Injection Well Transient

Testing and Analysis

Well Test Types for Injection Well
 Injection Test

• Injection well testing has applications in improved recovery,

pressure maintenance, gas recycling and brine disposal operations.
• Injection testing is analogous to drawdown testing-all of the
equations and analysis procedures used in drawdown testing are
applied to injection testing simply by changing the sign of the flow
rate (conventionally, the production rate is considered positive and
the injection rate is negative). Because controlling injection rates is
easier than controlling production rates, injection tests are
generally easier to carry out than drawdown tests.
• The pressure will decline at a production well during drawdown,
while pressure at an injection well will increase during injection.
That difference is accounted for in the analysis method by using q <
0 for injection and q > 0 for production.
 Injection Test

Figure 1 shows a schematic representation of rate history during

an injection test and the change in flowing sandface pressure.
 Injection Test
Injection test analysis can be more complicated than
drawdown test analysis, especially if the injected fluid
and the reservoir fluid(s) are not the same, and therefore
require consideration of multi-phase flow conditions.
The overall objectives of injection tests are to
• determine formation permeability
• establish injectivity
• evaluate skin
• obtain average reservoir pressure
• determine formation fracture pressures.
 Injection Test
• The bottom-hole injection pressure for the constant
rate injectivity test is given by:

• Equation 1 indicates that a plot of bottom-hole

injection pressure, pwf, versus the logarithm of
injection time should have a straight line section, the
slope of which is given by:
 Injection Test
The intercept, p1hr, is given by

Figure 2 Hornet Plot

 Injection Test
 Skin factor are estimated using

 Distance to water bank is calculated from the following

equation:

where
rwb = drainage radius (distance to water bank), ft
Wi = volume injected, res bbl = Qinj x Av x injection time
Bw = water formation volume factor, rb/stk
 Injection Test
The estimated permeability is used to determine a
radius of drainage from:
rd < rwb (condition to
justify unit mobility
ratio analysis)
Pressure drop across the skin may be estimated from:

Flow efficiency is given by

 Semilog Data Plot

Figure 3 shows a wellbore storage period before radial flow period

 Wellbore Storage Period

Figure 4 Estimation of Wellbore Storage Period

Ramey's type curves (Fig. 4) involves the following steps:

1. Plot p versus time on log-log paper, the same size as Ramey's
type curve.
2. If the test has a uniform-slope region (45° line at earliest
times), choose any point t, (pi — pwf) or [t, (pws — pwf)] on
the unit-slope line and calculate the wellbore storage constant
Cs as
 Wellbore Storage Period
To estimate the duration of wellbore storage effects, a
plot of log (pwf-pi) versus log t may be used. The
beginning of the semilog straight line can be estimated
by the following equation:

Where: C = wellbore storage coefficient

The values of t and p can be found from the unit-
slope portion of log-log plot.
Changes in slope due to the
Change in k/, s or 

Figure 1 shows a schematic

Analyzing Injection Well Test Data
(Waterflood Reservoir M.R =1.0)
The following table shows the pressure fall-off test
data; other well/water-flood reservoir data are:
Pressure prior to test, Pwf (t=0) = 175 psi,
injection rate at time of test = 100 stb/day,
injection time =1.5 years;
Area within 5-spot pattern, A = 40 acres
Sw = 0.4 fraction (a time of test) ; Swi = 0.42
h= 16ft  = 0.15 w = 1.0 cP
rw = 0.25 ft; re = 744.6ft Bw = 1.0 rb/stb
w = 66.45 lbm/ft3 ct = 6.67 x10-6psi-1 Depth = 5002 ft
Analyzing Injection Well Test Data
(Waterflood Reservoir M.R =1.0)
• Estimate the wellbore storage coefficient, C;
• Estimate the permeability, k, and skin factor, s;
• Check to justify using the unit mobility ratio analysis.
 Solution
• Cumulative water injected at time of test,
Wi = [qi x Bw x number of years x 365/year] bbl
= 100 x 1.00 x 1.5 x 365 = 54,750 bbls
 Estimation of Wellbore Storage:
 Plot on log-log graph column 4 vs column 1
 Estimation of the permeability, k, and skin factor, s
 Plot on semi-log graph column 2 vs column 1
 Check to justify using the unit mobility ratio analysis.
 Plot on semi-log graph column 5 vs column 1
 SOLUTION: Estimation of Wellbore Storage

Using P = 100 psi and

t = 0.2 hr (from the
unit slope line),
estimate wellbore
storage coefficient, C: Figure 5 Pressure Profile affected by Wellbore storage

The value of C must be positive. Calculate wellbore volume

corresponding to C = 0.0083 bbl/psi
 SOLUTION: Estimation of
Permeability and Factor Skin

Figure 8 Semilog Data Plot

 SOLUTION: Estimation of
Permeability and Factor Skin
Interpreted data
• Pressure response at 1 hr = 709 psig
• Tubing pressure before injection = 175 psig
• Slope, m, from Figure 8 = 95 psig/cycle
 SOLUTION: Estimation of
Permeability and Factor Skin
Pressure drop across skin using Eq. 7 is
 Fall-off Test
A fall-off test follows an injection test, and measures
the pressure decline following the shut-in of injection.
The interpretation of a fall-off test is analogous to a
pressure buildup analysis.
Figure 9 shows schematically the rate schedule and
pressure response for a fall-off test. The analysis
equations developed for buildup test analyses are
equivalently applicable to the fall-off analysis (note that
q < 0 for fall-off tests).
 Fall-off Test

Figure 9 shows schematically the rate schedule and pressure response for a fall-off test
 Fall-off Test
Pressure Fall-off behavior for infinite acting period can be
expressed as

where

Reservoir permeability is determined from Eq. 13 as

 Fall-off Test
and the skin factor is determined from Eq. 14 as

Calculation of pressure loss due to skin pskin (psi)

Calculation of injectivity index (b/day/psi) and flow efficiency

where
 Fall-off Test
 If injection time tp is short, we can safely assume that p* = p.
Otherwise determine the average pressure, p, using the
following procedure.
 Find the slope of the fall-off curve and find k; using k and
other given data, calculate dimensionless flowing time:

 where A is the injection area and from Table 1, find the

dimensionless pressure function, PMBH:

 The average pressure, calculated using:

Table 1
Fall-off Test
 Wellbore Storage Period

Figure 4 Estimation of Wellbore Storage Period

Ramey's type curves (Fig. 4) involves the following steps:

1. Plot p versus time on log-log paper, the same size as Ramey's
type curve.
2. If the test has a uniform-slope region (45° line at earliest
times), choose any point t, (pi — pwf) or [t, (pws — pwf)] on
the unit-slope line and calculate the wellbore storage constant
Cs as
 Wellbore Storage Period
To estimate the duration of wellbore storage effects, a plot of log
(pwf(t=0) — pws) versus log t may be used. The beginning of
the semilog straight line can be estimated by the following
equation:

Where: C = wellbore storage coefficient

The values of t and p can be found from the unit-slope
portion of log-log plot.
 Example
Pressure response data for an injectivity test in a water-flooded
reservoir are given in following table. Before the test, all the
wells in the reservoir had been shut-in for several weeks and
pressure had stabilized. Other known reservoir data are:
D = 4819ft rw = 0.354ft h = 49ft q = 1426stb/d
 = 16%  = 1 cP tubing ID = 2 in hole size = 8.50 in
so = 0.20 sg = 0 sw = 0.80 ct = 6.5 x 10-6 psi-1
B= 1.027 rb/stb w = 62.51bm/cuft co = 3.0 x 10-6 psi-1
cw = 3.0 x 10-6 psi-1 cg = 1.00 x 10-4 psi-1 cf = 4.0 x 10-6 psi-1
A= injected area = 20 acres
Cumulative volume injected before test = 2380mbbls;
Injection pressure at pwf(t=0)= 525 psi
 Solution

Figure 10 Welbore storage analysis

 Solution
 Pseudo-producing time tp = 24 x 2380 x 1000/1426 =
40,056.10 hours.
 The log-log data, Figure 10, indicate that wellbore storage is
important for about 0.01 to 0.07 hr.
 From semilog plot, Figure 11 find the following:
p1hr = 268 psi, p* = 335 psi, slope m = 130 psi/cycle.
 Calculate permeability to water using Eq. 13:

 Dimensionless time
 Solution

Figure 11 Pressure fall-off curve

 Solution
• Average Reservoir Pressure.
From Table 1, Then, PMBH= p - p* = 7.96(m/2.303)
=7.96(130/2.303) = 449 psig, and obtaining
p* from Figure 11 (semilog plot), we find, pave = pe= -335 + 449
= 115 psi.
Calculate skin factor s from Eq. 14.
 Solution
Calculate pressure loss due to skin, pskin from Eq. 15.

Calculate injectivity index and flow efficiency from Eq. 16

 Solution
Estimate compressibility in the swept zone from the following
equation:
Fall-off Test
Example
 Apa yang Perlu dilakukan dalam Uji Falloff

 Memenuhi peraturan
 Mengenali kondisi reservoir dan komplesi
 Mengukur tekanan reservoir
 Memperoleh parameter reservoir
 Menganalisa sifat/keadaan reservoir
 Penentuan Pressure Gauge
► Tekanan operasi permukaan = 500 psia
► Interval injeksi/kedalaman sumur = 5000 ft
► Spesifik gravity fluida injeksi = 1.05
► Sumur injeksi menjadi vakum/tidak penuh pada
akhir test.
► Laju perubahan tekanan yang diharapkan
selama periode aliran radial = 0.5 psi/hr.
 Penentuan Pressure Gauge
► Hitung tekanan alir dasar sumur =
500 psi + 0.433 psi/ft (1.05) (5000) = 2773 psi
(abaikan gesekan tubing)
Pilih jenis pengukur tekanan dasar sumur.
Sehingga pengukur tekanan dengan:
- Range = 2000 psi adalah terlalu rendah.
- Pengukur dengan range 5000 dan 10000 psia
mungkin dapat bekerja.
 Perencanaan Uji Faloff
►Lama periode Penginjeksian?
►Lama Periode Falloff?
►Mencapai batas daerah pengurasan?
 Periode Aliran
1. Periode Wellbore storage.
 Periode awal pengujian yang dipengaruhi oleh
hidrolika sumur.
2. Periode Transien.
 Periode setelah wellbore storage dan sebelum rezim
aliran dapat diidentifikasi.
3. Periode Aliran Radial.
 Tanggapan tekanan hanya dikendalikan oleh
keadaan reservoir.
4. Periode Pseudo Steady State.
 Tanggapan tekanan telah mencapai batas
reservoir.
 Perencanaan Uji Faloff
1. Lama periode Penginjeksian?
►Hingga periode aliran radial
2. Lama Periode Falloff?
►Hingga periode aliran radial
3. Mencapai batas daerah pengurasan?
►Hingga periode pseudo steady state
 Waktu untuk Aliran Radial
►Pada Periode Penginjeksian (jam)

►Pada Periode Falloff (jam)

 Koefisien Wellbore Storage, C
►Pada Periode Penginjeksian (jam)
► Didasarkan pada sumur yang
terisi penuh oleh fluida.
Tekanan permukaan
dipertahankan selama
pengujian.

►Pada Periode Falloff (jam)

► Permukaan fluida turun
sehingga sumur dibagian atas
menjadi vakum
 Waktu untuk Pseudo Steady State
► Waktu untuk mencapai batas dapat dihitung dari
persamaan jari-jari pengamatan:

r = jarak dari sumur ke batas pengurasan

t = waktu untuk mencapai batas pengurasan
 Perhitungan Aliran Radial
► Berapa lama waktu penginjeksian dan falloff yang
diperlukan agar mencapai periode aliran radial.
Tekanan kepala sumur dipertahankan positif.
► Parameter Reservoir:
 h = 120 ft k = 50 md S = 15
 µ = 0.5 cp cw = 3 10-6 psi-1
► Parameter Sumur:
 7” tubing (6.456” ID ); packer depth: 4000ft; 9
5/8” casing (8.921” ID); Puncak interval injeksi:
4300 ft
 Perhitungan Aliran Radial
 Volume Lubang sumur:
= Volume tubing + Volume casing di bawah packer

 Koefisien wellbore storage, C:

 Perhitungan Aliran Radial
 Waktu minimum untuk mencapai aliran
radial selama penginjeksian:

Waktu minimum untuk mencapai aliran

radial selama falloff:

 Catatan:waktu pengujian tidak hanya sampai

tercapainya periode aliran radial tetapi perlu
waktu.
 Data untuk Analisa Falloff
 Informasi batuan dan fluida reservoir:
Ketebalan formasi (h), Permeabilitas (k),
porositas (), viskositas (µ), kompresibiltas (ct).

 Fluida Injeksi:
Viskositas (µ), spesifik gravity (), dan laju (q)
fluida injeksi.
 Data untuk Analisa Falloff
 Datasumur dan komplesi:
Kedalaman, ukuran/dimensi, konfigurasi,
kedalaman pengisian.

 UjiPenginjeksian
Periode penginjeksian, laju alir (jika mungkin
konstant)

 Ujifalloff
Periode penginjeksian, data tekanan dan waktu.
 Teori Terapan untuk Penginjeksian
dan Falloff
 PDE untuk aliran radial

 Batasan-batasan:
 Pada sumur: Jari-jari sumur terbatas, laju
injeksi tetap
 Pada reservoir: Infinite acting, tekanan awal
dan sifat reservoir seragam.
 Teori Terapan untuk Penginjeksian
dan Falloff
 Penyelesaian PDE untuk aliran radial

 Dimana:

Persamaan tersebut memberi harga tekanan

dalam reservoir sebagai fungsi waktu dan jarak
dari sumur
 Teori Terapan untuk Penginjeksian
dan Falloff
 Penyederhanaan penyelesaian PDE:

 Dimana:
 Perkiraan Tekanan Sumur Injeksi
 Contoh: Perkirakan tekanan sumur injeksi
yang terletak dalam reservoir Infinite acting
dengan S=0. Sumur telah menginjeksi 3428.6
bbl selama 2 hari (=48 jam). Data reservoir
lain adalah:
Pi = 2000 psi h = 50 ft
k = 200 md Bw = 1 rb/stb
rw = 0.4 ft ct = 6 10-6 psi-1
µ = 0.6 cp  = 0.3
 Perkiraan Tekanan Sumur Injeksi
 Hitung variabel tak berdimensi rD, tD, dan PD:
rD = r/rw = rw/rw = 1

Maka tekanan pada sumur injeksi adalah:

 Metode Analisa Uji Falloff
1. Metoda Yeh-Agarwal
 Digunakan bila periode injeksi pendek
2. Miller Dyes Hutchinson (MDH)
 Digunakan jika periode injeksi sangat
panjang dengan laju alir konstan.
3. Horner Plot
 Digunakan jika falloff didahului dengan
periode injeksi dengan laju konstan.
4. Superposition Time Plot
 Untuk laju alir bervariasi seblm uji falloff
 Metode Horner
 Persamaan Horner adalah sbb:

 Dimana: m adalah slope pada semilog plot

antara Pws vs log [(ti+t)/t].
 Soal 1:
Selama uji interference, air diinjeksi ke dalam
sumur A selama 48 jam. Diketahui sifat reservoir
sbb:
Kedalaman = 2000 ft Bw = 1.0 RB/STB
q = -50 B/D w = 1.0 cp
h = 45 ft r = 119 ft
pi = 3000 psig ct = 1.0 x 10-6 psi-1
ti = 48 jam
Tabel 1: Data Interference Test
T (jam) Pw (psig) p = pi-pw
0.0 3000
4.3 3022 -22
21.6 3082 -82
28.2 3095 -95
45.0 3119 -119
48.0 Injection Ends
51.0 3109 -109
69.0 3055 -55
73.0 3047 -47
93.0 3032 -32
142.0 3016 -16
148.0 3015 -15
 Example
• Pressure
Pressure Response Data in an
Injectivity Test