Chapter 7 - Thermodynamics

Objectives: After finishing this

unit, you should be able to:
• State and apply the first and
second laws of thermodynamics.
• Demonstrate your understanding
of adiabatic, isochoric, isothermal,
and isobaric processes.
 The language of TD
 To understand the laws of thermodynamics and how they work, first we need to get the terminology
right. Some of the terms may look familiar (as they are used in everyday language as well)- but their
meanings are more ‘technical’ and ‘precise’, when used in TD and hence we should not use them
‘casually’.
 System is region where we focus our attention (Au block in figure).
 Surrounding is the rest of the universe (the water bath at constant ‘temperature’).
 Universe = System + Surrounding (the part that is within the dotted line box in the figure below)
 More practically, we can consider the ‘Surrounding’ as the immediate neighbourhood of the system
(the part of the universe at large, with which the system ‘effectively’ interacts).
In this scheme of things we can visualize: a system, the surrounding and the universe at large.

In TD we usually do not
worry about the universe
at large!
 Open, closed and isolated systems
 To a thermodynamic system two ‘things’ may be added/removed:
 energy (heat, work)  matter.
 An open system is one to which you can add/remove matter (e.g. a open beaker to which
we can add water). When you add matter- you also end up adding heat (which is contained
in that matter).
 A system to which you cannot add matter is called closed.
Though you cannot add/remove matter to a closed system, you can still add/remove heat
(you can cool a closed water bottle in fridge).
 A system to which neither matter nor heat can be added/removed is called isolated.
A closed vacuum ‘thermos’ flask can be considered as isolated.

Type of boundary Interactions

Open All interactions possible (Mass, Work, Heat)
Closed Matter cannot enter or leave
Semi-permeable Only certain species can enter or leave
Insulated Heat cannot enter or leave
Rigid Mechanical work cannot be done*
Isolated
* By or on the system No interactions are possible**
** Mass, Heat or Work
 The system can exchange mass and energy
through the boundary with the environment.
An example of “closed system” - no mass flow- the
Surroundings gas is confined in a cylinder. The boundary –in this
case real wall- is made by the cylinder and the
piston walls.
System

The boundary of the

system is arbitrarily chosen
 THERMODYNAMICS
Thermodynamics is Distinguish heat from
the study of work:
processes in which Heat : transfer of energy
energy is due to difference in
transferred as heat temperature
and work. Work: transfer of energy
NOT due to difference in
temperature
 First Law of Thermodynamics → Conservation of Energy:
Energy can be changed from one form to another, but it cannot be
created or destroyed. The total amount of energy and matter in the
Universe remains constant, merely changing from one form to another.

The First Law of Thermodynamics (Conservation) states that energy is

always conserved, it cannot be created or destroyed. In essence,
energy can be converted from one form into another.

http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookEner1.html
 Joule’s Experiment and the First Law of Thermodynamics.
Equivalence between work and heat
1 calorie = 4.184 Joules
Work is done on water. The energy is transferred to
the water – i. e. the system- . The energy transferred
appears as an increase in temperature.
We can replace the insulating walls by conducting
walls. We can transfer heat through the walls to the
system to produce the same increase in temperature.
The increase in temperature of the system is a
Schematic diagram for Joule´s consequence of an increase in Internal Energy.
experiment. Insulating walls are Internal energy is a state function of the system
necessary to prevent heat transfer
from the enclosed water to the The sum of the heat transferred into
surroundings.
the system and the work done on the
As the weights fall at constant speed, system equals the change in the
they turn a paddle wheel, which does
internal energy of the system
work on water.
If friction in mechanism is negligible,
the work done by the paddle wheel on U int  Qin  Won
the water equals the change of
potential energy of the weights.
 A THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEM
• A system is a closed environment in
which heat transfer can take place. (For
example, the gas, walls, and cylinder of
an automobile engine.)

Work done on
gas or work
done by gas
INTERNAL ENERGY OF SYSTEM U = (U2-U1 ).

• The internal energy U of a system is the

total of all kinds of energy
(kinetic/potential) possessed by the
particles that make up the system.

• U is independent of path : depend

only on the initial and final states

Usually the internal energy consists

of the sum of the potential and
kinetic energies of the working gas
molecules.
 Heat (Q) and Work (W)
• Both Q and W can be positive and negative

• A positive value of Q represents heat flow INTO the

system (heat energy ADDED), and a negative value
of Q represents heat flow OUT the system.

• A positive value of W represents work done BY the

system against its surrounding such as work done
by expanding gas thus correspond energy leaving
the system. (In mechanics we use the word work
done by the forces acting on a body)

• A negative value of W such as during compression

of gas is work done ON the gas by its sorrounding
thus correspond energy entering the system.
Work

• W is area under curve of p vs V

• W is positive when a system expands
• Likewise a compression or when a
system is compressed, W is negative
• If constant V, then there is no W, W=0
 TWO WAYS TO INCREASE THE
INTERNAL ENERGY, U

+U

WORK DONE HEAT PUT INTO

ON A GAS A SYSTEM
(Negative) (Positive)
TWO WAYS TO DECREASE THE
INTERNAL ENERGY, U.
Wout
Qout
-U
Decrease
hot hot

WORK DONE BY HEAT LEAVES A

EXPANDING GAS: SYSTEM
W is positive Q is negative
 THERMODYNAMIC STATE

The STATE of a thermodynamic

system is determined by four
factors:
• Absolute Pressure P in
Pascals
• Temperature T in Kelvins
• Volume V in cubic meters
• Number of moles, n, of working gas
• PV = nRT
 THE FIRST LAW OF
THERMODYAMICS:
• The change in internal energy of the
system is equal to the net heat put into a
system minus the net work done BY the
system on the surrounding.

U =Q-W final - initial)

Heat added is +
So if work done on
Heat lost is -
the system, W is –ve
Work on the system is – and U will increase.
Work by the system is +
SIGN CONVENTIONS
FOR FIRST LAW +Wout
+Qin
• Heat Q input is positive U
• Work BY a gas is positive -Win
• Work ON a gas is negative U

• Heat OUT is negative -Qout

Q = U + W final - initial)
Example :

• 2500 J of heat is added to a system and

1800 J of work is done on the system.
What is the change in internal energy of
the system?
• U = 2500 J – (-1800) = 4300 J
• (both energy added to the system)
 APPLICATION OF FIRST
LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
Example : In the figure, the
gas absorbs 400 J of heat and Wout =120 J
at the same time does 120 J
of work BY the piston. What
is the change in internal
energy of the system? Qin
400 J
Apply First Law:

Q = U + W
 Example 1 (Cont.): Apply First Law
Q is positive: +400 J (Heat IN) Wout =120 J
W is positive: +120 J (Work OUT)
Qin
Q = U + W
400 J
U = Q - W

U = Q - W
= (+400 J) - (+120 J) U = +280 J
= +280 J
Example 1 (Cont.): Apply First Law

Energy is conserved: Wout =120 J

The 400 J of input thermal
energy is used to perform Qin
120 J of external work,
increasing the internal
400 J
energy of the system by
280 J

The increase in
internal energy is: U = +280 J
 PV diagram:
• Eg 17-3: pg490 (Young)

• Figure shows a cyclic process (initial and final state

–the same). It starts at a point a and proceeds
counter clockwise to point b, then back to a, and
the total work is W=-500 J.

• a) why is the work negative?

• b) Find the change in internal energy and heat

added during the process?

• The net work done in the system in the process aba

is -500J. Whai if the process is clockwise?
 PV diagram:
• Eg 17-4 :

• A series of thermodynamic process is shown in PV

diagram. In process ab, 150J of heat are added to
the system and in process bd, 600J of heat added.

• Find

• a) internal energy change in process ab

• b) internal energy change in process abd

• c) the total heat added in process acd

 FOUR THERMODYNAMIC
PROCESSES:
• Isothermal Process: T constant, T = 0, U = 0 , so
Q=W

• Adiabatic Process: Q = 0 , U = - W

• Isochoric Process: V constant, V = 0, W = 0, Q = U

• Isobaric Process: P constant, P = 0 , Q = U + W =

U + p V

U = Q - W
Q = U + W
 ISOTHERMAL PROCESS: any heat flow
in or out of the system occur slowly
enough for temperature is maintained.
CONST. TEMPERATURE, T = 0, U = 0
Q = U + W AND Q = W
QIN QOUT
Work Out Work
U = 0 U = 0
In

NET HEAT INPUT = WORK OUTPUT

WORK INPUT = NET HEAT OUT
ISOTHERMAL EXAMPLE (Constant T):
A
PA
B
PB

U = T = 0 V2 V1

Slow compression at
constant temperature:
PAVA = PBVB
----- No change in U.
ISOTHERMAL EXPANSION (Constant T):
A
PA PAVA = PBVB
B
PB
TA = TB
VA VB
U = T = 0

400 J of energy is absorbed

by gas as 400 J of work is
done on gas.
T = U = 0
 ADIABATIC PROCESS: we can prevent heat flow by
insulating material orcarrying out the process quickly so that
there is not enough time for heat flow
NO HEAT EXCHANGE, Q = 0

Q = U + W ; W = -U or U = -W
W = -U U = -W
Work Out Work
U +U
In
Q = 0

Work done at EXPENSE of internal energy

INPUT Work INCREASES internal energy
 ADIABATIC EXAMPLE:

A
PA
B
PB

V1 V2

Insulated Expanding gas does

Walls: Q = 0 work with zero heat
loss. Work = -U
 ADIABATIC EXPANSION:
A
PA PAVA PBVB
B
=
PB TA TB
Q = 0 VA VB

400 J of WORK is done,

DECREASING the internal  
energy by 400 J: Net heat PAVA  PBVB
exchange is ZERO. Q = 0
Isothermal Work

PV=nRt
P=nRT/V

W = nRT ln (V2 / V1)

VB
W  nRT ln
VA
 ISOCHORIC PROCESS:
CONSTANT VOLUME, V = 0, W = 0
0
Q = U + W so that Q = U
QIN QOUT

No Work
+U -U
Done

HEAT IN = INCREASE IN INTERNAL ENERGY

HEAT OUT = DECREASE IN INTERNAL ENERGY

 ISOCHORIC EXAMPLE:
No Change in
volume: P2 B PA PB
=
P1 A TA TB

V1= V2
400 J
Heat input 400 J heat input increases
increases P internal energy by 400 J
with const. V and zero work is done.
 ISOBARIC PROCESS:
CONSTANT PRESSURE, P = 0
Q = U + W But W = P V
QIN QOUT

Work Out Work

+U -U
In

HEAT IN = Wout + INCREASE IN INTERNAL ENERGY

HEAT OUT = Win + DECREASE IN INTERNAL ENERGY
ISOBARIC EXAMPLE (Constant Pressure):
A B
P VA VB
=
TA TB

400 J V1 V2

Heat input 400 J heat does 120 J of

increases V work, increasing the
with const. P internal energy by 280 J.
 ISOBARIC WORK
A B
P VA VB
=
TA TB
PA = PB
400 J V1 V2

Work = Area under PV curve

Work  P V
REMEMBER, FOR ANY PROCESS
INVOLVING AN IDEAL GAS:

PAVA PBVB
PV = nRT =
TA TB

Q = U +  W U = nCv T
 Example Problem:
A 2-L sample of Oxygen gas has an initial temp-
erature and pressure of 200 K and 1 atm. The
gas undergoes four processes:
• AB: Heated at constant V to 400 K.
• BC: Heated at constant P to 800 K.
• CD: Cooled at constant V back to 1 atm.
• DA: Cooled at constant P back to 200 K.
 PV-DIAGRAM FOR PROBLEM
B 400 K 800 K
How many moles PB
of O2 are present?
1 atm
A 200 K

Consider point A:
PV = nRT 2L

PV (101, 300Pa)(0.002m3 )
n   0.122 mol
RT (8.314J/mol  K)(200K)
 PROCESS AB: ISOCHORIC
B 400 K 800 K
What is the pressure PB
at point B?
1 atm
A 200 K
PA PB
=
TA TB 2L

1 atm PB P B = 2 atm
=
200 K 400 K or 203 kPa
 PROCESS AB: Q = U + W
Analyze first law B 400 K 800 K
for ISOCHORIC PB
process AB.
W = 0 1 atm
A 200 K

Q = U = nCv T 2L

U = (0.122 mol)(21.1 J/mol K)(400 K - 200 K)

Q = +514 J U = +514 J W = 0
 PROCESS BC: ISOBARIC
What is the volume B 400 K 800 K
PB C
at point C (& D)?
200 K
VB VC 1 atm D
=
TB TC 2L 4L

2L VC VC = VD = 4 L
=
400 K 800 K
 FINDING U FOR PROCESS BC.

Process BC is B 400 K 800 K

2 atm C
ISOBARIC.
200 K
P = 0 1 atm

U = nCv T 2L 4L

U = (0.122 mol)(21.1 J/mol K)(800 K - 400 K)

U = +1028 J
 FINDING W FOR PROCESS BC.

Work depends B 400 K 800 K

on change in V. 2 atm C
200 K
P = 0 1 atm

Work = P V 2L 4L

W = (2 atm)(4 L - 2 L) = 4 atm L = 405 J

W = +405 J
 FINDING Q FOR PROCESS BC.

Analyze first B 400 K 800 K

2 atm C
law for BC.
200 K
Q = U + W 1 atm

Q = +1028 J + 405 J 2L 4L

Q = +1433 J

Q = 1433 J U = 1028 J W = +405 J

 PROCESS CD: ISOCHORIC
B 400 K 800 K
What is temperature PB C
at point D?
1 atm
A 200 K D
PC PD
=
TC TD 2L

2 atm 1 atm
= T D = 400 K
800 K TD
 PROCESS CD: Q = U + W
Analyze first law 400 K 800 K
for ISOCHORIC PB C
process CD.
200 K 400 K
W = 0 1 atm D
Q = U = nCv T 2L

U = (0.122 mol)(21.1 J/mol K)(400 K - 800 K)

Q = -1028 J U = -1028 J W = 0
 FINDING U FOR PROCESS DA.

Process DA is 400 K 800 K

ISOBARIC. 2 atm

200 K 400 K
P = 0 1 atm A
D
U = nCv T 2L 4L

U = (0.122 mol)(21.1 J/mol K)(400 K - 200 K)

U = -514 J
FINDING W FOR PROCESS DA.

Work depends 400 K 800 K

2 atm
on change in V.
A 200 K 400 K
P = 0 1 atm D
Work = P V 2L 4L

W = (1 atm)(2 L - 4 L) = -2 atm L = -203 J

W = -203 J
 FINDING Q FOR PROCESS DA.

Analyze first 400 K 800 K

2 atm
law for DA.
A 200 K 400 K
Q = U + W 1 atm D
Q = -514 J - 203 J 2L 4L

Q = -717 J

Q = -717 J U = -514 J W = -203 J

 PROBLEM SUMMARY
For all
processes:
Q = U + W
Process Q U W
AB 514 J 514 J 0
BC 1433 J 1028 J 405 J
CD -1028 J -1028 J 0
DA -717 J -514 J -203 J
Totals 202 J 0 202 J
 NET WORK FOR COMPLETE
CYCLE IS ENCLOSED AREA
+404 J
B C B -202 J C
2 atm 2 atm
Neg
1 atm 1 atm

2L 4L 2L 4L

B C
2 atm Area = (1 atm)(2 L)
1 atm
Net Work = 2 atm L = 202 J
2L 4L
 ADIABATIC EXAMPLE:

Example 2: A diatomic gas at 300 K and

1 atm is compressed adiabatically, decreasing
its volume by 1/12. (VA = 12VB). What is the
new pressure and temperature? ( = 1.4)

B  
PB PAVA = PBVB
A
PA PAVA PBVB
=
Q = 0 VB VA TA TB
 ADIABATIC (Cont.): FIND PB
 
B PAVA = PBVB
PB
300 K Solve for PB:
1 atm A 
 VA 
PB  PA  
Q = 0 VB 12VB  B
V

1.4
 12VB 
PB  PA   PB = 32.4 atm
 VB 
or 3284 kPa
PB  (1 atm)(12) 1.4
 ADIABATIC (Cont.): FIND TB

B TB=? PAVA PBVB


32.4 atm
TA TB
300 K
1 atm A
Solve for TB
Q = 0 VB 12VB

(1 atm)(12VB) (32.4 atm)(1 VB)

=
(300 K) TB

TB = 810 K
 ADIABATIC (Cont.): If VA= 96 cm3
and VA= 8 cm3, FIND W

B 810 K
32.4 atm Since Q = 0,
300 K
1 atm W = - U
A
Q = 0 8 cm3 96 cm3

W = - U = - nCV T & CV= 21.1 j/mol K

Find n from
PV
PV = nRT n=
point A RT
 ADIABATIC (Cont.): If VA= 96 cm3
and VA= 8 cm3, FIND W
PV (101,300 Pa)(8 x10-6 m3)
n= =
RT (8.314 J/mol K)(300 K)

n = 0.000325 mol & CV= 21.1 j/mol K

T = 810 - 300 = 510 K B 810 K

32.4 atm
W = - U = - nCV T 300 K
1 atm A
W = - 3.50 J 8 cm3 96 cm3
Summary of First Law
 The First Law of Thermodynamics
The first law of thermodynamics is a statement of
the conservation of energy.
If a system’s volume is constant, and heat is added,
its internal energy increases.
 The First Law of Thermodynamics
If a system does work on the external world, and no
heat is added, its internal energy decreases.
 The First Law of Thermodynamics
Combining these gives the first law of
thermodynamics. The change in a system’s internal
energy is related to the heat Q and the work W as
follows:
It is vital to keep track of the signs of Q and W.
 The First Law of Thermodynamics
The internal energy of the system depends only on its
temperature. The work done and the heat added,
however, depend on the details of the process
involved.
 Thermal Processes
We will assume that all processes we discuss are
quasi-static – they are slow enough that the system
is always in equilibrium.
We also assume they are reversible:
For a process to be reversible, it must be possible to
return both the system and its surroundings to exactly the
same states they were in before the process began.
 Thermal Processes
This is an idealized reversible process. The gas is
compressed; the temperature is constant, so heat
leaves the gas. As the gas expands, it draws heat
from the reservoir, returning the gas and the
reservoir to their initial states. The piston is assumed
frictionless.
 Thermal Processes
Work done by an expanding gas, constant pressure:
 Thermal Processes
If the volume stays constant, nothing moves and no
work is done.
 Thermal Processes
If the temperature is constant, the
pressure varies inversely with the volume.
 Thermal Processes
The work done is the area under the curve:
 Thermal Processes

An adiabatic process is one in which no heat flows

into or out of the system. The adiabatic P-V curve
is similar to the isothermal one, but is steeper.
One way to ensure that a process is adiabatic is to
insulate the system.
 Thermal Processes

Another way to ensure

that a process is
effectively adiabatic is
to have the volume
change occur very
quickly. In this case,
heat has no time to flow
in or out of the system.
 Thermal Processes

Here is a summary of the different types of

thermal processes:
 Specific Heats for an Ideal Gas: Constant
Pressure, Constant Volume
Both CV and CP can be calculated for a monatomic
ideal gas using the first law of thermodynamics.

R is the gas
constant
 Specific Heats for an Ideal Gas: Constant
Pressure, Constant Volume
Although this calculation was done for an ideal,
monatomic gas, it works well for real gases.
18-4 Specific Heats for an Ideal Gas: Constant
Pressure, Constant Volume
The P-V curve for an adiabat is
given by

where
 THE SECOND LAW OF
THERMODYNAMICS
• If you put 1 kg boiling water and 1 kg ice, finally you will end up with
room temperature.

• Rock drop to the ground

• Drop glass cup

• Salt and pepper

• But if you come back later, it turn back to 1 kg boiling water and 1 kg
ice, would you be surprised. That wouldn’t violate the 1st law; energy
would conserved. But it doesn’t happen in nature.

• Burning coal into electricity

• Heat always flow from hotter to cooler places

• 1st law deals with conservation of energy

• 2nd law deals with the directions of thermodynamic

process.

• Eg: flow of heat from hotter to colder regions never

in reverse

• Heat flow from colder to hotter does not violate the

first law but it doesn’t happen in nature

• Second Law of Thermodynamics states that :

Heat can flow spontaneously from hot object
to a cold object : Heat will not flow
spontaneously from cold object to a hot
object
• Easier to convert mechanical energy to
heat . Eg Apply brake
• Burning of fossil fuel useful for heating,
cooking,but to operate a machine, we
need mechanical energy.
• In animal, food energy is partly
converted to mechanical energy.
• But not that easy to convert heat energy
to mechanical energy.
Heat engines
• A device that transform heat partly into work or
mechanical energy is called Heat engines

• The idea behind heat engines is that mechanical

energy can be obtained from thermal energy when
heat is allowed to flow from high temperature to
low temperature. Thus heat transformed to
mechanical work.

• IN heat engines : 2 bodies: Hot reservoir and cold

reservoir
HEAT ENGINES :partly successful in converting
heat into work
A heat engine is any
Hot Res. TH
device which through a
Qhot cyclic process: A process
Wout
that eventually leaves
Engine the substance in the
same state it started
Qcold
Cold Res. TC • Absorbs heat Qhot
QH = W + QC • Performs work Wout
QH ,W and QC
always +ve (new • Rejects heat Qcold
convention)
 THE SECOND LAW OF
THERMODYNAMICS
Hot Res. TH It is impossible to construct an
Qhot engine that, operating in a
Wout cycle, produces no effect other
Engine than the extraction of heat
from a reservoir and the
Qcold performance of an equivalent
amount of work.
Cold Res. TC
 THE SECOND LAW OF
THERMODYNAMICS
Hot Res. TH Hot Res. TH
400 J 100 J 400 J
400 J
Engine Engine

300 J
Cold Res. TC Cold Res. TC

• A possible engine. • An IMPOSSIBLE

engine.
 EFFICIENCY OF AN ENGINE
The efficiency of a heat engine
Hot Res. TH is the ratio of the net work
QH done W to the heat input QH.
W
But
Engine W QH- QC
e= = QH = W + QC
QC QH QH
Cold Res. TC
QC
e=1-
QH
 EFFICIENCY EXAMPLE
An engine absorbs 800 J and
Hot Res. TH wastes 600 J every cycle. What
800 J W is the efficiency?
QC
Engine e=1-
600 J QH

Cold Res. TC 600 J

e=1- e = 25%
800 J
Question: How many joules of work is done?
Ans: 200J
Carnot Engine

• To see how to increase the efficiency A

French Sadi Carnot examined the
characteristic of an ideal engine (Carnot
engine)
• No Carnot engine actually exist but the
idea is important in thermodynamics
• Involves 4 processes : 2 adiabatic (Q=0)
and 2 isothermal (ΔT=0)
 EFFICIENCY OF AN IDEAL
ENGINE (Carnot Engine)
For a perfect engine, the
Hot Res. TH
quantities Q of heat gained
QH W and lost are proportional to
Engine
the absolute temperatures T.

QC TH- TC
e=
Cold Res. TC TH
TC
e=1-
TH
Example : A steam engine absorbs 600 J of
heat at 500 K and the exhaust temperature
is 300 K. If the actual efficiency is only half
of the ideal efficiency, how much work is
done during each cycle?

TC Actual e = 0.5ei = 20%

e=1-
TH W
e=
300 K QH
e=1-
500 K W = eQH = 0.20 (600 J)

e = 40% Work = 120 J

Refrigerator, air conditioner
and Heat pumps
• The operating principle of refrigerator, air
conditioner and heat pumps is the
reverse of heat engine
• Each operates to transfer heat out of a
cool environment to a hotter
environment.
• But to make heat flow from low
temperature object (or system) to one at
higher temperature, WORK must be done
 REFRIGERATORS
A refrigerator is an engine
operating in reverse:
Hot Res. TH
Work is done on gas
Qhot Win extracting heat from cold
reservoir and depositing
Engine heat into hot reservoir.

Qcold Win + Qcold = Qhot

Cold Res. TC
WIN = Qhot - Qcold
 THE SECOND LAW FOR
REFRIGERATORS
It is impossible to construct a
Hot Res. TH refrigerator that absorbs heat
Qhot from a cold reservoir and
deposits equal heat to a hot
Engine
reservoir with W = 0.
Qcold
Cold Res. TC If this were possible, we could
establish perpetual motion!
 COEFFICIENT OF PERFORMANCE (COP)

The COP of a refrigerator

Hot Res. TH
is the ratio of the HEAT Qc
QH W extracted to the net WORK
Engine
done W.
QC QC QC
COP = =
Cold Res. TC W QH- QC

For an IDEAL TC
refrigerator: COP =
TH- TC
 COP EXAMPLE

500 K A Carnot refrigerator operates

between 500 K and 400 K. It
Hot Res. TH extracts 800 J from a cold
reservoir during each cycle.
QH W What is C.O.P., W and QH ?
Eng
ine TC 400 K
800 J K= =
TH- TC 500 K - 400 K
Cold Res. TC
400 K C.O.P. (K) = 4.0
 COP EXAMPLE (Cont.)
500 K Next we will find QH by
Hot Res. TH
assuming same K for actual
refrigerator (Carnot).
QH W
Eng QC
ine K=
QH- QC
800 J
800 J
Cold Res. TC 4.0 =
400 K QH - 800 J

QH = 1000 J
 COP EXAMPLE (Cont.)
500 K
Hot Res. TH Now, can you say how much
work is done in each cycle?
1000 J W
Engine Work = 1000 J - 800 J
800 J
Cold Res. TC Work = 200 J
400 K
 Summary
The First Law of Thermodynamics: The net
heat taken in by a system is equal to the
sum of the change in internal energy and
the work done by the system.
Q = U + W final - initial)

• Isochoric Process: V = 0, W = 0
• Isobaric Process: P = 0
• Isothermal Process: T = 0, U = 0
• Adiabatic Process: Q = 0
 Summary (Cont.)
The Molar Units are:Joules
Specific Heat per mole per
capacity, C: Kelvin degree

The following are true for ANY process:

PAVA PBVB
Q = U + W 
TA TB
U = nCv T PV = nRT
 Summary (Cont.)

Hot Res. TH The Second Law of Thermo: It is

impossible to construct an engine
Qhot
Wout that, operating in a cycle,
Engine produces no effect other than the
extraction of heat from a reservoir
Qcold and the performance of an
Cold Res. TC equivalent amount of work.
 Summary (Cont.)
The efficiency of a heat engine:

QC TC
e=1- Q e=1-
H TH

The coefficient of performance of a refrigerator:

QC QC TC
K  K
Win QH  QC TH  TC
CONCLUSION: Chapter 6
Thermodynamics