonding: - The Periodic Table - Ionic Bonding - Covalent Bonding - Metallic Bonding - Van Der Waals Bonding
Atoms and Bonding: - The Periodic Table - Ionic Bonding - Covalent Bonding - Metallic Bonding - Van Der Waals Bonding
Li Be 3A 4A 5A 6A He
7A
Na Mg B C N O F Ne
K Ca 2B Al Si P S Cl Ar
Rb Sr Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
Cs Ba Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
Fr Rd Hg Ti Pb Bi Po At Rn
Groups 3B,4B,5B,6B
7B,8B,1B lie in here
• Elemental semiconductors
Silicon(Si) and germanium (Ge) belong to group 4A.
• Compound semiconductors
Ionic crystals are hard, high melting point, brittle and can be
dissolved in ordinary liquids.
Ionic bonding
The metallic elements have only up to the valence
electrons in their outer shell will lose their electrons and
become positive ions, whereas electronegative elements
tend to acquire additional electrons to complete their octed
and become negative ions, or anions.
Na Cl
Comparison of Ionic and Covalent Bonding
Potential energy diagram for molecules
• This typical curve has a
minimum at equilibrium
V(R)
distance R0
• R > R0 ;
– the potential increases Repulsive
gradually, approaching 0
as R∞
0 R0
– the force is attractive R
Attractive
• R < R0;
R
– the potential increases r
very rapidly,
approaching ∞ at small
radius.
– the force is repulsive
Metallic bonding
Valance electrons are relatively bound to the nucleus
and therefore they move freely through the metal and
they are spread out among the atoms in the form of a
low-density electron cloud.
symmetric asymmetric
SOLID MATERIALS
AMORPHOUS
CRYSTALLINE POLYCRYSTALLINE
(Non-crystalline)
Single Crystal
Crystal Structure 14
Crystalline Solid
Crystal Structure 15
Crystalline Solid
Single Pyrite
Crystal
Amorphous
Solid
Single Crystal
Crystal Structure 16
Polycrystalline Solid
Polycrystalline
Pyrite form
(Grain)
Polycrystal
Crystal Structure 17
Amorphous Solid
Crystal Structure 18