This document describes the desulfurization of natural gas. It provides the composition of a sample feed gas containing various hydrocarbons and sulfur compounds. It then discusses different methods for removing sulfur, including absorption, adsorption, and chemisorption. Specifically, it describes how activated carbon was traditionally used but has disadvantages, and how a hot ZnO system is now commonly used instead. The ZnO system chemically bonds sulfur more firmly, requires less catalyst and volume, and has no need for regeneration. The document provides details on the ZnO system's operating conditions, internal chemistry, catalyst composition and properties, and use of a hydrotreater to first convert organic sulfur.
This document describes the desulfurization of natural gas. It provides the composition of a sample feed gas containing various hydrocarbons and sulfur compounds. It then discusses different methods for removing sulfur, including absorption, adsorption, and chemisorption. Specifically, it describes how activated carbon was traditionally used but has disadvantages, and how a hot ZnO system is now commonly used instead. The ZnO system chemically bonds sulfur more firmly, requires less catalyst and volume, and has no need for regeneration. The document provides details on the ZnO system's operating conditions, internal chemistry, catalyst composition and properties, and use of a hydrotreater to first convert organic sulfur.
This document describes the desulfurization of natural gas. It provides the composition of a sample feed gas containing various hydrocarbons and sulfur compounds. It then discusses different methods for removing sulfur, including absorption, adsorption, and chemisorption. Specifically, it describes how activated carbon was traditionally used but has disadvantages, and how a hot ZnO system is now commonly used instead. The ZnO system chemically bonds sulfur more firmly, requires less catalyst and volume, and has no need for regeneration. The document provides details on the ZnO system's operating conditions, internal chemistry, catalyst composition and properties, and use of a hydrotreater to first convert organic sulfur.
This document describes the desulfurization of natural gas. It provides the composition of a sample feed gas containing various hydrocarbons and sulfur compounds. It then discusses different methods for removing sulfur, including absorption, adsorption, and chemisorption. Specifically, it describes how activated carbon was traditionally used but has disadvantages, and how a hot ZnO system is now commonly used instead. The ZnO system chemically bonds sulfur more firmly, requires less catalyst and volume, and has no need for regeneration. The document provides details on the ZnO system's operating conditions, internal chemistry, catalyst composition and properties, and use of a hydrotreater to first convert organic sulfur.
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Desulfurization of Natural Gas
Rana Muhammad Haris (P. No. 2437)
Composition of Feed Gas Composition Percentage H2 1.95 N2 3.18 Ar 0.01 CO2 2.22 CH4 88.17 C2H6 2.74 CnHn+2 1.74 Organic Sulfur 12.4 ppm by weight H2S 1.8 ppm by weight Methods to Remove Sulfur
Absorption
Adsorption
Chemisorption Methods to Remove Sulfur
Absorption
Adsorption
Chemisorption Absorption
Physical Chemical Absorption Absorption Methods to Remove Sulfur
Absorption
Adsorption
Chemisorption Old Method to Remove Sulfur
Absorption
Adsorption
Chemisorption Adsorption
Physical Adsorption Activated Carbon was This system was used was considered the considered the best in all older generation only way to adhere adsorbent Plants sulfur compounds
Granules of Activated Exothermic Process Carbon are added Activated Carbon System Four Beds of Activated Carbon (Two Smaller and Two Larger) Set of One Smaller and One Larger kept Online Other set is kept Regeneration and Standby All four can be operated in Series Activated Carbon Beds are specially designed for: H2S Carbonyl Mercaptans Heavy Hydrocarbons Periodically Carbon Beds are vented to the atmosphere Sulfur Contents is Below 1ppm Typically 0.2ppm by Volume Process Conditions Design Pressure
C-101A/B = 44 kg/cm2 C-101C/D = 54 kg/cm2
Design Temperature
C-101A/B = 149 C-101C/D = 343
Operating Pressure
C-101A/B/C/D = 41 kg/cm2
Operating Temperature
C-101A/B/C/D = 26 Disadvantages of Carbon Bed System
Just have a continuous operation of 3 5 days
Can lead to catalytic oxidation of VOCs in bed
Higher Sulfur Slippage
Regeneration Required
More Man Power Required
Decreasing life of downstream expensive catalysts
Larger Volume of Bed Required
Regeneration of Carbon Beds
Thermal Regeneration Blowing Steam at 80 200 Cooling air is then passed Nitrogen can also be used
Vacuum Regeneration Prevent contamination of VOC with Steam Lower the Pressure so the compounds which are more volatile will boil Regeneration of Carbon Beds
Thermal Regeneration Blowing Steam at 80 200 Cooling air is then passed Nitrogen can also be used
Vacuum Regeneration Prevent contamination of VOC with Steam Lower the Pressure so the compounds which are more volatile will boil Methods to Remove Sulfur
Absorption
Adsorption
Chemisorption Methods to Remove Sulfur
Absorption
Adsorption
Chemisorption Why Hot ZnO System?
Adhere Sulfur More Firmly
Physical as well as Chemical Process
Very Low Sulfur Slippage
Higher Desorption Energy
Lesser Catalyst is Required due to More Absorption Capacity
Lesser Vessel Volume is Required
Why Hot ZnO System?
Increased Life of Expensive Downstream Catalysts
No Regeneration is Required
Less Man Power is Required
Continuous Operation up to 3 Years
Less Maintenance is Required
Well Proven and Internationally Accepted System
Project Economics Project Cost (Without Catalyst) US $ 1.65 Million
Catalyst Cost (Hydrotreater & Desulfurizer)
US $ 0.32 Million
Pay Back Period = 1.48 Years
Operating Conditions
Temperature 380
Pressure 38 kg/cm2
Reaction is Exothermic in Nature
Internal Chemistry of ZnO System Reactions occurring in Desulfurizer are ZnO + H2S ZnS + H2O
If COS are present in the feedstock following reaction
will also take place COS + ZnO CO2 + ZnS
The reaction can also occur on the ambient
conditions Composition of Co Mo Catalyst
Catalyst Composition by Weight
HTZ 3 (Haldor Topsoe)
ZnO > 99 % Al2O3 <1%
ZnO Al2O3 Catalyst Physical Properties (ZnO)
Properties Values Shape Cylindrical Extrudates Size - Diameter 4 mm Size - Length 4 8 mm Pore Volume 0.24 ml/g Bulk Density 1.35 kg / Liter Total Volume 2 x 10.5 m3 Max Sulfur Sorption Capacity 39 kg of S / 100 kg Catalyst Pressure Drop 0.2 kg / cm2 Sulfur at Exit of ZnO 10 20 ppb Problems in Implementing ZnO System
Appropriate and Efficient Heating System
Organic Sulfur in the Feed Stock
Problems in Implementing ZnO System
Appropriate and Efficient Heating System
Organic Sulfur in the Feed Stock
Appropriate and Efficient Heating System
Two Gas Gas Heat Exchangers (E-1001A/B)
Maximum temperature achieved in Tube Side of E-1001A/B is 330
One Fired Heater (F-1003)
Further heating from 330 to 380 is carried out in a Fired Heater (F-1003)
System is Designed on Two Percent Heat Loss
Problems in Implementing ZnO System
Appropriate and Efficient Heating System
Organic Sulfur in the Feed Stock
Problems in Implementing ZnO System
Appropriate and Efficient Heating System
Organic Sulfur in the Feed Stock
Organic Sulfur in the Feed Stock
Another Reactor is used at the Upstream of
Desulfurizer which is called Hydrotreater Hydrotreater is used to convert organic sulfur to inorganic sulfur
Reaction that occurs in Hydrotreater is as follows
R CH2 SH + H2 R CH3 +H2S Organic Sulfur at the Downstream is < 10 ppb Adding Hydrogen as a Reactant
Hydrogen is added from the syngas coming from
second stage of Syngas Compressor (K-306A/B) It is added at the upstream of the Fired Heater (F- 1003)
Hydrogen in Recycle Stream = 2%
Flow added = 1206 NMc/hr Catalyst Selection for Hydrotreater
Co Mo (Cobalt Molybdenum)
Olefin < 1 % CO < 3% CO2 < 13%
Ni Mo (Nickel Molybdenum)
Olefin > 1 % CO > 3% CO2 > 13% Catalyst Selection for Hydrotreater
Co Mo (Cobalt Molybdenum)
Olefin < 1 % CO < 3% CO2 < 13%
Ni Mo (Nickel Molybdenum)
Olefin > 1 % CO > 3% CO2 > 13% Composition of Co Mo Catalyst
Catalyst Composition by Weight
TK 250 (Haldor Topsoe)
CoO = 3.6 MoO3 = 14.3
Al2O3 = 82.1
CoO MoO3 Al2O3
Catalyst Physical Properties
Property Values Shape 5mm Extruded Rings Bulk Density 0.5 Kg/Liter Pore Volume 0.55 ml/gm Surface Area 200 m2 Attrition Loss < 3% Crushing Strength N/A on Extruded Surface Catalyzing Constituent Co Mo Process Flow Diagram Thank You!
