Flexible Elements

Flexible Mechanical Elements for
Motion & Power Transmission

Belt drives
Chain and sprocket drives
Wire ropes
Flexible shafts
Ken Youssefi
Mechanical Engineering Dept.
Various Types of Belts
Ken Youssefi
Flat Belts
Flat Belt arrangement
Open loop
Ken Youssefi
Flat Belts
Closed loop (reversing)
Ken Youssefi
Flat Belts
d/2
Fy = 0, and for small angle
Fx = 0, and for small angle
Low speed application

For relatively high speed application, the centrifugal force acting on
the belt creates the tension Pc
Where m is mass per unit length of belt V is the belt
linear velocity, the angular speed, and r the pulley
radius.
Torque that can be transmitted
by a flat belt
Initial belt tension
Ken Youssefi
V-Belts
Ken Youssefi
Timing (toothed) Belts
Transmits torque by virtue of positive

engagement, provides a constant angular
velocity ratio (no slip or creep).
Can transmit high torque and power.
Can be operated at high speed, up to 16,000 ft/min.
Requires minimal initial tension, just enough to prevent

tooth skipping when starting or braking.
Refer to manufacturers catalog for belt selection procedures.
Ken Youssefi
Belts
Belt drive is specially suited for applications where the center distance between
rotating shafts are large.
Advantages
Eliminates the need for a more complicated arrangement of

gears, bearings, and shafts.
Runs relatively quiet.
Reduce the transmission of shock and vibration between shafts.
Simple to install.
It has high reliability and warning to failure.
Requires minimum maintenance.
Belt drives are adaptable to variety of applications
Ken Youssefi
Belts
Disadvantages
The torque capacity is limited by the coefficient of

friction and interfacial pressure between belt and pulley.
Because of slip and/or creep, the angular velocity ratio

will vary between the rotating shafts and may be inexact.
Low speed reduction ratio, up to 3:1.
Belt tension needs to be adjusted periodically.
Ken Youssefi
Belt Material
Ken Youssefi
10
Gates 5V-Belt
Ken Youssefi
11
Roller Chains
D = pitch diameter of the sprocket

= pitch angle
N = number of teeth on the sprocket
p = chain pitch
Ken Youssefi
12
Chordal Action
Roller Chains
For N=20, speed variation is 1.23%
Ken Youssefi
13
ANSI Standards for

Roller Chains
Ken Youssefi
14
Ken Youssefi
15
Ken Youssefi
16
Inverted-Tooth
Chains
(Silent Chains)
Ken Youssefi
17
Product Details
Part Number
Unit
Pitch
Material
Available Length
Assembly
Method
Approx. Links /
Foot
No. Of Strand
Avg. Tensile
Load
Weight / Foot
Ken Youssefi
A 6Q 7-25
Inch
0.2500"
Hardened
Steel
Priced / Foot"
Connecting
Link
48
1
925 lbs
0.090 lbs
18
Description
0.250" Pitch hardened steel roller
chain
Ken Youssefi
19
Wire Ropes
Wire ropes are used for hoisting, haulage, and conveyor applications.
Several small wires (6, 19, 37, 42) are twisted to form a strand, then
several strands (3, 6, 8) are twisted about a core to form a wire rope
Regular Lay wires in strands
twisted in opposite direction to
strands twisted to form the rope.
Used for stationary applications.
Lang lay wires in strands
twisted in same direction as
strands twisted to form rope.
More likely to untwist but better
wear and fatigue properties. Used
for moving applications
Ken Youssefi
20
Wire Ropes
Ken Youssefi
21
Wire Rope Core

Fiber core
Fiber cores are generally made of cotton twine for cables less
than inch and hard fiber ropes (manila or sisal) for the larger
sizes.
Fiber cores extend the life by cushioning the strands and reducing
internal abrasion, good for light crushing loads. Hard cores are
impregnated with lubricant to deter rust and lubricate.
Wire core
Wire cores offer less stretch, have better resistance to heavy
crushing loads and are not effected by heat.
Ken Youssefi
22
Standard Wire Ropes

6 x 19 fiber core
The standard hoisting cable.
Excellent strength, flexibility, and
resistance to abrasion and fatigue.
6 x 37 fiber or wire core

More flexible than 6 x 19, good
for applications where pulleys are
limited in size.
6 x 42 fiber centers and core

The most flexible of all standard
cables, used for moderate loads.
Ken Youssefi
23
Standard Wire Ropes

1 x 19 wire core
Primarily used for stationary (nonflexible) applications.
19 x 7 wire core
Designed to resist the natural
tendency of a cable to rotate when
freely suspended under load.
7 x 7 wire core
The standard flexible aircraft
cable. High strength and rugged
construction, used for towing and
power transmission.
Ken Youssefi
24
Wire Rope Stresses

Direct tensile stress in the wires of the rope.
Bending stress in the wires caused by the rope
passing around sheaves or drums.
Compressive stress (bearing pressure) between
the rope and the sheave or drum.
Direct tensile stress
T = resultant tensile force, includes load to be lifted, weight of the rope

and inertial effects due to accelerating the load.
Ar = approximate cross-sectional area of the rope, a function of rope
diameter, dr.
Ken Youssefi
25
Wire Rope Stresses bending stress

Bending stress
Stress in one of the wires passing around a sheave
and
Wire diameter
Sheave
diameter
Modulus of the rope
Ken Youssefi
26
Wire Rope Stresses bearing pressure

Compressive stress (bearing pressure)
Ken Youssefi
27
Wire Rope Stresses

Fatigue strength parameter
Ken Youssefi
28
Allowable Bearing Pressure
Ken Youssefi
29
Ken Youssefi
30
Wire Rope Safety Factor
Ken Youssefi
31
Ken Youssefi
32
Flexible Shafts
Flexible shafts are used to transmit motion
or power along a curved path between two
shafts that are not collinear.
Flexible shafts are built up solid by

tightly winding one layer of wire over
another about a single mandrel wire
in the center.
The shafts are encased in a metal or
rubber covered flexible sheath, it
protects the shaft from damage and
retains the lubricant.
Ken Youssefi
33
Flexible Shafts
Ken Youssefi
34
Allowable
Torque
Bend radius
Ken Youssefi
35

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Flexible Mechanical Elements for

Motion & Power Transmission

Mechanical Engineering Dept.

Various Types of Belts

Mechanical Engineering Dept.

Mechanical Engineering Dept.

Mechanical Engineering Dept.

Fy = 0, and for small angle

Fx = 0, and for small angle

Low speed application

Mechanical Engineering Dept.

Mechanical Engineering Dept.

Timing (toothed) Belts

Transmits torque by virtue of positive

Can transmit high torque and power.

Can be operated at high speed, up to 16,000 ft/min.

Requires minimal initial tension, just enough to prevent

Refer to manufacturers catalog for belt selection procedures.

Mechanical Engineering Dept.

Eliminates the need for a more complicated arrangement of

Runs relatively quiet.

Reduce the transmission of shock and vibration between shafts.

It has high reliability and warning to failure.

Requires minimum maintenance.

Belt drives are adaptable to variety of applications

Mechanical Engineering Dept.

The torque capacity is limited by the coefficient of

Because of slip and/or creep, the angular velocity ratio

Low speed reduction ratio, up to 3:1.

Belt tension needs to be adjusted periodically.

Mechanical Engineering Dept.

Mechanical Engineering Dept.

Mechanical Engineering Dept.

D = pitch diameter of the sprocket

Mechanical Engineering Dept.

For N=20, speed variation is 1.23%

Mechanical Engineering Dept.

ANSI Standards for

Mechanical Engineering Dept.

Mechanical Engineering Dept.

Mechanical Engineering Dept.

Mechanical Engineering Dept.

Mechanical Engineering Dept.

Mechanical Engineering Dept.

Mechanical Engineering Dept.

Mechanical Engineering Dept.

Wire Rope Core

Mechanical Engineering Dept.

Standard Wire Ropes

6 x 37 fiber or wire core

6 x 42 fiber centers and core

Mechanical Engineering Dept.

Standard Wire Ropes

Mechanical Engineering Dept.

Wire Rope Stresses

T = resultant tensile force, includes load to be lifted, weight of the rope

Mechanical Engineering Dept.

Wire Rope Stresses bending stress

Mechanical Engineering Dept.