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    Induction Machines & Synchrnous Machines New-2

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    thamizmani
    The document discusses single phase induction motors and their operation. It begins by explaining that a single phase induction motor has a squirrel cage rotor but is not self-starting because an alternating flux from a single phase supply cannot produce rotation on its own. It then describes two theories for how single phase induction motors can be made self-starting: 1. The double field revolving theory which states that the alternating flux can be resolved into two fields rotating in opposite directions, providing a starting torque. 2. The cross field revolving theory which involves introducing a phase shift between the main and auxiliary windings to produce a revolving flux that can start the rotor spinning. Methods like capacitors are used to introduce the

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    Induction Machines & Synchrnous Machines New-2

    Uploaded by

    thamizmani
    90 views74 pages
    The document discusses single phase induction motors and their operation. It begins by explaining that a single phase induction motor has a squirrel cage rotor but is not self-starting because an alternating flux from a single phase supply cannot produce rotation on its own. It then describes two theories for how single phase induction motors can be made self-starting: 1. The double field revolving theory which states that the alternating flux can be resolved into two fields rotating in opposite directions, providing a starting torque. 2. The cross field revolving theory which involves introducing a phase shift between the main and auxiliary windings to produce a revolving flux that can start the rotor spinning. Methods like capacitors are used to introduce the

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    induction machine notes

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    The document discusses single phase induction motors and their operation. It begins by explaining that a single phase induction motor has a squirrel cage rotor but is not self-starting because an alternating flux from a single phase supply cannot produce rotation on its own. It then describes two theories for how single phase induction motors can be made self-starting: 1. The double field revolving theory which states that the alternating flux can be resolved into two fields rotating in opposite directions, providing a starting torque. 2. The cross field revolving theory which involves introducing a phase shift between the main and auxiliary windings to produce a revolving flux that can start the rotor spinning. Methods like capacitors are used to introduce the

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    90 views74 pages

    Induction Machines & Synchrnous Machines New-2

    Uploaded by

    thamizmani
    The document discusses single phase induction motors and their operation. It begins by explaining that a single phase induction motor has a squirrel cage rotor but is not self-starting because an alternating flux from a single phase supply cannot produce rotation on its own. It then describes two theories for how single phase induction motors can be made self-starting: 1. The double field revolving theory which states that the alternating flux can be resolved into two fields rotating in opposite directions, providing a starting torque. 2. The cross field revolving theory which involves introducing a phase shift between the main and auxiliary windings to produce a revolving flux that can start the rotor spinning. Methods like capacitors are used to introduce the

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    of 74

    UNIT-II

    AUTO TRANSFORMER

    Auto Transformer
    Auto transformer has one winding only part of this being
    common to both primary and secondary.
    Primary and secondary are not electrically isolated
    Theory and operation are similar to that of two winding
    transformer

    V2 N 2 I1

    K
    V1 N1 I 2

    Saving of Cu
    Saving Wo Wa
    Wa (1 K )Wo
    where

    Wo (1 K )W0 KWo

    W0 wt. of Cu in ordinary transformer


    Wa wt . of Cu in auto transformer

    Saving KW0

    Power transformed inductively (1 K ) input


    Power transformed conductively K input

    UNIT-III
    INDUCTION MOTORS
    AND
    SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES

    INDUCTION MOTOR

    Terminals of 3 Phase induction Motor

    INDUCTION MOTOR
    Induction Motor

    DC Motor

    Conversion Electric power into


    Mechanical power takes places in
    the rotating part of an Electric
    Motor

    Conversion Electric power into


    Mechanical power takes places in
    the Armature through brushes and
    commutator.

    In AC motors the rotor does not In the sense DC motor called as


    receive
    electric
    power
    by Conduction motor
    conduction but by induction like
    Transformer secondary
    That why such motor called

    Induction motor
    Induction motor can be treated as

    Rotating transformer

    Principle of Operation

    120 f
    NS
    P
    R

    3,440V, 50HZ
    AC Supply

    3 ,440V, 50HZ
    AC Supply

    N N S (1 S )
    B

    Construction of 3 induction
    Motor
    An induction motor consists of two main parts
    (a) Stator - Stationary Part
    (b) Rotor Rotating Part
    (a) Stator
    Stator of induction motor same as that of a synchronous motor
    or generator.
    It is made up of a number of stampings, which are slotted to
    receive the windings.
    The stator carriers a 3 phase winding and fed from 3 phase
    supply.
    The exact number of poles being determined by the
    requirement of speed.

    Grater the number of poles lesser the speed and vice versa.
    When 3 phase winding supply with 3 phase current, produce a
    magnetic flux with constant magnitude but which revolves at
    120 f
    N

    synchronous speed (given by S P )


    This revolving magnetic flux induced e.m.f. in the rotor by
    mutual induction

    (b) Rotor:
    (i)Squirrel-cage rotor
    (ii)Slip-ring or phase wound or wound rotor
    (i)Squirrel-cage rotor
    Motor employing this type of rotor are known as squirrel cage
    induction motor
    Almost 90% of induction motor are squirrel cage type
    The rotor consists of a cylindrical laminated core with parallel
    slots for carrying the rotor conductors
    Conductors not a wires but consists of heavy bars of copper,
    aluminium or alloys
    Ends of the rotor bars are short circuited by using end-rings

    It should be noted that the rotor bars are permanently short


    circuited themselves, hence it is not possible to add any external
    resistance in series with the rotor circuit for starting purpose.

    The rotor slots usually are not quite parallel to the shaft but are
    purposely given a slight skew
    It helps to make the motor run quietly by reducing the magnetic
    hum
    It helps to reduce the locking tendency of the rotor

    (ii) Slip-Ring Rotor:


    The three phases are starred internally
    And the other three winding terminals are
    connected to three Insulated slip ring
    mounted on the Shaft with brushes.
    These three brushes are externally
    Connected to 3 phase star connected Rheostat.
    This makes possible the introduction of additional resistance in
    the rotor circuit during the starting period for increasing starting
    torque.

    When running under normal operating condition


    the slip rings are automatically short circuited and
    act like a squirrel cage rotor

    Types of 3 Phase Induction Motor


    According to rotor construction it can be classified
    into two types
    (i) Squirrel-cage Induction motor
    (ii) Slip-Ring Induction motor

    Squirrel-cage Rotor

    Cut view of Slip ring Induction Motor

    Construction
    Squirrel cage rotor

    Wound rotor

    Notice the
    slip rings

    Comparison of Squirrel-cage and Slip ring


    Induction motor
    Squirrel cage Induction
    Motor

    Slip ring Induction Motor

    Most of the application of industrial as


    well as domestic are this type of
    induction motor.

    This type of induction motor are used


    where High starting torque is required

    Its construction is simple and rugged

    Construction is complicated

    Maintenance is easy

    Maintenance cost is high compare to


    squirrel cage IM

    Cost is less compare to slip ring IM

    High Cost Compare to squirrel cage IM

    Can use at explosive area

    Can not use at explosive area

    Starting torque is low compare to slip


    ring IM

    It has high starting torque compare to


    squirrel cage IM

    Applications
    Squirrel cage Induction Motor:
    Leath machine, Compressors, centrifugal pump,
    in agriculture etc. where cost is most important
    factor
    Slip-ring Induction Motor
    Crane, hoist, lift and where high starting torque is
    required

    Induction motor speed


    At what speed will the IM run?

    Can the IM run at the synchronous speed, why?


    If rotor runs at the synchronous speed, which is the same
    speed of the rotating magnetic field, then the rotor will
    appear stationary to the rotating magnetic field and the
    rotating magnetic field will not cut the rotor. So, no
    induced current will flow in the rotor and no rotor
    magnetic flux will be produced so no torque is generated
    and the rotor speed will fall below the synchronous speed
    When the speed falls, the rotating magnetic field will cut
    the rotor windings and a torque is produced

    Induction motor speed


    So, the IM will always run at a speed lower than
    the synchronous speed
    The difference between the motor speed and the
    synchronous speed is called the Slip
    NS N
    % Slip S
    100
    NS
    N N S (1 S )
    Where S = slip speed
    Ns = Speed of the magnetic field
    N = Rotor Speed

    Frequency
    What would be the frequency of the rotors induced
    voltage at any speed nm?

    fr s f
    f Supply frequency
    S slip
    f r frequency of rotor induced emf

    Equivalent Circuit

    Equivalent Circuit

    R2
    1
    R2 R2 1 it consist of two parts
    s
    s

    (i ) the first part R2 represent the Cu loss


    1
    1 is the electrical equivalent
    s

    of the mechanical load

    (ii ) the sec ond part is R2

    Equivalent Circuit

    If transformation ratio assumed to be


    constant K=1

    Torque Equation
    E2

    T I 2 Cos2

    E2
    I2

    Z2

    T K I 2 Cos2
    T K1 E2 I 2 Cos2
    T K1 E 2

    E2
    R X
    2
    2

    2
    2

    E R2
    T K1 2
    R2 X 22

    R X
    2
    2

    R22 X 22

    Z2

    R2

    2
    2

    E2

    X2

    2
    2

    R2

    cos 2

    R2
    R22 X 22

    Torque Equation
    E22 R2
    T K1 2
    R2 X 22
    3
    E22 R2
    T
    2N S R22 X 22
    3
    E22 R2
    TSt
    ( Starting Torque )
    2
    2
    2N S R2 X 2
    3
    SE22 R2
    T
    (Torque under Running Conditions )
    2
    2
    2N S R2 ( SX 2 )

    Useful Formulas
    1

    120 f
    Synchronous speed , N S
    P
    f Supply frquency
    P Number of poles
    NS N
    % Slip s
    100
    NS
    N S Syncronous Speed
    N Rotor Speed
    S Slip
    N N S (1 S )

    Useful Formulas
    Frequency of rotor Current or emf under running condition

    f ' sf
    4

    Rotor emf under running condition,


    Er sE2
    E2 Rotor emf under s tan dstill condition

    Rotor reac tan ce under running condition,


    X r sX 2

    Useful Formulas
    6

    3
    E22 R2
    Starting Torque , TSt
    2N S R22 X 22

    3
    SE22 R2
    Torque under Running Conditions , T
    2N S R22 ( SX 2 ) 2

    Condition for max imum starting torque R2 X 2


    Condition for max imum running torque R2 sX 2

    Problems
    1. A slip ring induction motor runs at 290 rpm at full load when
    connected to 50 Hz supply. Determine the number of poles
    and slip when rotating magnetic field speed is 300rpm.

    Solution:
    Given data : N 290rpm, f 50 Hz, N s 300rpm
    NS N
    120 f
    Formulas : N s
    , %S
    100
    P
    NS
    Answers:

    P 20, s 3.33%

    Problems
    2. A 4 pole, 3 phase induction motor operates from a supply
    whose frequency is 50 Hz calculate:
    (i) The speed at which magnetic field of the stator rotating.
    (ii) The speed of the rotor when the slip is 0.04.
    (iii)The frequency of the rotor current when the slip is 0.03.
    (iv)The frequency of the rotor current at stand still.
    Solution:

    120 f 120 50
    (i ) N S

    1500rpm
    P
    4

    (ii ) N N S (1 S ) 1500(1 0.04) 1440rpm

    (iii ) f ' sf 0.03 50 1.5rps 90rpm


    (iv ) f ' sf 1 50 50rpm

    Relation between Torque and slip


    Characteristics
    KSE22 R2
    Torque equation, T 2
    R2 ( SX 2 ) 2

    at starting , s 0, T 0
    at low slip R2 X 2 , T

    S
    S
    R2

    max imum torque obtained at R2 sX 2


    at high slip, R2 X 2 , T

    S 1

    2
    S
    S

    Power stages in an induction motor

    Power stages in an induction motor

    Important Conclusion
    P2 : Pm : PCr 1 : (1 s ) : s
    P2 Rotor input
    Pm Mechanical output
    PCr Rotor cu loss

    SINGLE PHASE
    INDUCTION MOTOR
    (Not Self Starting Motor)

    Single phase Induction Motor


    There are two
    Main Poles

    Squirrel-Cage Rotor

    Single-Phase Mains Supply


    ECE 441

    41

    Single phase Induction Motor


    It has distributed stator winding and squirrel cage rotor
    When single phase supply is applied to stator winding it
    produces alternating flux. Which is not synchronously revolving
    as in the case of a two or a three phase stator winding, fed from
    two or three phase supply
    Now an alternating flux acting on a squirrel cage rotor cannot
    produce a rotation
    That is why induction motor is not self starting.
    However if the rotor of such a machine is given an initial start by
    hand (or small motor) or otherwise in either direction, then
    immediately a torque is arises and a motor is accelerates to it
    final speed

    Single phase Induction Motor


    That particular behavior of the motor has been
    explained in two ways
    (i) By Two field or double field revolving theory
    (ii) By Cross field revolving theory

    Double field revolving theory


    From the fundamental principle any alternating quantity
    can be resolved into two quantities which rotates in
    opposite directions and have half of the magnitude.

    Double field revolving theory

    Resultant flux

    Double field revolving theory

    Double field revolving theory

    Double field revolving theory

    Making single phase IM self Starting or


    Operating principle

    Making single phase IM self Starting


    or Operating principle

    Making single phase IM self Starting


    or Operating principle

    Making single phase IM self Starting


    or Operating principle

    Making single phase IM self Starting


    or Operating principle

    Types of single phase induction motor


    (i) Resistance split phase motor
    (ii) Capacitor split phase motor
    (iii)Capacitor starts and capacitor run motor
    (iv)Shaded pole motor

    1. Resistance split phase motor

    2. Capacitor split phase motor

    3.Capacitor starts and capacitor run motor

    4. Shaded pole motor

    4. Shaded pole motor

    ALTERNATORS

    Alternators
    Construction:
    1. Stator Armature system
    2. Rotor field system
    (a) Salient pole type
    (b) Smooth cylindrical type

    EMF equation

    EMF equation

    Problems on EMF equations


    1. 3 phase 16 pole alternator has connected has a
    star connected winding with 144 slots and 10
    conductors per slot. The flux per pole 0.04 wb
    and is sinusoidally distributed. The speed is 375
    rpm. Find frequency, phase emf and line emf.
    The coil span is 160 degree electrical.
    Given data:
    3 ,16 pole, 144 slots, 10 conductor / slot

    0.04 wb, N 375 rpm, coil span 1600 electrical

    PN 16 375
    f

    50 HZ
    120
    120

    E ph 4.44 K c K d f T

    180 0 160 0 20 0
    K c cos 2 cos 10 0 0.985
    sin m 2
    Kd
    m sin 2

    180 0
    180
    180

    200
    No.of slot / pole
    n 144 / 16
    144
    m No.of slot / phase / pole
    3
    3 16

    sin 3( 20 2)
    Kd
    0.96
    3 sin( 20 2)

    Z 2T , T

    Z 144 10

    240
    2
    2

    E ph 4.44 K c K d f T
    E ph 4.44 0.985 0.96 50 0.04 240
    E ph 2015.26 volt

    EL 3 E ph 3 2015.26 3490.54 Volt

    Problems on EMF equations


    2. A 3 phase, 16 pole alternator has a star connected
    winding with 144 slots and 10 conductor per slot. The
    flux per pole is 0.03 Wb , sinusoidally distributed and
    the speed is 375 rpm. Find the frequency and the phase
    emf and line emf. Assume full pitched coil

    Solution:

    PN 16 375
    f

    50 HZ
    120
    120

    E ph 4.44 K c K d f T
    For full pitched coil K c 1

    Problems on EMF equations


    sin m 2
    Kd
    m sin 2
    180 0
    180
    180

    200
    No.of slot / pole
    n 144 / 16
    m No.of slot / phase / pole

    sin 3( 20 2)
    Kd
    0.96
    3 sin( 20 2)

    144
    3
    3 16

    Z 144 10
    Z 2T , T
    240
    2
    2

    Problems on EMF equations


    E ph 4.44 K c K d f T
    E ph 4.44 1 0.96 50 0.03 240
    E ph 1534 volt

    EL 3 E ph 3 15.34 2658Volt

    Regulation of Alternator
    The percentage regulation is defined as the ration
    of change in terminal voltage from full load to no
    load to rated terminal voltage
    E0 V
    Percentage regulation
    100
    V
    where, E0 No load terminal voltage
    V Full load terminal voltage

    METHODS
    1. EMF or Synchronous impedance method
    2. MMF or Ampere turn method
    3. Zero power factor method

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