EE6501 Power system analysis

MAHENDIRAN C R
AP/EEE
DSIT
 POWER FLOW ANALYSIS
Concerned with steady-state behaviour of the
system.
Model comprises a set of non-linear algebraic
equations.
Given the network configuration, complex power
demand at various buses and a chosen complex
bus power generation schedule, to determine the
complex bus voltages (state) of the system.

2
 SHORT CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Concerned with the abnormal state arising
immediately after a disturbance (fault)
Given the network configuration, the type and
location of fault, to determine the fault level
(MVA) at various buses and current in different
lines and transformers.

3
 SHORT CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Cont.
Objective is to estimate the Interrupting capacity
of circuit breakers at various locations and to
design the protective relay system.
Time span of interest is sub transient zone

4
 SHORT CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Cont.

Quasi steady-state analysis

Model comprises a set of linear algebraic

equations

5
 STABILITY ANALYSIS
Concerned with the transient state following a
major disturbance (fault) to verify whether
synchronous stability of the system will be
maintained or not.
Time span of interest is transient zone and
rotor oscillations with respect to time to be
simulated.
Model comprises a set of nonlinear differential
equations and algebraic equations.
6
 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

SHORT CIRCUIT ANALYSIS

SYMMETRIC FAULTS
7
 OBJECTIVE
To understand the need for short
circuit analysis
To study modeling of short circuit
analysis for symmetric three phase
faults.
To study application of Thevenins
theorem to symmetric three-phase
faults.
8
 OBJECTIVE (cont)
To study a systematic fault analysis
method using Bus Impedance matrix for
application to symmetrical faults in large
scale power systems.

9
 WHAT IS SHORT CIRCUIT
ANALYSIS?

It is one of the important planning

studies. It is carried out on a projected
state of power system with proposed
expansion comprising new
loads,generators, lines and substation.

10
 WHAT IS SHORT CIRCUIT
ANALYSIS? (Cont.)
This study provides currents and
voltages of various elements of a
power network when it is subjected
to major faults.
Currents immediately after fault
and currents few cycles after the
occurrence of fault are required
11
 WHAT IS A FAULT?
A fault in a power system is the
unintentional and undesirable
creation of a conduction path (a
short circuit) leading to flow of very
large currents and sagging voltage
causing harmful effects.

12
 CAUSES OF FAULTS
Causes of fault include lightning
strokes, wind damage, tree falling
across lines, vehicles colliding with
towers or poles, birds shorting out
lines, aircrafts colliding with lines,
small animals entering switchgear
and line breaks due to excessive ice
loading. 13
 OBJECTIVE OF SCA
SCA provides information about currents
and voltages in different elements of a
power system during fault conditions for
different types of faults (symmetric and
unsymmetric) occurring at different
locations of the power network. This
information is required for the following
two important purposes. 14
OBJECTIVE OF SCA (Cont.)
To determine interrupting requirements
of circuit breakers at each switching
station. The fault levels of existing and
proposed substations are determined in
order to verify the adequacy of the
interrupting capacity of the existing
breakers and to select breakers of
adequate capacity for the proposed
substations.
15
 OBJECTIVE OF SCA (Cont)
To develop an effective and reliable
protection system (relaying and
switching system). The currents and
voltages from different types of faults
occurring at different locations in the
power network must be calculated to
provide sufficient data to carry out relay
coordination and setting.
16
 MODELLING DETAILS
1. Each machine (synchronous
generators, synchronous motors and
induction motors above 50 hp) is
modeled as a constant voltage source
in series with machine reactance (either
sub-transient reactance or transient
reactance)
Quasi steady state is assumed.
17
 MODELLING DETAILS (Cont.)
2. Pre fault bus voltages are set as 1.00o
p.u. instead of the actual value given by
pre fault power flow analysis.
- Bus voltages under fault are very much
below 1.0 p.u. This assumption,
therefore does not affect very much the
accuracy of the fault voltages obtained.

18
 MODELLING DETAILS (Cont.)

3. Bus loads are neglected

- Fault current magnitudes are very high
compared to the pre fault load currents
and hence this assumption does not
affect the accuracy of the fault currents
very much.

19
 MODELLING DETAILS (Cont.)

4. All shunt connections such as line

charging capacitance and shunt
compensators are neglected.
- This has very little impact on fault
currents and fault voltages.

20
 MODELLING DETAILS (Cont.)

5. Tap ratio of transformers are set to

unity.
- Bus voltages under fault being very
low compared to 1.0 p.u., this
assumption does not affect the
computed fault voltages very much.

21
 MODELLING DETAILS (Cont.)
6. Resistance of all elements (buses,
generators, transformers) are neglected.
- Resistance of these elements are very
small compared to their reactance and
hence the magnitude and phase angle of
fault currents computed are least
affected by this assumptions.
22
MODELLING DETAILS (Cont.)

7. Negative sequence reactance of

alternators are assumed to be equal
to the positive sequence reactance.
-the difference being small does not
affect the value of fault currents and
voltages computed.
23
 SHORT CIRCUIT CAPACITY
Short circuit capacity (SCC) or Fault
Level of a network bus is a measure
of the electrical and mechanical
stress to which the components
connected to that bus are subjected
to due to the fault current.

24
SHORT CIRCUIT CAPACITY
(Cont)
SCC of a network bus is defined as the
product of the magnitude of pre fault
voltage and post fault current.

SCC = |Vpre fault| |Ipost fault| p.u. MVA (10.1)

|Ipost fault| (since V = 1.0 p.u) (10.2)
25
SHORT CIRCUIT CAPACITY
(Cont)
Area 1 Area 2

L1 L2
1 2

Isc,1 Isc,2

Fault If= Isc,1+Isc,2

3

26
 SHORT CIRCUIT CAPACITY
(Cont)
The magnitude of Isc,1depends on the
following:
1. Directly proportional to the strength of
the bus1 (decided by the rated capacity
of all the spinning generating sources
behind the bus)
2. Inversely proportional to the
impedance of line L1.
27
BALANCED THREE PHASE FAULT

This fault is also called as Symmetric

fault
This fault is defined as the
simultaneous short circuit across all
three phases
It occurs infrequently but it is the most
severe type of fault encountered.
28
 BALANCED THREE PHASE
FAULT (Cont.)
Since the network is balanced and the
fault is symmetric, the fault analysis is
performed on per-phase basis.
A fault represents a structural change in
the network.
This is equivalent to the addition of an
impedance (in the case of a symmetric
fault, three equal impedances) at the
location of the fault. 29
 BALANCED THREE PHASE
FAULT (Cont.)
If the fault impedance is zero, the fault
is referred to as bolted fault or solid
fault
The changes in voltages and currents
that result from the structural change
can be analyzed using Thevenins
Theorem.
30
 THEVENINS THEOREM
ORIGINAL NETWORK:

4 ohm A A

10 V
1 ohm E(0) 0.2ohm

B B
ref Element to
be added
To determine voltages and currents in the
elements of the modified network 31
 MODIFIED NETWORK:
4 ohm
A

10 V
1 ohm 0.2ohm

If
B

ref

Introduce two voltage sources in the modified

network 32
 MODIFIED NETWORK: (Cont.)
Equivalent Modified Network
4 ohm E(0) E(0)
A
+ -- +

10 V
1 ohm
0.2ohm
If

This is an equivalent network to the

modified network 33
 MODIFIED NETWORK: (Cont.)
Split the above network into the following
networks using superposition Theorem
10 V
4 ohm 4 ohm E(0)
+ - - +
A E(0) A
I=0 1 ohm If
1 ohm +
0.2ohm
0.2ohm
B
Fig 1 Fig 2

34
 MODIFIED NETWORK: (Cont.)
Fig1 is equivalent to the original network
Fig2 gives the changes in voltages and
currents due to the addition of 0.2 ohm
element
Therefore
4 x1 (0)
If = E(0) / 4 x1 +0.2 =E / 1.0 Amp.
+
35
 MODIFIED NETWORK: (Cont.)
From the original network,
E(0) = (10 / 5) * 1 = 2 V
Hence fault current is
If = 2 / 1 = 2Amp.
The results can be checked using the
modified networks
Fig 2. is the basis of Thevenins Theorem
36
 THEVENINS THEOREM
The changes that occur in the network
voltages and currents due to the addition
of an impedance between the network
nodes are identical with those voltages
and currents that would be caused by an
equivalent EMF (Thevenins voltage) in
series with the impedance and all other
sources being zeroed.
37
 THEVENINS THEOREM (cont)
The equivalent EMF (Thevenins voltage)
will have a magnitude and polarity equal to
the pre fault voltage that existed between
the nodes in question
The post-fault voltages and currents in the
network are obtained by superposing the
changes given by Thevenins theorem on
the pre fault voltages and currents
38
 THEVENINS THEOREM (Cont.)

This procedure is demonstrated using a

low-order system (four bus example)
This procedure is the best for hand
calculation for small sized system
For higher order systems computer
software using Z bus is to be used.

39
 FOUR BUS SYSTM
For the four-bus system shown in fig 10.1,
determine the fault current at the fault point
and in other elements for a symmetric fault at
bus 2 with a fault impedance zf
Sub-transient reactance of generators and
+ve sequence reactance of other elements
are given in p.u.
Assume prefault voltages at all the buses to
be 1.0 p.u.
40
 FOUR BUS SYSTEM (Cont.)

Fig 10.1 Prefault condition

The per-phase positive sequence

reactance network is drawn in Fig 10.2
41
 FOUR BUS SYSTEM (Cont.)

~ ~
- 10 + +10 -

Fig 10.2 Per-Phase positive sequence reactance network

The Thevenins Equivalent circuit is

formed in Fig 10.3(a).
42
FOUR BUS SYSTEM (Cont.)

Ig1
Ig2

If

Fig 10.3 (a) Thevenins Equivalent circuit

43
FOUR BUS SYSTEM (Cont.)

Fig 10.3 (b) Fig 10.3 (c)

Reduced Thevenins equivalent circuit

44
FOUR BUS SYSTEM (Cont.)

From fig. 10.3(b)

j0.22 x j0.42
X TH = = j0.144p.u.
j0.22 + j0.42
From fig.10.3(c)
ETh
If = (10.3)
(X TH + z f )
(1.0 + j 0.0)
= (solid fault : z f = 0)
j0.144
= -j6.94 p.u.

45
 FOUR BUS SYSTEM (Cont.)
From Fig. 10.3(b) using Current-
Division Rule the contribution from
G1, Ig1 is

j0.42
Ig1 = x(-j6.94)
j0.22 + j0.42
= - j4.55p.u.
The contribution from G2 , Ig2 is
Ig2 = - j6.94 - (-j4.55)
= - j2.39 p.u.

46
 FOUR BUS SYSTEM (Cont.)
Post fault currents and voltages are obtained by
superposing the current and voltage changes
caused by ETH upon the prefault quantities.
Since the prefault currents are assumed to be
zero, the post fault currents are the same as
that given above
Post fault voltage at bus3, V3f is (Fig 10.3(a))
V3f= V30 - Ig2(j0.22) = (1.0+j0.0) - (-j2.39)(j0.22)
= 0.4742 p.u.
47
 FAULT LEVEL (OR) SCC OF A BUS
For a general n-bus system, for a solid
fault (zf=0) at bus q, the fault current
magnitude is given by (refer eqn 10.3):
|Iqf|=|Eth,q| / XTh,q (10.4)
If the prefault voltages are set to 1.0 p.u.,
using eqns (10.2) and (10.4)
SCCq=|Iqf|=1/ XTh,q p.u. MVA (10.5)

48
 FAULT LEVEL (OR) SCC OF A BUS
(Cont.)
XTh,q is nothing but the input impedance or
open circuit driving point impedance at the
node q and ref node 0. This is also given by qth
diagonal element of Bus Impedance matrix, Zqq.
The inverse relation of eqn. (10.5)
XTh,q = 1/ SCCq (10.6)
is useful in reducing neighboring systems during
short circuit analysis to an equivalent reactance.
49
 INTERCONNECTION WITH
NEIGHBOURING SYSTEMS

Fig 10.4 Thevenins equivalent for neighbouring system

50
 INTERCONNECTION WITH
NEIGHBOURING SYSTEMS (Cont.)
S.C.Analysis is to be carried out in system A.
For a fault at any bus in A, all the generators in
system B will also contribute
Instead of representing the complete network of
system B, the Thevenins Equivalent, ETh,B behind
XTh,B , connected at bus2 can be used
ETh,B = 1.0 p.u.
XTh,B = 1/ SCC 2 (10.7)
SCC 2 = fault level of bus 2 of isolated system B.
51
 LIMITATION OF NETWORK
REDUCTION METHOD
A fault analysis method based on Thevenins
Theorem and network reduction was introduced.
The application of this method to radial system
was also demonstrated. This method is not
efficient for loop system, especially for large
scale system.

52
 A LOOP SYSTEM

A simple 3-bus loop system is given in Fig11.1.

The reactance of all the elements are given in
p.u. to a base of 100MVA. Invoke the usual
assumptions and determine the fault current,
the bus voltages and the line currents when a
balanced 3-phase fault with a fault reactance Xf
= 0.16 p.u occurs on bus3.

53
 FIG 11.1 3-BUS SYSTEM
G G X=0.2
X=0.1

X=0.1 X=0.2

X=0.8
1 2

3
54
FIG 11.2 NETWORK WITH A FAULT
- -
~ 1.0 p.u ~ 1.0 p.u
+ +
j 0.2 j 0.4
J 0.8
1 2

3 zf= j0.16
55
 FIG 11.3 THEVENINS EQUIVALENT
NETWORK

j 0.2 j 0.4

J 0.8
1 2

-
VTh ~ 1.0 p.u
3
+
If 3 j0.16

56
 FIG 11.4 NETWORK REDUCTION

j 0.2 j 0.4

1 2

S
j 0.2 (j0.4)(j0.8)
j 0.2 Z1S = = j0.2
(j0.4 + j0.8 + j0.4)
= Z2s
j 0.1
(j0.4)(j0.4)
Z3s = = j0.1
j1.6
3 VTh ~ - 1.0 p.u

If 3 +
j0.16
57
 FIG 11.5 NETWORK REDUCTION

j 0.24

j 0.1

(j0.4)(j0.6)
3
-
Z Th,3 = + j0.1
j0.4 + j0.6
VTh ~ 1.0 p.u
+ = j0.24 + j0.1= j0.34
If 3 j0.16
f VTh 1.0
I =
3 f
= = - j2.0p.u
Z Th,3 + z j0.34 + j0.16

58
 CURRENT FED BY GENERATORS
Referring to Fig 11.4 ,the current
division between the two generators are
j0.6 f
IG1 = I3 =0.6(-j2.0)=- j1.2p.u
j0.4 + j0.6
j0.4 f
IG2 = I3 =0.4 (-j2.0)=- j1.8p.u
j0.4 + j0.6
59
 BUS VOLTAGE CHANGES

Referringto Fig 11.4 bus voltage

changes are
V1 =0 - (j0.2)(-j1.2)=- 0.24p.u
V2 =0 - (j0.4)(-j0.8)=- 0.32p.u
V3 =(j0.16)(-j2.0)-1.0 =- 0.68p.u
60
 BUS VOLTAGE DURING FAULT
Noting that the pre fault bus voltages
equal to 1.0 p.u. , the post fault voltages
are obtained using superposition of
voltage changes on pre fault voltages as
V = V + V1 =1.0 - 0.24 =0.76p.u
f
1
0
1

V = V + V2 =1.0 - 0.32 =0.68p.u

f
2
0
2

V = V + V3 =1.0 - 0.68 =0.32p.u

f
3
0
3
61
 LINE CURRENTS UNDER FAULT
f f
I12 =(V - V ) / z12 =(0.76 - 0.68)/ j0.8
1 2

=- j0.1p.u
f f
I13 =(V - V ) / z13 =(0.76 - 0.32)/ j0.4
1 3

=- j1.1p.u
f f
I23 =(V - V ) / z 23 =(0.68 - 0.32)/ j0.4
2 3

=- j0.9p.u
62
 SCA OF LARGE SCALE SYSTEM

The Network Reduction method of fault

analysis used in the previous example is
inefficient for loop system with large
dimension. For example if we have to
calculate the voltages and currents for a fault
at bus 1 and 2 we have to repeat the
reduction process twice.

63
 SCA OF LARGE SCALE SYSTEM
(Cont.)

For short circuit analysis of large scale system a

systematic method using Bus Impedance matrix will
be developed.
This method can be extended to unsymmetrical
faults also invoking Symmetrical Component
Transformation later.

64
 SCA OF LARGE SCALE SYSTEM
(Cont.)
Consider an n-bus power system operating under
balanced condition. A three- phase symmetrical fault is
to be applied at the bus r through a fault impedance zf.
The system is represented by a per-phase circuit model.
Each machine is represented by a constant voltage
source Egi behind reactance Xi. Bus loads and all shunt
connections are neglected. (Ref. Fig.11.6)

65
FIG 11.6 PRE FAULT NETWORK
Eg1
1
~
Transmission system
(Loads + shunts r
Removed)
~
n
zf Vro
Egm

66
 ALGORITHMIC STEPS FOR SCA
Step1: Draw the pre fault per-phase network of the
system. Obtain the Bus Impedance matrix Z. All the
machine reactances should be included in the Z
matrix. The pre fault voltage vector is
0 0 0 T
V =(V ............V )
1 n (11.1)
Step 2: Create the fault at bus r. The post fault
network is given in Fig 11.7

67
 FIG 11.7 POST FAULT NETWORK
Eg1
1
- +
~ Transmission system
(Loads + shunts r If
- ~ + Removed)
V1
n Vr
Egm zf

Step:3 Obtain the Thevenins

equivalent network (Fig 11.8)
68
FIG 11.8 THEVENINS EQUIVALENT NETWORK

1
1 V1
Transmission system -
(Loads + shunts r Vro
m Removed) ~
+
n If
Vr
Vn zf

69
 CHANGE IN BUS VOLTAGES
Step 4: The change in bus voltages Vcaused T
by the fault at bus r is given by (refer fig 11.8)

V T = Z I (11.2)
where bus current injection vector I
is given by
I =(0.................- If ...........0 ) T (11.3)

70
 POST FAULT VOLTAGES
Step 5 : The post fault voltages are obtained by
0
superposing V in eqn.(11.1) on V T in eqn.(11.2)
f 0 0
V = V + V T = V +[ Z ] I (11.4)
Eqn.(11.3) on eqn.(11.4) gives
f 0 f
V = V - Z ir I ; i = 1,2,3,.....n
i i (11.5)
71
POST FAULT VOLTAGES AND CURRENTS

At faulted bus r, eqn. (11.5) gives

f 0 f
V = V - Zrr I
r r (11.6)
From post fault network (Fig 11.7),
f f f
V = Z I
r (11.7)
Eqn. (11.6) and (11.7) gives
0 f f f
V - Zrr I = z I
r
f 0 f
I = V / (Zrr + z )
r (11.8)
72
 POST FAULT VOLTAGES AND CURRENTS
(Cont.)
Eqn (11.8) in eqn (11.5) gives the post fault voltages
Zir
Vi = Vi
f 0
f
Vr0
(11.9)
Zrr + z
i = 1,2,3,......n
Post fault current through line i - j is
Iij = (Vi - Vj ) / zij (11.10)

73
 NUMERICAL EXAMPLE

A three-phase fault with zf = j0.16 p.u occurs

at bus 3 in the 3-bus network in fig.11.1.
Using the Bus Impedance matrix compute
the fault current, the bus voltages and the
line currents during the fault.

74
 FIG 11.1 3-BUS SYSTEM
G G X=0.2
X=0.1

X=0.1 X=0.2

J 0.8
1 2

3
75
 3-BUS SYSTEM (Cont.)

*First get [ Y ] and then [ Z ]

* y12 =(1/j0.8) =- j1.25
y13 = y23 =(1/j0.4) =- j2.5
y10 = (1/j0.2) =- j5.0
y20 = (1/j0.4) =- j2.5
76
 3-BUS SYSTEM (Cont.)
Y11 = y12 + y13 + y10
= - j1.25 - j2.5 - j5.0 =- j8.25
Y22 = y12 + y23 + y20
= - j1.25 - j2.5 - j2.5 =- j6.25
Y33 = y13 + y23
= - j2.5 - j2.5 =- j5.0
77
 3-BUS SYSTEM (Cont.)

Y12 = - y12 = + j1.25

Y13 = - y13 = + j2.5
Y23 = - y23 = + j2.5

78
 3-BUS SYSTEM (Cont.)

1 2 3
1 -j8.75 j1.25 j2.5

Y = 2 j1.25 - j6.25 j2.5
3 j2.5 j2.5 - j5.0

79
 3-BUS SYSTEM (Cont.)

1 2 3
1 j0.16 j0.08 j0.12

[ Z ] = 2 j0.08 j0.24 j0.16
3 j0.12 j0.16 j0.34

80
 3-BUS SYSTEM (Cont.)
f
*For a fault at bus3 with z = j0.16p.u
0
f V 3 1.0
I = f
= =- j2.0p.u
Z 33 + z j0.34 + j0.16
*Using eqn. (11.5) bus voltages
during fault can be calculated
f 0 f
V = V - Zir I ; i =1,2,3,......n
i i (11.5)

81
 3-BUS SYSTEM (Cont.)
f 0 f
V = V - Z I = 1.0 - (j0.12)(-j2.0) = 0.76p.u
1 1 13
f 0 f
V2 =V2 - Z23 I = 1.0 - (j0.16)(-j2.0) = 0.68p.u
f 0 f
V3 =V3 - Z33 I = 1.0 - (j0.34)(-j2.0) = 0.32p.u

The line currents during fault

can be computed using these bus voltages

82
 3-BUS SYSTEM (Cont.)
I12 = (V1 - V2 ) / z12 =(0.76 - 0.68)/(j0.8)
= - j0.1p.u.
I23 = (V2 - V3 ) / z 23 =(0.68 - 0.32)/(j0.4)
= - j0.9p.u.
I13 = (V1 - V3 ) / z13 =(0.76 - 0.32)/(j0.4)
= - j1.1p.u.
Note : This method is highly efficient
since it uses only the elements of [ Z ] matrix
83
EE6501 - POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

SHORT CIRCUIT ANALYSIS -

Z BUS ALGORITHM AND
INTRODUCTION TO UNSYMMETRICAL FAULTS

84
 OBJECTIVE

To develop a Building Algorithm for Z Bus

Introduction to Unsymmetrical faults.-
Symmetrical Component Transformation (SCT)

85
 NUMERICAL EXAMPLE
A three-phase fault with zf = j0.16 p.u
occurs at bus 3 in the 3-bus network in
fig.11.1. Using the Bus Impedance
matrix compute the fault current, the
bus voltages and the line currents during
the fault.
86
 FIG 11.1 3-BUS SYSTEM
G G X=0.2
X=0.1

X=0.1 X=0.2

J 0.8
1 2

3
87
 3-BUS SYSTEM (Cont.)

*First get [ Y ] and then [ Z ]

* y12 =(1/j0.8) =- j1.25
y13 = y23 =(1/j0.4) =- j2.5
y10 = (1/j0.2) =- j5.0
y20 = (1/j0.4) =- j2.5
88
 3-BUS SYSTEM (Cont.)
Y11 = y12 + y13 + y10
= - j1.25 - j2.5 - j5.0 =- j8.25
Y22 = y12 + y23 + y20
= - j1.25 - j2.5 - j2.5 =- j6.25
Y33 = y13 + y23
= - j2.5 - j2.5 =- j5.0
89
 3-BUS SYSTEM (Cont.)

Y12 = - y12 = + j1.25

Y13 = - y13 = + j2.5
Y23 = - y23 = + j2.5

90
 3-BUS SYSTEM (Cont.)

1 2 3
1 -j8.75 j1.25 j2.5

Y = 2 j1.25 - j6.25 j2.5
3 j2.5 j2.5 - j5.0

91
 3-BUS SYSTEM (Cont.)

1 2 3
1 j0.16 j0.08 j0.12

[ Z ] = 2 j0.08 j0.24 j0.16
3 j0.12 j0.16 j0.34

92
 3-BUS SYSTEM (Cont.)
f
*For a fault at bus3 with z = j0.16p.u
0
f V 3 1.0
I = f
= =- j2.0p.u
Z 33 + z j0.34 + j0.16
*Using eqn. (11.5) bus voltages
during fault can be calculated
f 0 f
V = V - Zir I ; i =1,2,3,......n
i i (11.5)

93
 3-BUS SYSTEM (Cont.)
f 0 f
V = V - Z I = 1.0 - (j0.12)(-j2.0) = 0.76p.u
1 1 13
f 0 f
V2 =V2 - Z23 I = 1.0 - (j0.16)(-j2.0) = 0.68p.u
f 0 f
V3 =V3 - Z33 I = 1.0 - (j0.34)(-j2.0) = 0.32p.u

The line currents during fault

can be computed using these bus voltages

94
 3-BUS SYSTEM (Cont.)
I12 = (V1 - V2 ) / z12 =(0.76 - 0.68)/(j0.8)
= - j0.1p.u.
I23 = (V2 - V3 ) / z 23 =(0.68 - 0.32)/(j0.4)
= - j0.9p.u.
I13 = (V1 - V3 ) / z13 =(0.76 - 0.32)/(j0.4)
= - j1.1p.u.
Note : This method is highly efficient
since it uses only the elements of [ Z ] matrix
95
 ALGORITHM FOR Z BUS
Z Bus can be formed by two methods
1. From Y Bus using Two-Rule Method and invert
Y Bus to get Z Bus.
2. Directly build Z Bus by adding one element at a
time.

96
ALGORITHM FOR Z BUS (Cont)
Building Algorithm handling one element at a
time is computationally efficient and is used in
commercial packages for Short Circuit
Analysis.
This algorithm is developed using the concept
of Open circuit driving point and transfer
impedance parameters in circuit theory.
97
OPEN CIRCUIT IMPEDANCE PARAMETERS

NETWORK Ip =1.0p.u

(m nodes) m
Vp

Ref

Fig 12.1 m-Node Network

98
 OPEN CIRCUIT IMPEDANCE
PARAMETERS (Cont)

Z11 ..... Z1p .....Z1m 0 V1

........................... . .
Z .....Z ......Z 1.0 = V (12.2)
p1 pp pm
p
........................... . .
0
Zm1 ......Zmp ......Z mm Vm

99
 OPEN CIRCUIT IMPEDANCE
PARAMETERS (Cont)
The open circuit (O.C) driving point and transfer
impedance parameters, the pth column of [Z] may
be obtained as O.C driving point impedance
parameter
Zpp = Vp (12.3)
O.C. transfer impedance parameters
Zip = Vi ; i = 1,2,.m, p (12.4)

100
 ALGORITHM FOR Z BUS

A building algorithm for Z Bus is developed by

first framing the rules requird for modifying an
existing Z matrix for addition of new elements,
one at a time.

101
 ALGORITHM FOR Z BUS (Cont)
Assume that for a given partial network,
with m nodes (Ref fig. 12.2), the Bus
Impedance matrix [Z0] is known.

It is proposed to add one element at a time to

this network and get the modified matrix [Zn]

102
 FIG 12.2 PARTIAL NETWORK

p
PARTIAL
NETWORK
[Zo] m

The dimension of [Zo] is mxm

103
 PARTIAL NETWORK (Cont.)
The matrix equation for the partial network is

[Zo] I = V (12.5)
Let us add one element at a time to the above
network. The added element may be a branch or
a link.

104
 ADDITION OF A BRANCH
If the added element is a branch, p-q, then a
new bus q is added to the partial network,
creating a new row and a new column to [Zo]
making it a new matrix [Zn] with dimension
(m+1) x (m+1). zpq is the impedance of the
branch added (Fig 12.3).

105
ADDITION OF A BRANCH (Cont)

p q

MODIFIED zpq

NETWORK
[Zn] m

Ref

Fig 12.3 Modified Network

106
 ADDITION OF A BRANCH (Cont)
The network equation becomes
I1 V1
Z11 ..... Z1p ..... Z1m Z1q
. .
..................................... I V
Zp1 ..... Zpp ...... Zpm Zpq p p
. = . (12.6)
......................................
Z ..... Z ..... Z Im Vm
Z
m1 mp mm mq
mp
. .
Z q1 ...... Z qp ..... Z qm Z qq
I
q Vq
107
 ADDITION OF A BRANCH (Cont)
The addition of the branch does not affect the m
rows and m columns of the original matrix.
(Why?)
The elements of the new row (qth row) and the
new column (qth column) are to be computed
Since the elements of power network are linear
and bilateral, Zqi = Ziq; i=1,2,3.m

108
 OFF DIAGONAL ELEMENTS
Since the elements of [Z] are open circuit
driving point and transfer impedance
parameters, the off-diagonal elements Zqi can
be measured (computed) by applying a current
source of 1.0 p.u. at the ith bus, Ii = 1.0 p.u and
keeping the other buses open circuited, Ik=0;
k=1,2,3.m, and ki and measuring the nodal
voltages.
109
OFF DIAGONAL ELEMENTS (Cont)

From eqn. (12.6) we obtain

Z1i = V1
.
Zpi = Vp
. (12.7)
Zmi = Vm
Zqi = Vq

110
OFF DIAGONAL ELEMENTS (Cont)
From Fig 12.3
Vq = Vp - vpq (12.8)
where vpq is the voltage across the added branch
with impedance zpq and is given by
vpq = zpq . ipq (12.9)

111
 OFF DIAGONAL ELEMENTS (Cont)
Since element p-q is a branch, ipq = 0, and
vpq = 0. Then eqn (12.8) reduces to

Zqi = Zpi ; i = 1,2,3 .. m, q (12.10)

Note: Off diagonal terms in the qth row are copied

from the pth row

112
 DIAGONAL ELEMENT Zqq
Inject a current source of 1.0p.u. at the qth bus, Iq =
1.0 p.u., keeping other buses open circuited .
From eqn. (12.6) we obtain
Zqq = Vq (12.11)

113
 DIAGONAL ELEMENTS., Zqq (Cont)

Since injected current of 1.0 p.u. flows from q to

p
ipq = -Iq = -1.0 p.u
Hence eqn (12.9) becomes
vpq = - zpq (12.12)

114
 DIAGONAL ELEMENTS., Zqq (Cont)
Substituting (12.12) in (12.8) we get
Vq = Vp + zpq (12.13)
From (12.7) , setting i=q, we get
Zqq = Vq and Zpq = Vp
Then eqn(12.13) becomes
Zqq = Zpq + zpq (12.14)

115
 ADDITION OF A BRANCH (p = 0)

PARTIAL
NETWORK
[Zn] m

o q

Ref

Fig 12.4 Add a branch to ref. node

116
 ADDITION OF A BRANCH (p=0) (Cont)
If node p of the added branch p-q is the reference
node 0 (Fig 12.4), then Vp=0 and we obtain
Zqi = Zpi = Vp = 0; i=1,2,3 m, q (12.15)
From (12.14), the diagonal element becomes
Zqq = zpq (12.16)

117
 ADDITION OF A LINK
1

p
PARTIAL
NETWORK q
[Zn] m
o
Ref

Fig 12.5 Add a link p-q

118
 ADDITION OF A LINK (Cont)
A link between bus p and bus q creates no new
buses and hence the dimension of [Z] remain
the same m x m
But all the elements of [Z] change and are to be
computed taking into account the insertion of
the link.

119
 ADDITION OF A LINK (Cont)
In Fig 12.5, if Il is the current through the link
p-q whose impedance is zpq, then
zpq Il = Vp Vq (12.17)
Vq Vp + zpq Il = 0 (12.18)
The added link modifies the old current Ip to
(Ip-Il) and the old current Iq to (Iq + Il) (Ref
Fig. 12.5).
120
 ADDITION OF A LINK (Cont)

The Network Equation becomes

Z11 I1 + ... + Z1p(Ip-Il )+ Z1q(Iq +Il )+...+ Z1m Im = V1
...... ......... ..........
Zp1 I1 + ... + Zpp(Ip-Il )+ Zpq(Iq +Il )+...+ Zpm Im = Vp
Zq1 I1 + ... + Z qp(Ip-Il )+ Z qq(Iq +Il )+... + Z qm Im = Vq (12.19)
....... ......... ..........
Zm1 I1 + ... + Zmp(Ip-Il )+ Zmq(Iq +Il )+...+ Z mm Im = Vm

121
 ADDITION OF A LINK (Cont)

Substituting for Vp and Vq from (12.19) into (12.18)

we get

(Z q1 - Zp1 )I1 +......+(Z qp - Zpp )Ip +...... +(Z qq - Z pq )Iq + ......

+(Z qm - Zpm )Im +(zpq + Zpp + Z qq - 2Zpq )Il =0 (12.20)

122
 ADDITION OF A LINK (Cont)
Addingeqn(12.20) to eqn(12.19) we get
Z11 ..... Z1p Z1q ..... Z1m Z1l I1 V1

..................................... . .
Z ..... Z Z ...... Z Z I V
p1 pp pq pm pl
p p
Z q1 ..... Z qp Z qq ...... Z qm Z ql Iq = Vq (12.21)

...................................... . .
Z ..... Z Z ..... Z Z I V
m1 mp mq mm ml

m m

Z q1
l1
...... Z lp Z lq ..... Z lm Z ll
Il 0
123
 ADDITION OF A LINK (Cont)

Ineqn.(12.21)
Zli = Zil = Ziq
qi - Z
Zpi
ip (12.22)
and
Zll = zpq + Zpp + Z qq - 2Zpq (12.23)
Let us eliminate the link
current Il ineqn (12.21)
124
 ADDITION OF A LINK (Cont)

Eqn(12.21)ispartitonedinto
Z0
Z I V
T = (12.24)
Z Zll Il 0

where
Z =[ Z1ll1 ..... Zpllp Zqllq ..... Zml
T
lm ] (12.25]

125
 ADDITION OF A LINK (Cont)

Eqn(12.24)maybe expanded as
0
Z I+ Z Il = V (12.26)
T
Z V + Zll Il =0 (12.27)
T
Z
Il==- .I (12.28)
Zll

126
 ADDITION OF A LINK (Cont)
(12.28)in(12.26)
0 Z Z T

Z - I= V (12.29)
Zll
n
or [Z ]I= V (12.30)
where
n
0 Z Z T
[Z ] = Z - (12.31)
Zll
127
 ALGORITHM FOR [Z]
from
Rule 1: Addition of a branch o - q from
reference bus o to a new bus q :
Using eqns. (12.15) and (12.16)
Z11 ............ Z 1n 0

...................... ....
[Zn ] = Z m1 ...........Z mm 0 (12.32)


0..................0 z
qo

128
 ALGORITHM FOR [Z] (Cont)
Rule 2 : Addition of a branch p - q from
old bus p to a new bus q :
Using eqns. (12.10) and (12.14)
1 p m q
1 Z11 .....Z pp ..... Z 1m Z 1p

...............................
p Zp1 .....Z pp ....Z pm Z pp

...................... .....
n
[Z ] = (12.33)
m Z m1 .....Z mp ....Z mm Z mp



q Zp1......Zpp ....Z pm (Z pp + z pq )
129
 ALGORITHM FOR [Z] (Cont)
Rule 3 : Addition of a link p - q between two
old buses p and q using eqn. (12.21), (12.22) and (12.23)
1 p q m l
1 Z11 .....................Z1p Z1q .....................Z1m (Z1q - Z1p )

.... .... .... ..... ... .. ......... ...... ......
p Zp1 ....................Zpp Zpq ....................Zpm (Zpq - Zpp )

n
q Z q1 .....................Zqp Z qq ....................Z qm (Z qq - Z qp )
[Z ]= (12.34)
.... .... .... ..... .... ..... ...... ......
m Zm1 ......................Zmp Zmq ...................Zmm (Zmq - Zmp )


l (Z q1 - Zp1 ).(Z qp - Zpp ).(Z qq - Zpq ).(Z qm - Z pm ) Z
ll

where Zll = zpq + Zpp + Z qq - 2Z pq (12.35)

130
 ALGORITHM FOR [Z] (Cont)
The new row and column are eliminated
using eqn (12.31)
n
0 Z Z
T

[Z ]= Z - (12.31)
Zll
where Z isdefinedas
T

Z =[(Z1qq1 - Z1pp1)..(Zpqqp- Zpp )(Z qq - Zpq )..(Z mq - Z mp )] (12.36)

T
qp qm pm

131
 ALGORITHM FOR [Z] (Cont)
When q in the reference bus, Z qi = Ziq = 0;i = 1,2,3,...m
andhence eqn.(12.34)reduces to
Z11 ...... Z 1p .....Z1m - Z 1p


Zp1 ...... Z pp .....Zpm - Zpp

[Z ]=
n
(12.37)
- Z
Z m1 ...... Z mp .....Z mm mp

-Zp1 ..- Z pp .. - Z pm Z ll
where Z ll = z pq + Z pp (12.38)
Z = (-Z1p ......- Zpp ....... - Z mp ) (12.39)
T
p1 pm
132
 EXAMPLE
Build [Z] for the network given in Fig 12.5
1 2 3
j 0.05
j 0.25

j 1.0 j 1.25

Fig 12.5 Reactance Network 133

 EXAMPLE (Cont)

Step1: Add branches 0 - 1 and 0 - 2. use Rule 2

1 2
1 j1.0 0
[Z] =
2 0 j1.25

134
 EXAMPLE (Cont)
Step 2 : Add branch 2 - 3 with z 2-3 = j0.05
Use Rule 1. p = 2, q = 3
1 2 3
1 j1.0 0 0
[Z]= P
2 0 j1.25
j1.25
3 0
q j1.25 j1.3

Z 33 = Z 22 + Z 23
= j1.25 + j0.05
= j 1.3
135
 EXAMPLE (Cont)
Step3 : Add link 1- 2 with z 1-2 = j0.25
Use Rule 3 : p = 1, q = 2
1 2 3 l
p
1 j1.0 0 0 - j1.0
2 0
q j1.25 j1.25 j1.25
[Z]=
3 0 j1.25 j1.3 j1.25

l -j1.0 j1.25 j1.25 j2.5

Zll = z12 + Z11 + Z 22 - 2Z 12 = j(0.25 +1.0 +1.25 - 2 * 0)

= j2.5 136
 EXAMPLE (Cont)

n
Z1l Zl1 (-j1.0)(-j1.0)
Z 11
= Z11 - = j1.0 - = j0.6
Zll j2.5

n 0 - (j1.25)(-j1.0)
Z 12 = = j0.5
j2.5

n 0 - (j1.25)(-j1.0)
Z 13 = = j0.5
j2.5
137
 EXAMPLE (Cont)
n (j1.25)(j1.25)
Z 22 = j1.25 - = j0.625
j2.5

n (j1.25)(j1.25)
Z 23 = j1.25 - = j0.625
j2.5

n (j1.25)(j1.25)
Z 33 = j1.3 - = j0.675
j2.5 138
 EXAMPLE (Cont)

1 j0.6 j0.5 j0.5

[Z]= 2 j0.5 j0.625 j0.625

3 j0.5 j0.625 j0.675

139
 UNSYMMETRICAL FAULTS
In unsymmetrical fault analysis, symmetrical
component transformation is made use of.
Any unbalanced system of 3-phase quantity
(voltage or current) can be resolved into three
sets of balanced system of 3-phase quantities,
called as positive sequence, negative sequence
and zero sequence components.

140
 UNSYMMETRICAL FAULTS (Cont)

Va 1 1 1 V0
V = 1 a2 a V (3.17)
b 1
Vc 1 a a
2
V2

V abc = [T] V 012 (3.18)

V p = [T]Vs (3.19)

141
 UNSYMMETRICAL FAULT (Cont)

-1
V 012 = [T] V abc (3.20)
-1
V s = [T] Vp (3.21)

V0 1 1 1 Va
V = 1/3 1 a 2
a V (3.22)
1 b
V2 1 a 2
a Vc

142
 SEQUENCE IMPEDANCES
Positive sequence impedance of an element is
the impedance offered by the element to flow of
positive sequence current when excited with a
positive sequence voltage.
Similarly Negative sequence impedance and zero
sequence impedance are defined.

143
 SEQUENCE IMPEDANCES (Cont)

For transformers, values of X0, X1 and X2 are the

same
For OH lines values of X1 and X2 are the same and
value of X0 is different.
For rotating elements, (generator or motors), the
value of X0, X1 and X2 are different.

144
 Fig: 3.7 SEQUENCE NETWORK -
GENERATOR

Bus k
zn
x o Io x1 = x d'' I1 x2 x1 I2
k + k k
+ + +
3zn Vo 1<0 V1 V2
- - - -
ZERO POSITIVE NEGATIVE
145
 Fig 3.8 ZERO-SEQUENCE NETWORK -
TRANSFORMER
1 2 1 2

x0 x0
1 2 1 2

146
Fig 3.9 GENERAL FAULT PORT IN A POWER SYSTEM

For purpose of external connections to simulate faults

a
b +
Phase
c + Va
(abc) + Vb
Network Vc
- - - n
(a) Fault port in abc coordinate
I0 I1 I2
+ + +
0 V0 1 V1 2 V2
- - -
Zero Positive Negative

(b) Corresponding fault port in sequence coordinates

147
Fig 3.10 SINGLE PHASE TO GROUND FAULT
a
b

c
Ia Ib Ic

Va zf Vb Vc
n

Terminal condition :
Ib = 0; Ic = 0
f
Va = z Ia 148
 SINGLE PHASE TO GROUND
FAULT (Cont)
Ib = Ic = 0

2 2
I0 + a I1 + aI2 = I0 + aI1 + a I2 = 0

2 2
(a - a)I1 = (a - a)I2

I1 = I2 (3.23)
149
 SINGLE PHASE TO GROUND
FAULT (Cont)
Further,
2
Ib = I0 + a I1 + aI2 = 0
2
= I0 + (a + a )I1 = 0 (3.24)
2
Since 1+ a + a = 0, eqn(3.24) implies
I0 = I1 (3.25)
From (3.23) and (3.25)
I0 = I1 = I2 (3.26)
150
 SINGLE PHASE TO GROUND
FAULT (Cont)
Further more, it is required that
f
Va = z Ia
f
V 0 +V1 + V2 = z (I0 + I1 + I2 )
f
V0 + V1 + V2 = 3z I1 (3.27)
Eqn (3.26) and (3.27) must be simultaneously
satisfied. Then the sequence network should
be interconnected as shown in fig 3.11
151
Fig 3.11 SEQUENCE NETWORK TERMINATION SINGLE
PHASE-TO GROUND FAULT
I0
+
0 V0
-

Zero
I1

1
+
V1
3z f
-

Positive
I2
+
2 V2
-

Negative 152
EXAMPLE 3.2: SINGLE PHASE TO GROUND
FAULT

Fig 3.12 EXAMPLE SYSTEM WITH DATA

G1,G2 : 100 MVA, 20 Kv, x1=x2=xd=20%, x0=5%,
xn=4%
T1,T2 : 100 MVA, 20kV / 345kV; xleak=5%
L1,L2 : x1=16%, x0=50% on a base of 100MVA 153
 SINGLE PHASE TO GROUND FAULT
(Cont)
The sequence networks are presented in Fig 3.13
0.16

0.20 0.05 0.05 0.20

+ 1 2 0.16 3 4 +

1<0 ~ 1<0 ~
- -

(a) Positive sequence network

Fig 3.13 Sequence networks of example system
154
 SINGLE PHASE TO GROUND
FAULT (Cont)
The sequence networks are presented in Fig
3.13 0.16

0.20 0.05 0.05 0.20

1 2 0.16 3 4

(b) Negative sequence network

Fig 3.13 Sequence networks of example system

155
 SINGLE PHASE TO GROUND FAULT
(Cont)
0.50

0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05

1 2 0.50 3 4

0.12 0.12

(c) zero sequence network

Fig 3.13 Sequence networks of example system
156
 SINGLE PHASE TO GROUND FAULT
Contd. 4
x1

3
x2
+ Positive sequence
ET1 = network
~
1< 0 -

x1 = 0.2 + 0.05 + 0.16/2 = 0.33

x 2 = 0.05
0.33 x 0.05
x Th1 = = 0.1422
0.33 + 0.05
ET1 = 1< 0 Z T1 = j0.1422
ET2 = 0.0 Z T2 = j0.1422 157
SINGLE PHASE TO GROUND FAULT
(Cont)
x1

3
x2
zero sequence
network

x1 = 0.12 + 0.05 + 0.05 + 0.25 = 0.47

x 2 = 0.05
0.47 x 0.05
x Th0 = = 0.0452
0.47 + 0.05
ET0 = 0.0 Z T0 = j0.0452 158
 SINGLE PHASE TO GROUND FAULT
Contd. 6
j0.0452 I0

V0 +
-
j 0.1422 I
1
I0 = I1= I2 =
+ + 1< 0
1< 0 ~ V1 =
j0.0452 + j0.1422 + j0.1422
- -
= - j3.034
j 0.1422 I2
+
V2
-

Fig 3.14 Interconnection of sequence network

159
 SINGLE PHASE TO GROUND FAULT
(Cont)
Phase currents are

Ia 1 1 1 -j3.034 -j9.102
I = 1 a 2
a -j3.034 = 0
b
Ic 1 a a 2 -j3.034 0

Ia = 9.102p.u.

160
 SINGLE PHASE TO GROUND FAULT
(Cont)

The sequence voltages are

V0 = - [ j 0.0452 (-j3.034) ] = - 0.1371 p.u.

V1 = 1.0-[j 0.1422 (-j3.034) ] = 0.5685 p.u.

V2 = - [ j 0.1422 (-j3.034) ] = - 0.4315 p.u.

161