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    Network Standards: Prepared By: Devang K. Bhatti

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    The document discusses the OSI reference model, which consists of 7 layers designed to standardize network communication. It describes each layer's responsibilities, with Layer 1 dealing with physical communication and Layer 7 dealing with application-level processes. Examples are provided to illustrate key points about addressing schemes, protocols, and standards bodies like ISO and IEEE that helped develop layered network models.

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    Network Standards: Prepared By: Devang K. Bhatti

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    devangbhatti
    93 views22 pages
    The document discusses the OSI reference model, which consists of 7 layers designed to standardize network communication. It describes each layer's responsibilities, with Layer 1 dealing with physical communication and Layer 7 dealing with application-level processes. Examples are provided to illustrate key points about addressing schemes, protocols, and standards bodies like ISO and IEEE that helped develop layered network models.

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    Developed by Devang K Bhatti

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    OSI

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    The document discusses the OSI reference model, which consists of 7 layers designed to standardize network communication. It describes each layer's responsibilities, with Layer 1 dealing with physical communication and Layer 7 dealing with application-level processes. Examples are provided to illustrate key points about addressing schemes, protocols, and standards bodies like ISO and IEEE that helped develop layered network models.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    93 views22 pages

    Network Standards: Prepared By: Devang K. Bhatti

    Uploaded by

    devangbhatti
    The document discusses the OSI reference model, which consists of 7 layers designed to standardize network communication. It describes each layer's responsibilities, with Layer 1 dealing with physical communication and Layer 7 dealing with application-level processes. Examples are provided to illustrate key points about addressing schemes, protocols, and standards bodies like ISO and IEEE that helped develop layered network models.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 22

    Network Standards

    OSI Reference Model

    Prepared By: Devang K. Bhatti


    History
    • Rapid growth of computer networks caused
    compatibility problems
    • ISO (International Organization for
    Standardization) recognized the problem and
    released the OSI model in 1984
    • OSI stands for Open Systems Interconnection and
    consists of 7 Layers
    • The use of layers is designed to reduce complexity
    and make standardization easier

    Prepared By: Devang K. Bhatti


    7 Layers of the OSI Model
    Layer Responsible For:
    7.) Application Provides Services to User Apps
    6.) Presentation Data Representation
    5.) Session Communication Between Hosts
    4.) Transport Flow Ctrl, Error Detection/Correction
    3.) Network End to End Delivery, Logical Addr
    2.) Data Link Media Access Ctrl, Physical Addr
    1.) Physical Medium, Interfaces, Puts Bits on Med.
    Prepared By: Devang K. Bhatti
    Examples
    Layer Example
    7.) Application HTTP, FTP, SMTP
    6.) Presentation ASCII, JPEG, PGP
    5.) Session BOOTP, NetBIOS, DHCP, DNS
    4.) Transport TCP, UDP, SPX
    3.) Network IP, IPX, ICMP
    2.) Data Link Ethernet, Token Ring, Frame Relay
    1.) Physical Bits, Interfaces, Hubs
    Prepared By: Devang K. Bhatti
    Mnemonics
    (A)ll 7.) (A)pplication (A)way
    (P)eople 6.) (P)resentation (P)izza
    (S)eem 5.) (S)ession (S)ausage
    (T)o 4.) (T)ransport (T)hrow
    (N)eed 3.) (N)etwork (N)ot
    (D)ata 2.) (D)ata Link (D)o
    (P)rocessing 1.) (P)hysical (P)lease
    Prepared By: Devang K. Bhatti
    Flat Addressing
    • Flat addressing schemes do not provide
    anything other than a unique identifier.
    They provide no real information about
    where the object being addressed resides.
    • Example: Birth Certificate (may provide
    insight to where the person was born, but
    not to where they are now)

    Prepared By: Devang K. Bhatti


    Hierarchical Addressing
    • Hierarchical addressing schemes provide
    layers or a hierarchy to the address that
    provide information about where the
    addressed object exists within the hierarchy.
    • Example: phone numbers (area code, local
    prefix, and four digit number unique to that
    area code/prefix combination).

    Prepared By: Devang K. Bhatti


    Talking to Everyone
    • Special kinds of addresses exist at both
    layer #2 and #3 called broadcast addresses
    • Typically network devices are interested in
    only traffic addressed directly for them and
    any traffic addressed with the destination
    address set to broadcast
    • If they are paying attention to other traffic,
    they are said to be in promiscuous mode

    Prepared By: Devang K. Bhatti


    Layer 1: The Physical Layer
    • Defines physical medium and interfaces
    • Determines how bits are represented
    • Controls transmission rate & bit
    synchronization
    • Controls transmission mode: simplex, half-
    duplex, & full duplex
    • Devices: hubs, cables, connectors, etc…
    Prepared By: Devang K. Bhatti
    Layer 2: The Data Link Layer

    • Keeps Link alive & provides connection for


    upper layer protocols
    • Based on physical (flat) address space
    • Physical addresses are fixed and don’t
    change when the node is moved
    • Medium/media access control
    Prepared By: Devang K. Bhatti
    The Data Link Layer (cont.)
    • Flow control and error detection/correction
    at the frame level. Think collisions…
    • Topology
    • Ex: Ethernet, Token Ring, ISDN
    • Sublayers: MAC (framing, addressing, &
    MAC) & LLC (logical link control – gives
    error control & flow control)
    • Devices: switches, bridges, NIC’s
    Prepared By: Devang K. Bhatti
    Layer 3: The Network Layer

    • End to end delivery of packets


    • Creates logical paths
    • Path determination (routing)
    • Hides the lower layers making things
    hardware independent
    • Uses logical hierarchical addresses
    Prepared By: Devang K. Bhatti
    The Network Layer (cont.)
    • Logical hierarchical addresses do change
    when a node is moved to a new subnet
    • Devices: routers, firewalls

    Prepared By: Devang K. Bhatti


    Layer 4: The Transport Layer
    • Service Point Address (more often called a
    port) used to track multiple sessions
    between the same systems. SPA’s are used
    to allow a node to offer more than one
    service (i.e. it could offer both mail and
    web services)
    • This layer is why you have to specify TCP
    or UDP when dealing with TCP/IP
    Prepared By: Devang K. Bhatti
    The Transport Layer (cont.)
    • Must reassemble segments into data using
    sequence numbers
    • Can use either connectionless or connection
    oriented sessions
    • Connectionless sessions rely on upper layer
    protocols for error control and are often used for
    faster less reliable links
    • Ex: UDP (used by things like NFS & DNS)

    Prepared By: Devang K. Bhatti


    The Transport Layer (cont.)
    • Connection oriented sessions require the sender to
    first request a connection, the receiver to
    acknowledge the connection, and that they
    negotiate how much data can be sent/received
    before its reception is acknowledged
    • Uses acknowledgements & retransmission for
    error correction
    • Example: TCP (used by things like telnet, http)

    Prepared By: Devang K. Bhatti


    Layer 5: The Session Layer

    • Sometimes called the dialog controller, this


    layer establishes, maintains, and terminates
    sessions between applications
    • Defines checkpoints for acknowledgements
    during sessions between applications

    Prepared By: Devang K. Bhatti


    The Session Layer (cont.)
    • Provides atomization – Multiple connections can
    be treated as one virtual session. If one fails or is
    terminated, all should be terminated.
    • Identifies raw data as either application data or
    session control information
    • Uses fields provided by layers 3 & 4 to track
    dialogs between applications / services
    • Provides translations for naming services

    Prepared By: Devang K. Bhatti


    Layer 6: The Presentation Layer
    • Data formatting, translation, encryption,
    and compression
    • Ex: ASCII, EBCDIC, HTML, JPEG

    Prepared By: Devang K. Bhatti


    Layer 7: The Application Layer
    • Provides communication services to
    applications
    • Ex: HTTP, FTP, SMTP

    Prepared By: Devang K. Bhatti


    IEEE Standards
    • IEEE project 802 started in 1985
    • Adopted by ANSI in 1987
    • Recognized as an international standard by
    the ISO as ISO 8802
    • Deals with layers 1 & 2

    Prepared By: Devang K. Bhatti


    IEEE Standards (cont.)
    • At the data link layer (layer 2), defines
    MAC and LLC sublayers
    • LLC covers media independent topics
    (802.2 is the LLC standard)
    • MAC topics are dependent on media
    (802.3, 802.11, 802.5)
    • At the physical layer (layer 1), defines a
    PMI and PMD
    Prepared By: Devang K. Bhatti

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